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By David D. Walker

The purpose of the investigation was to describe and appraise tungsten deposits in Montana . The work supplements previous investigations made by Pattee ( 10 ) and Walker ( 17 ) in selected areas of the State . Scheelite deposits in tactite are the most numerous and most important economically , having accounted for nearly all of the State's tungsten production . Of the 64 deposits examined during the current study , 50 contained scheelite , 11 hubnerite , 2 wolframite , and 1 ferberite . The State's major tungsten production has been from scheelite deposits in Beaverhead County . The report lists , by counties , the type and grade of each deposit . The more important occurrences are accompanied by geological and assay maps .

Jan 1, 1963

By D. Harrington

An explosive may be defined as a substance (usually a mixture) that has the property of yielding, readily to combustion or oxidation upon application of flame or shock, the combustion or oxidation process being rapid and accompanied by formation of such relatively large quantities of gases that much violence and pressure are produced; these, in turn, react against their surroundings and cause what is termed an explosion. By their very nature their action is destructive and disruptive of adjunct materials; hence, all explosives axe potentially hazardous and every type of explosive, irrespective of its relative safety, should be handled, .stored, and used with utmost care at all times and under all conditions. It should always be remembered that any explosive can be rude safe only in certain of its features and under certain conditions and circumstance. If these facts (and they certainly are facts) are always kept in mind, most of the modern types of explosives can be utilized advantageously in our industrial life and with a considerable degree of safety. That commercial explosives can be handled. safely is borne out in part by the fact that in the past 15 years at least 3,000,000,000 pounds of the commercial explosive dynamite have been transported by railroads in the United State, without injury to any person, insofar as available records indicate.

Jan 1, 1939

By Oliver Bowles

"Simple systematic accounting that adequately records all transactions has long been regarded as essential to the welfare of any business enterprise. Some of the defects that detract from the prosperity of the slate industry are attributable to a lack of effectiveness in cost keeping. This condition has prompted the United States Bureau of Mines to make a detailed study of accounting methods for the slate industry, and to present for consideration a system of accounts, which it is believed would enable the industry to attain more economical management and operation if accepted by a fair proportion of its important units.The method of accounting presented herein has been worked out with the assistance of leading slate producers and the recommendation are tentative and are submitted in this form as a means of developing constructive criticism. Believing that cooperative effort in this, as in many other problems, will bring the most enduring benefits to the industry as a whole, the writer urges that the most earnest consideration be given to this vital problem now facing the slate industry.Grateful acknowledgment is made of the helpful assistance rendered by R. E. Eckert of the accounting firm of Eckert, Degan, and Palmer of Easton, Pa., in compiling the charts and the explanatory text. He has brought to this work a wide knowledge of accountancy, supplemented by a background of direct contact with the slate industry, and his presence at the various conferences has been of great advantage in clearing up difficulties. The National Slate Association sponsored the cost study and chiefly through the efforts of President W. H. Smith and Secretary W. S. Hays, has aided greatly in conducting it. Acknowledgment is also made of assistance rendered by William F. Marsh of the United States Bureau of Mines."

Nov 1, 1929

By R. L. Hopkins, H. T. Rall, H. J. Coleman, C. J. Thompson

Two methods were tested for separating sulfur compounds in certain petroleum fractions into types . Such separation is preliminary to identifying the compounds . Each method involved extraction of sulfides from petroleum sulfur concentrates . In the first method , the sulfur concentrate was reacted with methyl - ptoluenesulfonate to form sulfonium compounds from which unreacted portions of the sample were removed by washing with solvent . The sulfides then were recovered by heating the sulfonium compounds with anhydrous triethanolamine . The second method consisted of passing anhydrous hydrogen iodide into a n-butane solution of the sample cooled in dry ice , whereupon the hydrogen iodide adducted with the sulfides to form sulfonium compounds . These adducts separated as crystalline solids or , more frequently , as glassy viscous liquids . The sulfide was regenerated by adding water to the filtered sulfonium compound and was recovered by steam distillation or by extraction with pentane . These methods have been evaluated , using individual pure sulfur compounds and blends of sulfur compounds . They also have been applied successfully to separating sulfides from sulfur concentrates derived from petroleum fractions .

Jan 1, 1964

Under the Bureau of Mines Research Contract Number H0252071, Foundation Sciences, Inc. has compared the relative effectiveness of roof bolts installed at an angle over the rib with that of bolts installed vertically at the rib side, The information gathered during this investigation was sufficient to supply supplementary information on the mechanics of roof support systems and the general acceptability of field instrumentation methods. During the 140 days of field investigation, 235 bolts were installed, 45 inclined and 190 vertical, in two adjacent intersections. Of these 235 bolts, 30 were in-stalled with load cells and 38 were tested for anchor capabilities. In addition to this instrumentation, the deformation of the opening was measured by convergence meter on 9 lines throughout the two testing areas, and a borescope and photo-elastic gauges were utilized to obtain information on the roof action beyond the surface.

