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1. Mintek publications The folowing are available from Mintek (Private Bag X3015, Randburg, 2125 South Africa) at R35 (including GST) per copy to purchasers in South Africa and US$30 (including airmail postage) to purchasers elsewhere. Report M402 The preparation of synthetic fusion standards for use in the X-ray-fluorescence analysis of rocks and minerals, by RT. Eddy and J.J. Jacobs. Apr. 1990. 19 pp. Report M405 Slag-metal equilibria in the system Fe-Cr-Si-C-Ca-Mg-AI-O, by R.H. Eric and M. Akyizli. Aug. 1990. 29pp. Application Report no. 8 The development of a process for the recovery of gold from gold-bearing solutions by means of activated carbon or resin in a NIMCIX column. 1990. 19 pp. 2. New publications from Trans Tech The folowing are available from Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Old Post Road, Brookfield VT05036, USA. Efect of iron and silicon in aluminium and its aloys, edited by I. Kovacs. 1990. 450 pp. $124. Martensitic transformations, edited by B'.C. Muddle. 1990. 714 pp. $190. Ferites, edited by C.M. Srivastava. 1989. 2 vols. 1280 pp. $254. Properties and characterization of amorphous carbon films, edited by J.J. Pouch and S.A. Alterovitz. 1990. 714 pp. $152. Synthesis and properties of boron nitride, edited by J.J. Pouch and S.A. Alterovitz. 1990.426 pp. $192. Electronic structure and latice defects in aloys, edited by R. W. Siegel and F .E. Fujita. 1989. 320 pp. $78. 3. A new edition Tomorow's materials, by K.E. Easterling. London, The Institute of Metals (1 Carlton House Terace, London SWIY 5DB, England), 1990. 2nd ed. 170pp. US$29. 4. Books for exploration geologists The folowing books are obtainable from Elsevier Science Publishers, P .0. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Lateritic bauxites, by G. Bardossy and G.J.J. Aleva. 1990. 624 pp. DFL. 295. Platinum-group element exploration, by D.L. Buchanan. 1988. 186pp. DFL 150. Lead isotopes in mineral exploration, by B.L. Gulson. 1986. 246 pp. Dfl. 160. Prospecting and exploration of mineral deposits, by M. Kuzvart and M. B6hmer. DFL. 285. 5. Journal for earth scientists . Ore Geology Reviews, published by Elsevier Science Publishers, P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands. 6 issues per year. Annual subscription DFL 453 including postage.

Jan 1, 1990

1. New books 1979 Louisville Coal Conference proceedings. Epping (England), Bowker Publishing Co., 1980. 4 vols. $43.00. Proceedings of a joint meeting of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME, and the Metallurgical Society of AIME, held in London, 27 to 30 May, 1980, by M. J. Jones (ed.). London, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 1981. 350 pp. £46. Economic mineral deposits, by M. L. Jensen and A. M. Bateman. 3rd ed. New York, John Wiley, 1981. 752 pp. $22.95. E & MJ intErnational directory of mining and mineral processing operations. Epping (England), Bowker Publishing Co., 1980. 1314 pp. $67.00. Physical methods in modern chemical analysis, by T. Kuwana (ed.). New York, Academic Press, 1980. Vol. 2. 432 pp. $38.25. English translations of DIN standards. Availablefrom the SABS, Private Bag 191, Pretoria 0001. Mining international year book. London, Financial Times, 1981. 730 pp. $90.00 airmail, £37.50 surface. Analytical atomic absorption spectroscopy. Selected methods, by J. V. van Loon. New York, Academic Press, 1980. 360 pp. $35.00. 2. NIM reports Report no. 1848 An electrochemical and kinetic investigation of the behaviour of gold in chloride solutions. I. The cathodic deposition of gold. (First issued 7th Jul., 1976.) Report no. 1844 An electrochemical and kinetic investigation of the behaviour of gold in chloride solutions. 11. The anodic dissolution of gold. (First issued 7th Jul., 1976.) Report no. 1846 An electrochemical and kinetic investigation of the behaviour of gold in chloride solutions. 111. The gold(II1)- gold(I) eaction on platinum and the disproportionation of gold(I). (First issued 7th Jul., 1976.) Report no. 1979 An electrochemical investigation of the behaviour of gold in chloride solutions. I V. Results obtained from Phase 2 of the investigation. (First issued 30th Jun., 1978.) Report no. 2093 The measurement of electrical variables in a submergedarc furnace. Steels for pipelines Since welding was first introduced as a method of joining pipelines, gas-pipeline engineers have taken the opportunity to increase gas pressures, and hence increase the efficiency and economy of transporting gases. Envitec '83 The International Trade Fair and Congress for Engineering in Environmental Protection - the ENVITEC '83 - will take place in Diisseldorf from 21st to 25th February, 1983.

Jan 1, 1981

H. W. Glen (ed.). Proceedings of Asbestos Symposium, Johannesburg, South, Africa, 3rd-7th, October, 1977. Randburg, National Institute for Metallurgy, 1978. 158 pp. (Copies obtainable from the Department of Mines, P.O. Box 4584, Johannesburg, 2000 South Africa.) This Symposium, which concentrated on the theme of dose-response relationships for asbestos-related diseases, was attended by an internationally representative group of experts in this field. Bulk solids The Powder Advisory Centre announces its third annual International Conference on Bulk Solids Swrage, Handling and Flow, to be held at the Holiday Inn, Liverpool, on 7th to 9th November, 1978. This sequel to the extremely successful November '76 Stratford and November '77 Nottingham Conferences is again to be co-sponsored by a number of internationally acknowledged professional societies, including the Institute of Materials Handling (through its Bulk Solids Panel), the Institution of Production Engineers, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (through its Materials Handling Engineering Division). NIM reports Report no. 1943 A review of the literature on the separation and determination of rare-earth elements. (23rd Mar., 1978.) Report no. 1947 The cation- and anion-exchange behaviour of various base-metal chlorides in polar organic solvents. (lOth Mar., 1978.) Report no. 1948 The measurement of trace amounts of gold in solution by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry and carbon-rod atomization. (28th Feb., 1978.) Report no. 1949 The kinetics of the leaching of zinc sulphide concentrates in acidic solutions containing ferric sulphate. (23rd Mar., 1978.) Report no. 1950 Factors affecting the carbon contents of alloys formed during the prereduction of chromite ores. (31st Mar., 1978.) Report no. 1952 The effect of slag composition on copper losses to silicasaturated iron silicate slags. (31st Mar., 1978.) Report no. 1953 A fundamental investigation into the depression of copper-activated sphalerite. (28th Apr., 1978.) Report no. 1956 An improved ion-exchange separation of rare-earth elements for spectrographic analysis. (10th Mar., 1978.) Report no. 1960 The recovery of ferrochromium from furnace slags and related products. (20th Aug., 1976; declassified 31st Mar., 1978.) Process instrumentation The National Institute for Metallurgy and the South African Institute of Measurement and Control are organizing a symposium that will draw the attention of researchers and industrial workers to the importance of metallurgical process instrumentation.

