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By S. Korman, S. B. Tuwiner

Chalcocite flotation is affected by agitation intensity during conditioning. Sodium sulphide in minute quantity may activate or depress, depending on conditions. Oxygen is a depressant while oxygen and sulphide neutralize each other by re-action at the mineral surface. Diffusion across a stagnant film at the surface governs reaction rates, while film thickness is reduced upon increase of agitation intensity.

Jan 2, 1950

By JOHN R. SUMAN

OVERWHELMING proof of the importance of oil in a modern national economy is afforded by the present European War. Treat¬ies and national boundaries have been cynically violated to secure greater supplies of the precious fuel. Petroleum substitutes have been desperately, and far from successfully, sought. The whole German military theory of the drang nach Osten, the drive to the East, is directed at cutting the British supply of oil and securing a supply for Germany. This is a war of machines, and the machines of war feed hungrily on oil. In view of this fact, it is surely comforting to know that we are living today in a nation which has surpassed all the rest of the world not merely in unearthing the raw supplies of petroleum which lie beneath its surface but also in every phase of the industry in mining, refining, processing, production, and distribution.

Jan 1, 1941

By Frederic Benard

Recovery of selenium and tellurium at Copper Cliff by the Ontario Refining Co. has been previously described by the writer.l During 1935 a new building was erected to house this operation and description of the new plant and process form the subject of this paper. The building, of modern steel and tile construction, covers an area of 5900 sq. ft. with a volume of approximately 166,000 cu. ft. The large monitored center bay is flanked by two smaller outside bays, one of which is devoted to the tellurium section. All equipment, ceilings and upper walls, are treated with aluminum paint, giving good illumination and facilitating good housekeeping, essential from a health standpoint in handling material of this nature. Equipment Layout and type of equipment conforms to the requirements of the process as described below. In the selenium section, storage tanks, neutralizing tanks and precipitators are of steel construction, lead-lined and arranged for gravity flow (Fig. 1). The neutralizing tanks are equipped with water-cooled lead coils for controlling solution temperature, agitation being accomplished with compressed air. The precipitators are provided with mechanical agitators, and sulphur dioxide is introduced into the solution through 1/2-in. lead pipes leading from a manifold attached to the cover of the precipitator. Each precipitator has internal cooling coils and an air-jet exhauster to carry off fumes. Neutralized solutions are filtered in a 29-plate wooden filter press using heavy cotton duck as a filter medium, forced feed being maintained by a Welmet centrifugal pump. Dilute solutions are concentrated by evaporation in a vacuum evaporator, constructed of cast hard lead. Heat is supplied by an outside steam chest operating under 15 Ib. steam pressure. The solution is circulated through the steam chest by a pump of antimonial lead at a rate approximating 400 cu. ft. per min. The evaporator is evacuated by a water-jet condenser that creates a vacuum of 26 in. of mercury under normal operating conditions. The capacity of the vessel is 60 cu. ft. and the rate of evaporation 25 cu. ft. per hour.

Jan 1, 1943

By Robert S. Baker

It has been demonstrated in the laboratory by A. J. Phillips1 that a transformation or conversion from beta directly to alpha may take place in a brass of 61 to 62.5 per cent copper content. The completion of the transformiation is dependent on a rapid rate of cooling from the all-beta field through the alpha + beta range to the alpha field. Phillips states that in a slowly cooled alloy containing 62 per cent copper and 38 per cent zinc the copper content of the beta is progressively decreased from 62 to 56 per cent by precipitation of alpha. Rapid cooling tends to prevent the separation of alpha with a copper content of more than 62 per cent by reducing to a minimum the time required for passing through the alpha + beta range. Upon crossing beyond the (alpha + beta) (alpha) boundary to the all-alpha region below, the material is transformed from beta to alpha. It, is essential that there be no change in composition. Phillips obtained his results by quenching a 62:38 copper-zinc alloy from 850" C. in iced brine at -8" C. No reference to the occurrence of this transformation in a manufacturing process has been found in the literature. An investigation of the microstructures of a number of hot forgings made from leaded brass rods yielded one forging in which this striking conversion from beta to alpha had occurred. The purpose of this paper is to describe the transformation and certain conditions under which it may occur during the hot pressing of brass. The conversion was noted in a shape forged from a leaded brass rod, the composition of which was: Cu, 60.26 per cent; Zn, 37.86; Pb, 1.88. In this study the lead content was disregarded and the alloy was considered to be equivalent to an alloy of 61.40 per cent copper and 35.60 per cent zinc (9812 parts = 100 parts). The possibility that the lead might obstruct or accelerate the precipitation of alpha was not studied. The lead appears as black globules in the photomicrographs and has a negligible solubility in the alloy.