Jan 1, 1977

By S. C. Termes, P. E. Richardson, R. L. Wilfong

"The Bureau of Mines conducted research on the flocculation of various minerals with insoluble cross-linked starch xanthate (ISX) to determine its potential as a beneficiation technique for low-grade, highly disseminated ores and for selective desliming. Covellite, chalcocite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, bornite, sphalerite, galena, and molybdenite fines flocculate with ISX. Floc formation, floc size, and settling rate are dependent on pH, with the pH dependence differing for each mineral. Quartz is not flocculated by ISX. Experiments to obtain selective flocculation of sulfides from quartz were attempted. Good selectivity was only obtained for the bornite-quartz system. Post flocculation separations resulted in flocculated bornite in grades as high as 92 pct. Evidence is presented that the flocculation of many of the sulfide minerals with ISX may involve covalent bonding of the xanthate group to lattice metal site(s). INTRODUCTIONBecause of the increasing interest in selective flocculation as a beneficiation technique for low-grade, highly disseminated ores and for selective desliming, the Bureau of Mines has been investigating the flocculation behavior of several cross-linked starch derivatives containing chelating groups. This report dis cusses the flocculation of sulfide mineral fines by insoluble cross-linked starch xanthate (ISX).Polymeric materials such as ISX, which contain a chelating group of known re¬activity towards specific mineral surfaces, were first proposed by Slater, Clark, and Kitchener (1), 3 Kitchener (2), and Attia and Kitchener (3) as selective flocculants for mineral fines with particle aggregation possible through a bridging mechanism. ISX appeared to be attractive as a sulfide mineral flocculant because (1) alkyl xanthates are known to react selectively with sulfide minerals"

Jan 1, 1983

By Irven A. Jacobson

This literature survey consists of references dealing with gaseous state thermal decomposition reactions of organic nitrogen and sulfur compounds. The reference source for the survey was the Chemical Abstracts from 1930 to 1956, inclusive. Original articles were not studied. The starting date was set at 1930 because previous to this time much of the work is questionable. This report is in three parts: Part I lists nitrogen compounds; Part II, sulfur compounds; and Part III, compounds containing both nitrogen and sulfur. The organization of the classes of compounds is alphabetical: Part I - amides, amines, amino acids, ammonia, azides, azines, azo compounds, heterocyclic nltrogen compounds, hydrazine, nitrates, nitriles, nitrites, nitro compounds and miscellaneous nitrogen compounds; Part II - disulfides, sulfides (including double and triple sulfides), thiols, thiophenes and xanthates; Part III - thioacid amides, thiazoles, thiocyanates and thiuram disulfides. A class formula is included with each class name. The R's used in these class formulas may refer to hydrogen or to the same or different radicals when more than one R appears.

Jan 1, 1960

By Terry J. Close

The Welcome Creek Wilderness has small, dispersed gold placers. Pockets in the 25.5 million yd3 (19.5 million m3) of alluvium along Welcome and Rock Creeks have as much as $5.61 gold/yd3 ($7.34/m3) at $500/troy oz ($16.08/g). All the alluvium averages 20.1 cents gold/yd3 (26.3 cents/m3). Because of the low average gold content large-scale placer mining would not be economically feasible. Small-scale selective pocket mining, however, may be profitable. The alluvium along the streams in the Wilderness has little apparent potential for production of sand, gravel, or stone because alternate sources are closer to markets. The four lode prospects known within the Wilderness appear to have low mineral potential. No oil, gas, uranium, or geothermal energy sources are known to be present.

Jan 1, 1982

By Hillary W. St. Clair

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the practicability of refining crude aluminum-silicon alloy or aluminum scrap containing silicon and iron by selective dissolution in zinc of the aluminum from the alloy followed by distillation of the zinc from the aluminum.

Jan 1, 1949

By Craig C. Hustwit

A pilot-scale treatment study was conducted on a copper-zinc bearing metal mine drainage using a pipeline treatment system called the In-Line System (ILS). The objective of this U.S. Bureau of Mines study was to determine whether the ILS could be extended from the treatment of coal mine drainages to the treatment of metal mine drainages. Hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2), quick lime (CaO), and caustic soda (NaOH) were used to neutralize the drainage. A novel reagent slurry of Ca(OH)2 and type C fly ash was also evaluated. Except for Ca(OH)2-fly ash slurry, treatment performance was evaluated for all reagents at pH values of 7,8,9, and 10. The Ca(OH)2-fly ash slurry was evaluated at a pH of 10. All reagents tested neutralized the metal mine drainage and substantially reduced the dissolved metal concentrations. It was concluded that the ILS could be useful in the treatment of metal mine drainages.