Jan 1, 1978

1. Book reviews Perspectives in metallurgical development. London, The Metals Society. 338 pp. £29. Reviewer: John V. Bee Mechanics of oil shale, edited by K.P. Chong and J.W. Smith. London, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd, 1984. 603 pp. £75. Reviewer: R.W.O. Kersten 2. Recent publications CANADIAN MINERAL POLICY SECTOR. Metallurgical works in Canada. Primary iron and steel 1984. Mineral Bulletin MR 203. Ottawa, Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services, 1985. $6.00. Tin and its uses no. 143. Greenford (England), International Tin Research Institute, 1985. Mining 1985, edited by Diana Russell. Harlow England), Longman Group Ltd, 1985. 540 pp. £46. The following books are available from CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Boulevard N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431, U.S.A. Inorganic ion exchange materials, edited by A. Clearfield. 304 pp. $100. Polyurethane foam sorbents in separation science, by T. Braun. $80. Advanced particulate morphology: theory and practice, by J.K. Beddow and T.P. Melloy. 208 pp. $79. CRC handbook of atomic absorption analysis, edited by A. Varma. 2 vols: vol. I $114, vol 11 $102. CRC handbooks of inorganic elecrochemistry, edited byL. Meites, P. Zuman, E.B. Rupp, andA. Narayanan. 3. Mintek reports Report M169 The preparation of three South African coals for as reference materials. Report M190 The preparation and certification of a South African phosphate concentrate for use as a reference material. Report M191 The agglomeration of fine material for bacterial heap leaching. Report M197 A computer programme to monitor the performance of an X-ray-fluorescence spectrometer. Metallurgical award The 1984 Acta Metallurgica Gold Medal has been awarded to Professor John W. Christian of Oxford University. The medal is an international award that was established in 1974 to recognize outstanding ability and leadership in materials research. Proterozoic volcanic suites An international symposium will be held at the British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, U.K., from 2nd to 5th April, 1986. Entitled 'Geochemistry and Mineralisation of Proterozoic Volcanic Suites', this special meeting of the Geological Society will discuss the geochemical evidence for the nature of volcanism during the Proterozoic. Powder metallurgy Every second year the International Powder Metallurgy Conference, the world's leading event in powder metallurgy, is organized and held alternately in North America and Eruope.

Jan 1, 1985

By E. Wroth, D. G. Krige

Written contribution E. Wroth* (Visitor): The technical aspects of the assistance scheme which IS provided for in the Gold Mines Assistance Act, 1968, and certain consequential amendments to the Income Tax Act, 1962, are explained by Dr Krige. The object of this contribution is to explain the working of the Gold Mines Assistance Act (hereafter referred to as the 'Assistance Act') for the benefit of those concerned with the tax and assistance assessments of gold mining companies. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect the Revenue Department's interpretation of the legal provisions involved. 1. MINES WHICH QUALIFY FOR ASSISTANCE 1.1 The assistance scheme is applied on a selective basis. Mines which qualify for assistance are defined in the Assistance Act as 'assisted gold mines'. The requirements for classification as an assisted gold mine are that: (i) the mine be a producing gold mine; (ii) it would be likely to close down within eight years if not assisted; and (iii) with State assistance its life would be appreciably prolonged and there would be a significant increase in production of gold or uranium, or of both gold and uranium. 1.2 A mine is only considered for classification as an assisted gold mine on application. Such applications must be made to the Mining Leases Board through the Government Mining Engineer. Classification of a mine as an assisted gold mine is at the discretion of the Minister of Mines who acts in consultation with the Minister of Finance and has regard to the recommendations of the Mining Leases Board. 1.3 The Minister of Mines will impose conditions subject to which a mine is to be classified as an assisted gold mine. The most important will be that the mine must immediately lower its operating pay limit, as normally calculated, by a percentage fixed by the Mining Leases Board and conduct its future mining operations in accordance with the average grade of its ore reserves determined on the basis of such lower pay limit. l.4 The Minister will fix the date as from which classification as an assisted gold mine is to be effective. So long as the mine has operated on the basis of the lowered pay limit for at least three months during the particular year of assessment, he would normally fix the effective date as the first day of the year of assessment.

Jan 5, 1968

By M. F. Dawson, S. B. Davis

SYNOPSIS This paper describes the size reduction of limestone smaller than 1 mm by attrition grinding, using quartz (1 to 3 mm) as the grinding medium in a laboratory rig. The ore and grinding medium were closely sized fractions, and the particle size of the grinding medium was at least three sizes larger than that of the ore. Batch tests showed that the size reduction of the feed followed two first-order rate processes: one for an apparently fast-breaking ore fraction, and a slower one for most of the ore (86 per cent). The production of fines (material smaller than 10 µm) followed a zero-order rate equation. Continuous runs showed that the process could be modelled as a perfectly mixed system provided that the discharge screen did not selectively retain coarser particles of ore. The ratio of medium to ore (both by mass and by volume) was found to have a significant effect, the most energy¬efficient grinding occurring at ratios between 1 and 2. The solids content of the slurry also had a significant effect, the greatest efficiency being obtained at 50 to 65 per cent solids (by mass). Within these energy-efficient ranges of medium-to-ore and solids content, the lower values resulted in maximum feed breakage and the higher values in maximum fines production. The most important factor in the breakage of feed was the difference in the particle size of the grinding medium and the ore; the amount of ore broken out of the feed size for a given energy input was found to increase linearly with the difference between the size of the grinding medium and that of the ore up to 2 mm. The production of fines increased similarly, but only up to a difference of about 1,2 mm, when it levelled off at about 5 kg/kW ? h. The mechanism proposed for attritioning is mainly the abrasion of 1 µm planes of limestone along the crystal axes, with some fracturing along existing lines of weakness. The energy consumption of nearly 200 kW ? h per ton of product smaller than 10 µm appears to be higher than that in other types of milling. It is concluded that the value of attrition milling lies in its selectivity; in this work, only the softer limestone and virtually none of the hard quartz grinding medium was comminuted.