Jan 1, 1932

By Frederic Benard

Recovery of selenium and tellurium at Copper Cliff by the Ontario Refining Co. has been previously described by the writer.l During 1935 a new building was erected to house this operation and description of the new plant and process form the subject of this paper. The building, of modern steel and tile construction, covers an area of 5900 sq. ft. with a volume of approximately 166,000 cu. ft. The large monitored center bay is flanked by two smaller outside bays, one of which is devoted to the tellurium section. All equipment, ceilings and upper walls, are treated with aluminum paint, giving good illumination and facilitating good housekeeping, essential from a health standpoint in handling material of this nature. Equipment Layout and type of equipment conforms to the requirements of the process as described below. In the selenium section, storage tanks, neutralizing tanks and precipitators are of steel construction, lead-lined and arranged for gravity flow (Fig. 1). The neutralizing tanks are equipped with water-cooled lead coils for controlling solution temperature, agitation being accomplished with compressed air. The precipitators are provided with mechanical agitators, and sulphur dioxide is introduced into the solution through 1/2-in. lead pipes leading from a manifold attached to the cover of the precipitator. Each precipitator has internal cooling coils and an air-jet exhauster to carry off fumes. Neutralized solutions are filtered in a 29-plate wooden filter press using heavy cotton duck as a filter medium, forced feed being maintained by a Welmet centrifugal pump. Dilute solutions are concentrated by evaporation in a vacuum evaporator, constructed of cast hard lead. Heat is supplied by an outside steam chest operating under 15 Ib. steam pressure. The solution is circulated through the steam chest by a pump of antimonial lead at a rate approximating 400 cu. ft. per min. The evaporator is evacuated by a water-jet condenser that creates a vacuum of 26 in. of mercury under normal operating conditions. The capacity of the vessel is 60 cu. ft. and the rate of evaporation 25 cu. ft. per hour.

Jan 1, 1943

By K. R. Price, M. Gauna

A high seam geologic condition exists at Jim Walter Resources No. 4 mine that requires immediate rib support after a continuous miner cuts a place. High seam mining heights are typically 2.4 to 2.6 m (8 to 9 ft) and a thick rock layer is present in the upper portion of the coal rib side. The 610-m (2000 ft) mining depth at No. 4 mine induces horizontal rib line movement after excavating an entry. Horizontal rib movement greater than 305 mm (12 in.) have been noted. When lateral movement occurs in the high seam areas, the thick rock layer, and the coal above the rock layer, become fractured and tend to roll into the entry. If not adequately supported, large rib rolls develop in the place being bolted as well as in previously mined areas that endanger men and equipment. To control this, rib support must be installed in the roof bolting operation as the bolting crew works toward the face. A rib control system has been developed for this high seam mining condition using a mechanical anchor bolt placed at an angle in the rib and installed with a modified Fletcher DDM-15 bolting machine. More than 120 km (75 miles) of entry have been supported with angle rib bolts. These angle bolts constitute 43% to 60% of the total roof and rib bolt footage in the high seam portions of No. 4 mine. The angle rib bolting system has proven safer, more effective, and more efficient than the earlier support method using bolts installed horizontally into the rib. No rib roll accidents have occurred since the angle drill bolting machines were placed in service in 1981. By securing the broken rib material with an angle bolt anchored above the coal pillar, a more effective means of rib control is achieved. Angle rib bolting does not interfere with continuous miner productivity. In addition, bolting crews are now reduced from three to two people. Total drilling supply costs are about 60% the previous cost, when compared to the previous support method using horizontal rib bolts:

Jan 1, 1985

By A. L. Holley

The first session was held in the rooms of the American Philosophical Society, on Tuesday evening, February 26th. The President, Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, called the meeting to order, and after a few introductory remarks concerning the importance of theoretical and speculative science, which often involves principles of the highest economic value, and, more than all that, serves to enlarge our conceptions of the universe, and ennoble us, by the cultivation which it affords to our most exalted faculties, proceeded to discuss some points in the chemistry of the atmosphere. It is known that there is in the crust of the earth a great amount of oxidized carbon, not only in the shape of coal, but also in the graphite or plunlbago of the crystalline rocks, in the various bituminous shales or pyroschists, which are found in all succeeding rock-formations, and also in the forms of bitumen and petroleum. All the analogies of nature lead us to conclude that these various carbonaceous substances have had an organic origin, and have been generated by the deoxidation of carbonic acid, a process effected by the growing plant, and attended with the liberation of oxygen. He showed that the carbon of a layer of coal covering the whole earth's surface to the thickness of one meter, would, in its production from carbonic dioxide, liberate an amount of oxygen equal to that now present in our atmosphere. But bituminous coal contains also a large amount of hydrogen, derived from the deoxidation of water, which implies the liberation of a farther portion of oxygen. The amount from this latter source would equal, for the various coals and asphalts, from one-eighth to one-fourth, and, for the petroleums, onehalf of that set free in the deoxidation of the carbon which these hydrocarbonaceous bodies contain. From what we know of the composition of the stratified rocks, it is probable that they include an amount of deoxidized carbon and hydrogen many times greater than that contained in a layer of coal one meter in thickness, and, consequently, that the disengaged oxygen in past ages must have far exceeded that now present in our atmosphere. To this must be added