Jan 1, 2010

By Joseph Berman

The wolframite mineral series was studied to determine the effect of the FeO - MnO ratio on unit cell symmetry and thermal stability. This work was undertaken to evaluate the analytical procedures now in use for wolframite in scheelite and to aid in the development of improved methods of analysis. Wolframite grains were hand-picked, crushed, and screened; impurities were removed by selective magnetic separations using a Frantz isodynamic separator. The samples were further checked by optical spectroscopic and microscopic examination.

Jan 1, 1957

By Christopher Van Dyke, Edward L. Petsonk, Knox Van Dyke, Vincent Castranova, Ji-Hee Kang, William Pailes

"INTRODUCTIONPlatelet-activating factor (P AF) has been shown to mediate a broad range of biologic activities (1). Chemical analysis has shown that PAF is a glycerophospholipid with a choline polar head group, an ester-linked acyl chain at the second carbon of the glycerol backbone, and an ether linkage at the first carbon. The alkyl group attached to the first carbon can exist in a variety of chain lengths, with the C16 and C18 forms predominant in humans. The structure of P AF has been identified as 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphorylcholine (2,3).PAF can be released from a variety of cell types, such as basophils, neutrophils, and alveolar macrophages ( 4-6). Stimuli for the release of P AF include calcium ionophore, phorbol esters, chemotactic agents, and zymosan. In addition, endotoxin has been shown to be a potent stimulant of P AF release from alveolar macrophages (7).P AF has been shown to have a number of pulmonary effects. It has been associated with asthma since it can cause contraction of pulmonary tissue (8) and leukotriene secretion from leukocytes (9) and induce airway constriction when inhaled by humans (10). In addition, PAF is a potent chemoattractant and can cause migration ofneutrophils into the airspaces of the lungs (11,12). Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide-protein complex derived from the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. I.PS is the lipopolysaccharide portion of endotoxin. LPS contains four covalently joined subunits: lipid A, 3-deoxyoctonate, a core polysaccharide moiety, and an 0-specific antigenic polysaccharide side chain. Rough LPS contains no 0-antigen side chain. The liP.id A portion of LPS has been associated with most of the biolQgic effects of endotoxin (13). This lipid A subunit consists of a D-glucosamine disaccharide backbone substituted with four fatty acid side chains. Endotoxin is found in a wide variety of occupational settings associated with organic dusts derived from plants or animals, such as cotton, cereal grains, silage, rice, and poultry (14-18). In addition, airborne endotoxin has been found in sewage treatment plants, composting plants, offices with contaminated humidifiers, and showers or saunas (19-22)."

Jan 1, 1990

By Cleo Griffith Rall

The method for determining the effective porosity, of oil- and gas- bearing sand described in this report is a development of an earlier method devised by Bureau of Mines. The apparatus has been improved and made more convenient to use, but the procedure has been in use for many years without essential changes. A tabulation at the end of the report gives the results of more than 2,000 porosity determinations for oil sands in the fields of 13 states. A selected bibliography of articles containing descriptions and evaluations of various methods of determining porosity Is a. part of this report. The method was devised and developed at the Petroleum Experiment Station at Bartlesville, Okla., as part of the Bureau's research on fluid-energy relationships and ,on methods of improving the recovery of crude oil from underground reservoirs.

Jan 1, 1949

By L. B. Berger

Studies showing the effect of mixing hot exhaust gases with tie intake air of a four-stroke-cycle Diesel engine are described. The results indicate a marked increase in carbon monoxide in tip exhaust gases, a decrease in oxides of nitrogen, and no significant effect on aldehydes. The increase in carbon monoxide was greater at higher fuel-air ratios and was caused partly by the increase in fuel-air ratio end partly by the decrease in oxygen concentration resulting when exhaust has was added. The application of these results to the use of Diesel engines underground is considered.

Jan 1, 1940

By David E. Nicholson

This report investigates the mechanical behavior of fine soils in a lunar environment in engineering gravity-flow bins. The ultrahigh vacuum, absence of moisture, and a lunar gravity one-sixth that of earth gravity represents a unique environment, both advantageous and detrimental to these systems. On earth, moisture and gases contained in powder masses can be responsible for complex descriptions of gravity flow. Their absence appear to simplify the lunar soil behavior. However, simulation of the lunar gravity and vacuum complicates the development of experimental data for designing bins. The properties of a dry soil powder, its behavior under one-dimensional compression, and its torsional and direct shearing strength under earth atmosphere are described in part 1 of this paper. These properties provide the parameters for a finite-element analysis to optimize the design of bins, to be described by Dr. William Pariseau in part 2. Shear tests assess the failure criteria for the material. Compression tests provide modulus and (Ko) stress-ratio values from the loading portion of the compression cycle, duplicating the condition of a bin at rest with the discharge closed. During the unloading portion of the compression cycle (soil overconsolidated), the residual Ko values rise. It is postulated that this phenomenon creates a high-lateral stress in bins when they approach incipient flow. Assessment of the Ko value, overconsolidation ratio, and the void ratio state is proposed as a criterion to determine the flowability of powder.