Jan 1, 1989

By M. E. C. Snyman, N. Naudé

"Coal fines produced during processing are difficult to dewater and result in a lower quality product and consequent lower value. A South African coal mine experiences severe difficulties with belt filter dewatering operations due to the presence of fines reporting from the thickener underflows. Plant 2 currently handles super-fine particles of size -34 µm and has low belt filter efficiency: excessive moisture retention lowers the product quality and strains downstream processing. It was necessary to determine an alternative method for dewatering these fines. Blending of fine material with coarser material was proposed as a solution. The effect of coal particle size and layering during ultrafines belt filter dewatering was evaluated using various blends of the fine Plant 2 material with coarser Plant 1 material. The best layering arrangement of the two materials and its optimum blend required to achieve reduced filter cake moisture content was determined in practise using a vacuum filter to simulate belt filtration. A blend of the two materials gave improved dewatering efficiency for the belt filters compared with that of the Plant 2 material alone. The best layering configuration was with Plant 2 material at the bottom and Plant 1 material on top. The optimum blend for industrial applications comprised 48% fines from Plant 2. IntroductionFines are produced during the processing of coal. It is estimated that 2 to 3% of run-ofmine coal reports to the ultrafine portion (-100 µm) (le Roux, 2005). The particle size of coal is inversely proportional to the amount of water adsorption, so smaller particles adsorb more moisture. Moisture removal requires either mechanical processes or thermal drying: mechanical processes are less expensive, but the fines still have high moisture retention. Discarding of fines leads to economic losses, so it is essential that they be dewatered so that they can then be sold as a product: fines need to be treated for both resource management and conservation reasons (Kenney, 1994). Removal of free surface moisture from ultrafine coal particles using a belt filter therefore remains a process that needs to be continuously improved. Ultrafine coal originating from a thickener underflow is known to be difficult to dewater owing to factors such as filter cloth blockage and moisture retention due to clogging. Mixing of finer and coarser materials has been proposed to deliver better dewatering efficiency and improved the quality of the recycled water (Kenney, 1994)."

Mar 1, 2019

By A. M. Starfield

Discussion J. de V. Lambrechts (Fellow): The author's paper is a brilliant follow-up of an earlier paper by Starfield and Dickson.1 I have no quarrel with Dr Starfield's computerization of a complex problem, but I do not believe that he is getting quite the right answers from his programme. My impression is that his predictions about wet bulb temperature increases in very deep mines are over optimistic; in other words, that it will be hotter than Dr Starfield predicts. This is putting my views in a nutshell. This is not the occasion on which to indulge in lengthy argument about the original paper by Starfield and Dickson, but the present paper is, after all, based directly on that earlier paper and if the one fails, the other cannot succeed. I did level certain criticisms at the first paper and cannot say that the authors' replies were very convincing. I do not think it is a sin to admit that I belong to the old school which believes in thorough field experimentation and practical trials and no amount of mathematical manipulation or physical theorizing, no matter how excellent, can make up for inadequate practical confirmation. This, as I see it, is still the crux of the matter. The original paper by Starfield and Dickson still rests on somewhat scanty practical evidence and I would be much happier if Dr Starfield's computer programme, based on the Starfield-Dickson model, had been checked against a large mass of observations in the practical mining situation. This is what both Wiles2 and myself3 had tried to do previously. What we lacked in mathematics and/or computer aids, I think the present paper by Dr Starfield lacks in practical substantiation. This is no condemnation of the author's paper which, taken by itself, is excellent but I think the final stage is still lacking, namely the bringing together of theory and empiricism in a manner acceptable to all. This may be wishful thinking on my part but I hope, within the next year or so, to come up with a modified Starfield-Dickson model in such a way that the computer answers will agree in the majority of cases with the few hundred field observations which are already on record. It might be a case of applying the proverbial 'Cook's Law' to the Starfield-Dickson model! REFERENCES 1. STARFIELD, A. M., and DICKSON,A. J. 'A study of heat transfer and moisture pick-up in mine airways.' J. S. Air. Inst. Min. Metall., 68, (5), 1967. 2. WILES, G. G. 'Wet bulb temperature gradients in horizontal airways.' J. S. Air. Inst. Min. Metall., 59, (7), 1959, p. 339. 3. LAMBRECHTS, J. DE V. 'Prediction of wet bulb temperature gradients in mine airways.' J. S. Air. Inst. Min. Metall., 67, (11), 1967, p. 595. R. Hemp (Visitor): Dr Starfield's paper has very effectively rounded off one particular aspect of the general problem of heat flow in mines. The ease with which this computer programme can be used to calculate temperature increases in horizontal airways must lead to its wider use in ventilation planning and, in developing this rapid method, Dr Starfield has indeed rendered a valuable service to the mining industry. One could consider further instances of heat flow in airways in which the availability of a rapid computer method would be desirable, e.g. the flow of air down a shaft, where there is an increase in temperature due to adiabatic compression, as well as an increase in virgin rock temperature as the depth increases. However, this particular case would not present any new problems and would merely require an extension of the exisitng work. I should like in this contribution to talk about an aspect of environmental control in mines which, I think, will become more important in the future. It is well known that wet bulb temperatures are subject to fluctuations underground. In some instances, particularly in stopes, the fluctuations, both with time and position, can be considerable. The theoretical work which has been carried out on temperature increases has been aimed at the prediction of mean temperatures, and no account has been taken of fluctuations around this mean. It is questionable whether this approach will, on its own, be sufficient, particularly when temperature increases in stopes are considered. The fluctuations in air temperatures underground arise from two causes. The first of these would be the fluctuations in surface conditions, and here one could list random, diurnal and seasonal fluctuations. The second cause is the multitude of things which vary in a mine and here one could list variations in air flow quantity, sources of evaporation, heat transfer from pump and compressed air columns and, particularly in the stope, variations in air flow patterns. Fluctuations arising from surface temperature variations should be amenable to calculation, and here one envisages figures relating the decay of temperature variation with distance to factors such as air flow quantity. Fluctuations resulting from changes in the mine are perhaps more difficult to tackle theoretically and the best approach could well be to analyse underground observations. In this connection, there is a good case to be made for the increased use of statistical methods in the analysis of underground temperature measurements, and it might be of value to look at current air-conditioning practice. When carrying out cooling load calculations for a particular location it is customary to use design wet bulb

Jan 11, 1969

By T. P. Katakwa

The utilization of software is now inherent to virtually every activity along the mining value chain. However, apart from the software survey done by Gibbs in the 1990s and work on the extent of diffusion of information and communication technology (ICT) in the South African platinum sector by Mugodi and Fleming in 2003, the nature and extent of software utilization in the South African mining industry has never been evaluated. The Mine Planning, Optimisation and Valuation (MPOV) Research Group in the School of Mining Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, therefore initiated a project to collate and analyse the current utilization of software in the South African mining industry. This was done through the development of a web-based database of the relevant software. Snowball sampling was used to collect the data because the South African mining industry is diverse and software utilization is fragmented across and within the sectors of the industry. The data was then organized into distinct categories so that the information from a variety of sources could be evaluated on the same basis. A beta version of the database can be accessed online through a user-friendly front-end platform at http://db.mining.wits.ac.za. The database is expected to help at least 13 educational institutions with decisions on facilities and training that are vital to the education of mining and mining-related professionals. Exploration, mining, and consulting companies will also benefit from information in the database relating to availability and useful combinations of software solutions. The database is also strategic to software providers by providing a better understanding of their respective relative market share along the mining value chain. An analysis of the data collated in this research shows that about 77% of the software users are mining companies, 17% are consulting companies, 3% are mineral exploration companies, and the rest are software providers and educational institutions. The software used in the South African mining industry is largely provided by Gemcom Software International, MineRP Solutions, and MRM Mining Services. CAE Mining, who in 2010 acquired the Datamine Group providing Datamine software, is also widely acknowledged as a major software supplier in South Africa, but data from them had not been obtained at the time of producing the beta version of the database due to proprietary constraints. The work reported in this paper is part of an MSc research study in the School of Mining Engineering at the University of the Witwatersrand. Keywords mine planning, mining, value chain, software, database, South African mining industry, utilization.

Jun 1, 2013

1. Book reviews Nonparametric geostatistics, by S. Henley. London, Applied Science Publishers, 1981. xiv + 145 pp. Reviewer: Douglas M. Hawkins Mineral deposits and global tectonic settings, by A. H. G. Mitchell and M. S. Garison. London, Academic Press, Geology Series, 198!. Reviewer: J. Lurie The mining and mineral laws of South Africa, by B. L. S. Franklin and M. Kaplan. Durban, Butterworths, 1982. Cloth, 240 X 150 mm, Lxxcii + 853 pp. R197,50 + GST. Reviewer: M. J. Martinson Aluminium- Volume II, by M. H. Govett and J. Larsen. Sydney, Australian Mineral Economics (Pty) Ltd, 1982. Reviewer: D. G. Maxwell International technology for the nonferrous smelting industry, by Noyes Data Corporation. Reviewer: D. A. Viljoen 2. New publications Coaltransport- an analysis of technical and economic factors, by Dag Pike. London, Financial Times, 1982. £86 (D.K.), D.S. $175 (overseas including first class airmail postage). Small solute concentration differences determined by interferometry, by H.E.L.G. Schweigart. Pretoria, CERG-CSIR (P.O. Box 395, Pretoria), 1982. 3. Mintek reports Report M8A determination, using solid zirconia electrolytes, of the activities of chromium oxide in ferrochromium alloys and slags at 1650°C. Report M31Software for the design of multivariable control systems by use of the Inverse Nyquist Array. Report M37A literature survey of the metallurgical aspects of minerals in Witwatersrand gold ores.This survey reviews the information in the literature Report M 39 The use of masking agents in the determination, by hydride generation and atomicabsorption spectrophotometry, of arsenic, antimony, selenium, tellurium, and bismuth in the presence of noble metals. Report M40 The use of X -ray-fluorescence spectrometry in the determination of uranium, cobalt, and sulphur in materials from mine dumps. Report M44 A n on-line dilution system for spectrometry ustng an inductively coupled plasma source. Report M47 The separation of trace elements from iron, and the analysis of iron-rock ores for use as reference materials. Report M49 A programme in BASIC for the appending of computer files. Australian coal The editors of World Coal and World Mining have announced plans to sponsor the IVth International Coal Exploration Symposium. The symposium will be held in Sydney (Australia) from 15th to 19th May, 1983. Small mine economics The editors of World Mining and World Coal have announced plans to sponsor the Second International Symposium on Small Mine Economics and Expansion in Helsinki, Finland, from 12th to 16th June, 1983. The first symposium was held in Taxco, Mexico, in May 1981.