Jan 1, 1971

By Thomas W. Camm

In this U.S. Bureau of Mines report, mine and mill cost models are presented to make quick estimates of the cost to develop mineral deposits in the desert region of the Southwest United States. Regression analysis was used to generate capital and operating cost equations for each model in the form Y = AXB, where Y is the cost estimated and X is the assumed daily capacity in short tons. A and B are constants determined by the regression analysis. Each is broken down into 11 subcategories to facilitate escalation of costs for inflation and to increase their versatility in economic evaluation work. This report contains 2 open pit models, 6 underground mine models, 11 mill models, and cost equations for access roads, powerlines, and tailings ponds. In addition, adjustment factors for variation in haulage distances are provided for open pit models and variation in mining depths for underground models.

Jan 1, 1991

By A. Gene Collins

The Bureau of Mines undertook research to determine the bromide and iodide content of Mississippi and Alabama oilfield waters of the Tertiary and Cretaceous Period to determine genetic relationships of the ions, to determine their origin, and to determine their genetic relation to petroleum. The 280 samples were analyzed after a pretreatment to remove interferences. The iodide was oxidized to iodate and was titrated with thiosulfate. The bromide was oxidized to bromate and was determined iodometrically. A computer was used to calculate the correlation coefficients of iodide to bromide and to other ions. The other ions are sodium plus potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, and sulfate. The mineral content of the samples ranged from 52 to 1,760 mg/l for bromide and from 2 to 65 mg/l for iodide. The mean bromide-to-chloride and iodide-to-chloride ratios were 0.0065 and 0.0002. The correlation coefficient matrix and linear plots indicated a definite bromide-to-calcium relationship for the brines investigated.

Jan 1, 1967

By Joseph F. Davies

To gain knowledge of the actual accident hazards present in Kentucky coal mines, reports of fatalities during 1931, 1932, and 1933 have been analyzed and the pertinent factors included in tables, accompanied by some discussion and recommendations for the reduction of accidents from particular causes. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study was made possible through the cooperation of John F. Daniel, chief of the Kentucky Department of Mines, who made available department records, in addition to the monthly bulletine issued by his office reporting these fatalities.

Jan 1, 1934

By R. A. Friedel

THE IMPORTANCE of infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectrometry in studies of the structure of coal and similar substances is described. Special experimental techniques have been developed for these studies. Thin sections of coal are preferred, but halide pellets are easier to prepare. Information obtained from infrared spectra on chemical functional groups has been discussed; the importance of both intensities and wavelengths of absorption bands has been emphasized. Functional groups assigned include aliphatic and aromatic CH, methylene and methyl groups, hydrogen-bonded hydroxyls, hydrogen-bonded and chelated carbonyls, phenolic structures, minerals, and aromatic structures that are benzenoid or polynuclear. Infrared studies of structures of coal extracts, distillates, and reaction products of various processes, both chemical and physical, are discussed. Coallike infrared spectra of chars of model compounds have been utilized extensively in studies of coal structure. Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of coals show a lack of fine structure and low spectral intensities. These results have been applied to the questions of the chemical and physical structure of coal, particularly the question of polynuclear aromaticity of coals. The color of coal is also treated. The physical-chemical origin of the color of coal may be due to free radicals, as interesting correlations of ultraviolet-visible spectra with electron paramagnetic resonance have been obtained. The optical color of coal has been explained and simulation of the color changes observed in thin sections has been carried out, The spectra and structure of coal derivatives and other carbonaceous materials are also discussed. Possible sources of error in absorption spectral measurements are pointed out. Limited measurements of the ultraviolet-visible reflectance spectra of coal are described.

Jan 1, 1967

By A. Gene Collins, Cynthia A. Pearson, Cathy J. Waters

The chemistry of selenium and tellurium is discussed , along with a method of preparing a synthetic oilfield brine , an oilfield brine sampling method , and methods for determining selenium and tellurium in complex oilfield brines . Selenium either can be reduced to the elemental form with sulfur dioxide and determined semiquantitatively by color comparison of the red amorphous form or can be converted to selenite and determined quantitatively by reacting it with 3,3 ' - diaminobenzidine and obtaining its spectral absorbance at 420 mu . Tellurium can be reduced to the elemental form with hypophosphorous acid , and the spectral absorbance of its red hydrosol can be measured at 400 mu . Less than 0.05 mg / 1 of selenium and 0.1 mg / 1 of tellurium can be determined by the described methods .

Jan 1, 1964