Jan 1, 1982

1. Publications of the World Mining Congress Series A: Volume 5 World mining data '90. US$25. Series B: Volume 1 Chromite. US$31. 2. Randol publications The folowing publications are available from Randol International Ltd, P.D. Box 150632, Lakewood, CD80215, U.S.A.). Randol Gold Conference, Sacramento '89. 1990. 400 pp. $80. Randol mining directory 1990-1991. 1990. $100. Randol buyer's guide USA and Canada. 1990. $50. 3. New journal Industrial Metrology, edited by A. Choudry et al. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1990. Dfl. 266 incl. postage for 4 issues per year. 4. Mintek reports The folowing reports are available from Mintek, Private Bag X3015, Randburg, 2125 South Africa. They are available at R35 (including GST) per copy to SouthAfrican addressees, and US$30 per copy (including airmail postage) to addressees elsewhere. Report M130D The application of a standard leaching procedure to tin-tungsten concentrates from Van Roois Vley deposit: Cross-cut bulk samples, by M.M. Fieberg and C.F.B. Coetzee. First issued 1984, reissued 1990. 11 pp. Report M160D The recovery of graphite from the Messina district, by R.N. Guest. First issued 1984, reissued 1990. 22 pp. Report M305D The beneficiation of nickel-copper ore from Uitkomst, by P.W. Dverbeek. First issued 1987, reissued 1990. 55 pp. Report M320D The flotation of pyrite from Bufe/sfontein Gold Mine, by A.M.R. Botelho de Sousa and V.E. Ross. First issued 1988, reissued 1990. Report M347D A utogenous miling of ore from the UG-2 Reef, by J.K.H. Lichter. First issued 1988, reissued 1990. 13 pp. Report M352D Fly ash as an adsorbent or precipitation agent in the removal of ionic species from solution, by C. Pohlandt-Watson, S.M. Graham, and K.F.G. Brackenbury. First issued 1988, reissued 1990. 9pp. Report M360D Beneficiation of limestone from Pienaars River, by R.N. Guest. First issued 1988, reissued 1990. 23 pp. Report M364D The recovery of gold from deposits in the Pilgrim's Rest area, by R.A. Burger. First issued 1988, reissued 1990. 15 pp. Report M396 Reduction of chromite spinels in iron-chromiumcarbon aloys, by R.H. Eric and E. Uslu. Mar. 1990. 33pp. 5. New review Diverless and deepwater technology. Advances in underwater technology, ocean science and ofshore engineering, edited by the Society for Underwater Technology. London, Graham & Trotman Limited, 1989.224 pp. £55.

Jan 1, 1990

The following is available free of charge from the Bismuth Institute, rue Brederode 9, B-I000 Brussels, Belgium: The chemical analysis of bismuth. Automatic methods of guiding welding heads along butt joints. Investigations into lamellar tearing. A technical survey of seam tracking methods in welding. Review - Seawater corrosion handbook, by M. Schumacher (editor). New Jersey, Noyes Data Corporation, 1979. New journal February 1979 marked the appearance of a new monthly journal, Lloyd's Shipping Economist. New edition Gasification of coal, a basic study of existing processes and new developments, by H. D. Schilling, B. Bonn, and U. Krauss (edited by W. Peters). Essen (West Germany), Verlag Gltickauf GMBH, 1979. 2nd revised edition. 336 pp. 68DM (approximately R32). In German. South African technikons The six autonomous colleges for advanced technical education in South Africa were established in terms of the Advanced Technical Education Act (Act 40 of 1967). However, since the inception of these colleges, it has become clear that members of the public find the name difficult to use and to remember. Consequently, these colleges, which play such an important role in the community, were not always correctly identified. Die forging The 9th International Conference on Die Forging will be held from Monday, 4th to Saturday 9th May, 1981, in Diisseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany. It is being organized jointly by the Forging Committee of the Verein Deutscher Eisenhiittenleute and the Vereinigung Deutscher Freiformschmieden. High-temperature alloys An International Conference on the Behaviour of High Temperature Alloys in Aggressive Environments will be held in Petten (North-Holland) from 15th to 18th October, 1979. Strategic minerals The National symposium on the availability of strategic minerals, which is being organized by the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy in collaboration with the Fellowship of Engineering, will be held at the London Press Centre, New Street Square, London EC4, on 20th and 21st November, 1979. The symposium has as its main objective consideration of those minerals that may pose problems of availability in the United Kingdom. Underwater mining The 10th Annual Underwater Mining Institute is scheduled for 1st to 3rd October, 1979, at Galveston, Texas. The Institute will be cosponsored by the Sea Grant College Programs of the University of Wisconsin and Texas A & M University and by the Marine Science Institute of the University of Texas it is being held in co-operation with the Association for Marine Mining. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Instituut Vir Mynbou En Metallurgie - Inligting Oor Lidmaatskap.

Jan 1, 1979

By T. Moyo

"The oxidative leaching of chalcopyrite in ammoniacal solutions has been evaluated using electro-analytical techniques and controlled bulk leaching studies. The anodic dissolution process has been established to be a sevenelectron transfer process under nitrogen in ammonia–ammonium sulphate solutions and ammonia–ammonium carbonate solutions, which suggests that the sulphur is oxidized to thiosulphate and the copper and iron released as Cu+ and Fe2+ in these systems. The deportment of Fe2+ and S2O3 2- is affected by choice of the ammonium salt used in the leaching process. In the perchlorate salt, only five electrons are transferred, supporting formation of different sulphur species as proposed for the sulphate and carbonate salts. Scanning electron microscopy and energydispersive spectroscopic analysis of the mineral surface after leaching indicate presence of an iron–sulphur surface layer completely free of copper in the sulphate system, an iron-rich surface layer in the perchlorate solutions, and absence of surface layer build-up in carbonate solutions. XRD analysis of a bulk leach residue from leaching in ammoniaammonium sulphate solutions showed the surface layer to be mostly amorphous (90%). The crystalline content (10%) is composed of 95% polymorphs of anhydrous iron oxide hydroxide FeO(OH). Choice of ammonium salt and the hydrodynamic environment of leaching have been shown to influence the presence or absence of the surface product, as well as its nature. IntroductionHydrometallurgical processes for copper extraction provide a viable route to recover the metal from mixed and low-grade ores, as well as overcome the environmental challenges faced by the traditional pyrometallurgical processes. Chalcopyrite is not only the most abundant of the copper sulphides, but also the most stable, making it recalcitrant to hydrometallurgical processes. Hence, hydrometallurgical processing of chalcopyrite continues to be an attractive area of research due to the vaguely understood surface chemistry of the mineral in different aqueous media. Different routes for hydrometallurgical treatment of chalcopyrite can be followed. These include thermal treatment prior to leaching, direct leaching and direct electrochemical leaching (Venkatachalam, 1991). Direct leaching of chalcopyrite can be carried out in various solution systems, as reviewed by Roman and Benner (1973) and Venkatachalam (1991). Ammoniacal solutions are attractive and effective lixiviants that form stable amine complexes with some base metal cations while rejecting iron. Leaching of chalcopyrite in ammoniacal solutions in the presence of an oxidant is possible due to the stabilization of copper (I) and copper(II) by ammonia at elevated pH levels. In oxygenated ammonia solutions, it has been suggested that chalcopyrite dissolves according to Equation [1] (Beckstead and Miller., 1977a):"

Jan 1, 2016

1. Book reviews Mining and metallurgical practices in Australasia. Melbourne, Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1981. $40 (incl. surface postage). Reviewer: M. G. Atmore Coal mine ground control, by Syd. S. Peng. 1978. Reviewer: C. F. Engelbrecht Sixth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, July 31 -August 2, 1979. Pittsburgh, School of Engineering of the University of Pittsburgh, 1980. Reviewer: S. T. J. van Rensburg This book is a useful general reference volume on the topics covered provided a great deal of technical detail is not required from it. It consists of 29 papers, which are arranged under 6 headings. Flotation agents and processes. Technology and applications, edited by M. W. Ranney. Park Ridge, D.S.A., 1980. $48. Reviewer: R. P. King 2. New books Project control manual, by Sven R. Red. 250 pp. in loose-leaf binder. U.S. Al47. (Obtainable from the author at Bray Studios, Windsor Road, Windsor SL45 UG, England.) Manganese deposits, by Supriya Roy. London, Academic Press, 1981. 400 pp. Joint preparation for welding (set of overhead-projector transparencies). Abington (England), The Welding Institute, 1980. £34 per set. Electron micrographs of clay minerals, by T. Sudo,S. Shimoda, R. Yotsumoto, and S. Aita. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1980. 228 pp. Dfl.150. Weld pool chemistry and metallurgy. Abington (England), The Welding Institute, 1980. 357 pp. $27. 3. New journal ...being known as Gliickauf + Translation, at an annual subscription of 396 DM for 24 issues per year. It is available from Verlag Gliickauf GmbR, D-4300 Essen I, P.O. Box 103945, Federal Republic of Germany. 4. Canadian MRI publications During 1980 the Mineral Policy Sector introduced a new series of reports identified by the prefix MRI. These cover internal studies and analytical works on a wide variety of subjects, that for one reason or another, do not reach the publication stream of the regular series yet may be of interest to readers in this 'unpublished form'. Twenty-four such titles are listed below. Exploration planning A series of professional advancement seminars for the mineral industry is to be held at Rhodes University from 12th to 20th August, 1981. The series, entitled 'Economic Guidelines for Exploration Planning', will be conducted by Professor B. W. Mackenzie, and the attendance will be limited to 30 participants. The seminars are intended Seminar on Geostatistics A seminar for mining executives on Geostatistics and Decision Making in the Mining Industry is to be held in Toronto from 23rd to 25th September, 1981. v

Jan 1, 1981

1. New books Specialty steels and hard materials, edited by N. R. Comins and J. B. Clark. Oxford, Pergamon, 1983.482 pp. Hardcover £55.50. Papers presented at an international conference on advances in flow measurement techniques, edited by H. S. Stephens and B. Jarvis. BHRA Fluid Engineering (Cranfield, Bedford, MK43 OAJ, England), 1982. £36. Papers presented at Fourth European Conference on Mixing, edited by H. S. Stephens and D. Goodes. BHRA Fluid Engineering (Cranfield, Bedford, MK43 OAJ, England), 1982. £36. Papers presented at an international conference on hydrocyclones, edited by H. S. Stephens and G. Priestley. BHRA Fluid Engineering (Cranfield, Bedford, MK43, OAJ, England), 1982. 248 pp. £27. Controlled atmospheres for heat treatment, by R. Nemenyi. Oxford, Pergamon, 1983. 225 pp. Hardcover 20, flexicover £7.50. Electrochemical techniques in corrosion testing and research, edited by J. S. Scully. Oxford, Pergamon, 1983. 150 pp. Flexicover £9.45 2. Book reviews Off highway truck haulage, by the Newman Combined Group. Parkvine (Victoria), Australasian Institute of Mining and Metanurgy, 1982. Reviewer: B. J. Vorster Elsevier's mineral and rock table, compiled by P. Lof. Reviewer: A. Wedepohl Field geologists' manual, by B. A. Berkman. Monograph Series No. 9, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metanurgy, 1982.295 pp. Reviewer: R. A. G. Cuipers 3. Mintek reports Report M56 A computer programme for the evaluation of process routes in the production of ferrochromium. Report M61 An atomic-absorption programme for the Apple 11 Plus computer. Report M63 A general-purpose data logger. Report M65 A preliminary survey of the corrosivity of water in gold mines. Report M66 A review of corrosion inhibitors: theory and practice. Report M67 The determination of total cyanide in solutions containing uranium and gold. Report M68 The suitability of Doppler flowmeters for use in the minerals-processing industry. Report M70 The preparation and certification of two reference materials of South African manganese ore. Report M78 A n evaluation of the Leeds laboratory-scale flotation cell. Report M79 The determination, by X-ray-fluorescence spectrometry, of gold and uranium on resin. Report M80 The installation and commissioning of a Siemens SRS200 sequential X-ray-fluorescence spectrometer. Report M81 The application of the inductively coupled plasma system to the simultaneous determination of precious metals. Open-pit and strip mines The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and the Mining Alumni Society of the University of Pretoria are organizing an International Conference on The Planning and Operation of Open Pit and Strip Mines in Pretoria from 9th to 13th April, 1984. Other Institutes co-sponsoring the Conference are The Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, and The Society of Mining Engineers of AIME.

Jan 1, 1983

By H. J. R. Way

Dr H. J. R. Way: In his reply to my queries Mr Bath still adheres to his statement that it may be possible to replace the estimated R200 million reduction in gold revenue in 1980 by exports of ferro-chromium, and apparently based his conclusion on a growth rate in demand for corrosion resistant steels of 10 per cent per annum in the next few years. As I pointed out at the previous discussion at Middelburg this would entail a production of about one million tons of ferro-chromium in 1980. Exact statistics of South African ferro-chromium production are not available, a fact which is very much to be regretted. But statistics of exports of ferro-chromium are available from "Foreign Trade Statistics" of the Customs and Excise. These show that South Africa exported 99,580 short tons in 1967. The quantity of ferro-chromium consumed in South Africa in 1967 was fairly small and we can therefore assume that the production was 99,580 tons. For this amount to grow to 1,000,000 tons in 1980 would require a growth rate of 19.4 per cent per annum. At 10 per cent this would grow to 344,000 tons and at 7 per cent 240,000 tons. The following growth rates in the form of average trends are pertinent: STEEL - Per annum World steel ingot production - 1957-67 – 6.8 per cent Free-world ingot production - 1957-67 – 6.0 per cent Consumptions of crude steel by four major Free-world Consumers - 1957-67 - 5.6 per cent CHROMITE World production - 1952-67 - 2.5 per cent South African total sales - 1948-67 – 5.4 per cent South African exports - 1948-67 – 3.9 per cent United States consumption, very irregular, but - 1962-67 – 6.5 per cent FERRO-CHROMIUM - Per annum United States consumption - 1952-67 - 6.5 per cent South African exports - 1957-62 - 25.2 per cent South African exports - 1962-66 - 41.9 per cent South African exports - 1966-68 - 21.2 per cent These figures show that exports of ferro-chromium have been growing at a very high rate varying from 21.2 per cent to 41.9 per cent since 1957, but in view of the market situation it seems somewhat doubtful if that high rate can be maintained up to 1980. Of our 1966 exports U.S.A. took 63 per cent which was 53 per cent of their total imports. Their average consumption is trending at a growth rate of 6.5 per cent per annum from 1952-67, but the growth from 1964-66 was 5- 2 per cent and 1966-67, -12 per cent!

Mar 1, 1968

By A. J. Vietti

"Drought conditions and the possible lack of sufficient raw water supply are a constant reminder to the Southern African diamond miner of the need to minimize raw (new) water input while maintaining or expanding mine throughput.Since water input volume is directly related to water output (loss) volume, mainly to the tailings, it is obviously beneficial to dewater the tailings as much as possible. However, this may not always be as easily achieved as first thought. Owing to the unique mineralogy of each kimberlite deposit and the unique chemical profile of each raw water source, dewatering of the slurry is not a standard process that can be applied equally across the entire diamond industry.This paper presents a first-step strategy that kimberlite diamond mine operators should consider and apply to meet and exceed their watersaving targets. Introduction A common metric for measuring water use efficiency in a metallurgical plant is the amount of raw water used per ton of head feed treated (m3/t). The metric includes all water recycled from the dewatering process and from the tailings storage facility (TSF), and the only inputs are tons of ROM ore and cubic metres of raw water make-up to replace water lost to evaporation, seepage, and lock-up at the TSF (Figure 1).The volume of new raw water available to the process is not unlimited and a maximum monthly allowance is typically set during the mine permitting process. Consequently, if the volume of water lost exceeds the volume of new water available or alternatively, in times of drought where the allowable volume is unavailable, the plant has no other option but to reduce throughput.However, if the plant operator is able reduce the volume of water lost to the TSF, the plant will have additional capacity to either increase tonnage throughput or sustain nameplate capacity during periods of severe drought. The obvious conclusion, therefore, is to reduce the volume of water lost to the tailings by improving the efficiency of the dewatering process (typically gravity thickening) simply by increasing the density of the tailings being discharged. In practice, however, the unique mineralogy of each kimberlite deposit and the chemical profile of the raw water source used imply that at some mine sites, solid/liquid separation (or settling) of tailings slurries at the dewatering process is more easily achieved than at others. In these cases, simple practical steps such as firstly improving the flocculant reagent make-up and dosing control, and secondly focusing on thickener discharge control, are the only requirements for enhancing water recovery at the dewatering circuit. At other mine sites however, solid/liquid separation of the tailings may not be achieved at all, in which case efforts to increase water recovery by improving reagent dosage and thickener control would be fruitless unless the colloidal properties of the thickener feed slurry are modified."

Feb 1, 2019

By S. Budavari, F. M. C. C. Vieira

For several decades, the deep, gold-bearing reefs of the Witwatersrand basin have been mined predominantly according to layouts characterised by longwalls with strike pillars to provide regional support. During the past few years, a new generation of mining layouts has been introduced. These layouts are based on the concept of grid-type, scattered mining with dip pillars for regional support. As the extraction of the gold reefs extends to depths below 3500 m, the hazards associated with mining at these ultra-depths are expected to increase to unacceptable levels. Therefore, the question arises as to, which of the currently applied mining layouts is most acceptable for the economic and safe extraction of an ultra-deep orebody. The purpose of this paper is to describe a research investigation carried out to evaluate the degree of acceptability, from the rock engineering view point, of four currently used mining layouts for application at a depth-range of between 3500 and 5000 m. Pendant plusieurs décades, les filons d’or profonds du bassin du Witwatersrand ont été exploités d’une manière prédominante selon des dispositions caractérisées par des longues tailles avec des piliers directionnels pour donner un support local. Les dernières années ont vu la naissance d’une nouvelle génération de dispositions de mine. Ces dispositions sont basées sur le concept d’extraction type grille, éparpillée, avec des piliers au pendage pour le support local. Comme l’extraction des filons d’or va à des profondeurs en dessous de 3500m, il faut s’attendre à ce que les risques associés à l’exploitation à ces profondeurs extrêmes atteignent des niveaux inacceptables. Par conséquent, la question se pose de savoir laquelle des dispositions de mine couramment utilisées est la plus acceptable pour l’extraction rentable et sans danger d’un gisement ultra profond. Le but de l’étude présente est de décrire les recherches exécutées pour évaluer le degré d’acceptabilité, du point de vue d’ingénierie de roche, de quatre dispositions de mine couramment utilisées pour application à un rayon de profondeur entre 3500 et 5000m. Die tiefen, goldträchtigen Riffs des Witwatersrandbeckens wurden über einige Jahrzehnte hindurch vorwiegend nach jenen Layouts abgebaut, die von Langfrontstreben mit Schlagpfeilern charakterisiert waren, um regionale Unterstützung zu gewährleisten. Während der letzten Jahre wurde eine neue Generation von Grubenlayouts eingeführt. Diese Layouts basieren auf dem Konzept der Rasterfeld-Art, gestreuter Bergbau mit Neigungspfeilern für regionale Unterstützung. Es kann erwartet werden, daß auf Grund der Tatsache, daß sich die Extraktion der Goldriffs auf Tiefen unterhalb 3500 m verlagert, die Gefahren, die mit dem Bergbau an diesen Ultratiefen verbunden sind, sich auf ein nicht annehmbares Niveau erhöhen. Folglich erhebt sich die Frage, welche der gegenwärtig angewendete Abbaulayouts für die ökonomische und sichere Extraktion eines ultra-tiefen Erzkörpers am annehmbarsten ist. Zweck dieser Arbeit ist es, eine durchgeführte Untersuchung zu beschreiben, die vom Gesichtspunkt der Gesteinstechnik gesehen, vier gegenwärtig angewandte Abbaulayouts für den Einsatz in einem Tiefenbereich zwischen 3.500 und 5.000 m evaluiert.

Jan 1, 2003

By Z-P. Song, Z-B. Jiang, A-N. Jiang

"In deep excavations under conditions of high ground stress, even hard rock undergoes creep and other time-dependent effects that may result in instability. This study involves an analysis of the typical damage to the surrounding rock in the deep tunnels of the Jinchuan nickel mine in China. In order to understand the creep mechanism, triaxial creep laboratory tests were conducted under high stress. The creep characteristic curves and the Nishihara model parameters of typical rock were obtained from these tests. The numerical simulations, with which the creep model is developed, were performed using Flac3D. The creep model parameters were back-analysed on the basis of field monitoring data. Finally, appropriate support schemes for deep tunnels are suggested. The creep deformation of rock increases with time and axial load. At the same load level, the creep deformation of unloading is greater than that of loading. The simulated deformations of the surrounding rock are coincident with those from in situ monitoring, indicating the applicability of the presented rock creep model in situations of high ground stress. The results constitute a reference for support design in deep mining tunnels.IntroductionThe excavation of underground caverns can alter the natural stress field of the surrounding rock. In deep engineering projects under conditions of high ground stress, even hard rock shows obvious creep properties and time effects (Yao, 2005; Liu, 1994). The time effect of excavation not only causes decompression of the floor and increases sidewall stress, but also leads to stress concentration at the corners of the excavation, which influences the stability of the surrounding rock in a very complex manner.Many researchers have studied the creep properties of rock. ‘Griggs (1939) showed that creep occurs in sandstone, shale, and silty sandstone rock under the load of 12.5%–80% of the failure load.’ Subsequently, much research has been published on rock creep tests, including the uniaxial compressive creep test, the triaxial compressive creep test, the discontinuity rock shearing test, and field tests (Wawersik, 1974; Amadei et al., 1980; Okubo et al., 1991; Jin et al.,1995). A rheological model is used to describe the complex rheological deformation of material. This model is based on various fundamental parameters including rock elasticity, plasticity, and viscous properties, which can be combined into a constitutive model to reflect the rheological properties of various types of rocks. Wang et al. (2014) studied the creep– damage–rupture characteristics of rock salt by applying a creep-damage model. Munson (1997) developed a multi-mechanism constitutive model of creep of polycrystalline rock salt based on steady-state creep and modified it to incorporate transient creep through work hardening and recovery. An elasto-viscoplastic approach was developed to simulate the timedependent nature of the fracture zone (Malan, 1999). Rheological models were proposed to understand the collapse of iron ore mines in Lorraine by Dragan et al. (2003)."

Jan 1, 2016

1. Reviews Steel and its heat treatment, by K-E Thelning. 2nd Edition. London, Buterworths, 1984.678 pp. R201,60 (incl. OS1). Reviewer: J.P. Hofman The Southern Queensland Conference 1985. Parkvile (Australia), The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1986. A$ 15.00. Reviewer: R.B. McGilivray Rock mechanics, by A.R. Jumikis. 2nd edition. Clausthal-Zelerfeld (West Germany), Trans Tech Publications, 1983. US$ 58. Reviewer: R.W.O. Kersten The XVIth International Coloquium on Refractories. Freiburg, West Germany, 1985. DM 80. Reviewer: H.J. S. Kriek Diamond driling handbook, byW.F. Heinz. Johannesburg, South African Driling Association, 1985. 517 pp. R30. Reviewer: S.A.G. Martins Processing and utilization of high sulfur coals, edited by Y.A. Atia. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1985.788 pp. Oft. 385. Reviewer: L.M. Falcon Weighingand proportioning of bulk solids, by Hendrik Colijn. 2nd edition. Rockport (U.S.A.), Trans Tech Publications, 1983. 398 pp. $60.00. Reviewer: G. Cunningham Investment appraisal and economic evaluation of mining enterprise, by S. von Wahl. Clausthal-Zelerfield (West Germany), Trans Tech Publications, 1986. US$ 40. Flotation of sulphide minerals, edited by K.S. Eric Forssberg. NewYork, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1985. 480 pp. US$1O1.75. Reviewer: T.R. Twidle 5th Meeting of the European Clay Groups (5th Euroc/ay Meeting), Prague, edited by J. Konta. Praha (Prague), Univerzita Karlova, 1985. Reviewer: D. Bibmann 2. Recent publications CSIRO. Research review1982-84: CS/Ra Division of Mineral Engineering. Melbourne, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 1985. 77 pp. The world copper market: structure and econometric model, by Gerhard Wagenhals. Berlin, Springer- Verlag, 1984. 202 pp. DM 37,00.Materials data of high-strength aluminium aloysfor durability evaluation of structures, edited by L. Schwarmann. Disseldorf (West Germany), Aluminium- Verlag GmbH, 1985. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. UnitedKingdom mineral statistics 1985, compiled by H.c. Squirel, A. Jones, N.E. Sharp, M. Lowe, and D. Slater. Keyworth (U.K.), the Survey, 1986. 175 pp.3. Mintek reports Report Ml66D The effect of calcining on the recovery of gold in a sand residue. (1st issued Sep. 1984.) Report M168D The treatment of Uitkomst concentrate. (1st issued Oct. 1984; reissued Mar. 1986.) Report M175D Supergene alteration at the Pering zinc-lead deposit: The nature and extent of the oxidation zone. (1st issued Oct. 1984.) Report M176D Bench-scale tests on the extraction of cobalt and nickel from COMAT leach liquors. (1st issued Nov. 1984; reissued Mar. 1986.)Report M241 PLA TO at Mintek. Report M243 The performance and wear characteristics of grinding media as affected by metallurgical and dimensional factors. Project development The Second Project Development Symposium on Planning, Construction and Commissioning will be held in Sydney, Australia, from 7th to 10th October, 1986. Hosted by the Sydney Branch of The Australasian Institute

Jan 1, 1986