Jan 1, 1879

By J. French Robinson

A review of production in the Eastern District for 1930 is necessarily brief. Drilling operations were curtailed, due to economic conditions, which in turn reduced production. However, in spite of these conditions, there have been a few outstanding developments which surpass any of recent years. The development of a field in Chautauqua and Cattaraugus counties, New York, has been rapid and probably reached its peak of production in 1930. The gas in this field comes from the White Medina Sand (Silurian), at an average depth of 2600 ft. Some of the wells had an open flow of 20,000,000 cu. ft. of gas per day,' with an original rock pressure of 965 pounds2 per square inch. Another area developed during 1930 was the Tyrone field, in Tyrone Township, Schuyler County, New York. This field was discovered 2nd is practically controlled by the Belmont Quadrangle Drilling Corpn. of New York. The production is from the Oriskany Sand (Devonian), which is found at an average depth of 2100 ft. The field covers approximately 2000 acres, and to date has 14 producing gas wells. The largest well had an open flow of 15,000,000 cu. ft. and an original rock pressure of 740 Ib. The gas from this field is impregnated with sulfur, and requires washing before it is marketed. Because little is known of the Oriskany Sand, a brief description may be of interest. This sand outcrops at Oriskany Falls, New York, and has a thickness of 10 to 12 ft. Its texture is coarse grained, it is composed mostly of quartz and is a regularly bedded sandstone. At Yauger's Wood, in Cayuga County, New York, it is exposed and shows a thickness of 26 feet. The discovery of the Tyrone field led to much prospecting in the New York and the northern part of Pennsylvania, and as a result of this search, the Allegany Gas Co. struck a large gas well in Farmington Township, Tioga County, Pennsylvania, which created considerable excitement through the Eastern District. The gas was encountered at a depth of 4010 ft., and tested 20,000,000 cu. ft. open flow, with a shut-in pressure

Jan 1, 1931

By A. Josefsson

The transition temperatures of 0.01 to 0.02 pct carbon steels are shown to be strongly influenced by cooling rate in the a range, quenching from A, causing a very low transition temperature even after strain aging. In a titanium-stabilized steel and in a steel with 0.05 pct C this effect is absent. NORMAL mild structural steels usually show a structure of more or less pure ferrite, as a matrix, in which cementite grains or pearlite are embedded. Of these components, ferrite is by far the most interesting one as far as ductility and brittle (cleavage) fracture are concerned. Obviously, pear-lite and carbide are by no means necessary for a cleavage crack to nucleate and grow in the ferrite, as steels with a very low carbon content (Armco iron with 0.02 pct C) have an impact transition temperature just as high as semikilled steels with 0.26 pct C.1 Although it has been argued that a very embrittling effect is to be expected from cementite, precipitated as continuous films along the ferrite grain boundaries,'. " the micrographic evidence for a direct causal connection between the brittleness and these films does not seem to be very convincing. On the other hand, it has been stated that cementite particles in ferrite are able to stop ferrite cracks.4,5 In any case, the properties of the ferrite itself seem to be of overwhelming importance to the ductility of steels, justifying a thorough study of steels consisting of ferrite of different compositions, but principally free from pearlite, which means a carbon content below 0.02 pct. Such investigations have been carried out using the impact transition temperature as a criterion of the tendency to brittle fracture and have given some rather unexpected results. One result is the profound influence of carbon on the transition temperature of the steel in normalized condition. If the carbon content is reduced from 0.02 to 0.015 pct and below, a nearly discontinuous decrease in transition temperature appears even with high percentages of such elements as phosphorus and nitrogen present. This will be reported elsewhere." The present paper deals with another effect of carbon upon transition

Jan 1, 1955

By Walter McKee

WHEN mixed with common cast steel in quantities ranging from 11 to 13 ½ per cent. and properly treated, manganese increases the ductility of the metal and adds greatly to its toughness and resistance to abrasive action, which properties comprise the distinctive characteristics that make manganese steel so valuable for many purposes at the present time. Manganese steel has been manufactured for about 26 years. .It was first made in a small way in England and subsequently produced in the United States in 1892. At present the manganese-steel foundries of this country have an annual capacity of about 60,000 tons and most of the growth has occurred within the past 10 years. In the early days of the industry it was impracticable to make manganese castings weighing over a few thousand pounds, but at present crusher heads, rolling-mill pinions, and similar castings weighing up to 30,000 lb. each are produced, and it does not appear that the limit of weight has been reached by a considerable margin. Manganese steel is similar in analysis to ordinary first-class converter metal except that it is high in carbon and contains from 11 to 13 ½ per cent. of manganese. From one standpoint manganese steel is similar to malleable iron in that the casting as it comes out of the sand is hard and brittle and must be made ductile by a heat-treating process. The heat treatment is an essential part of the process of making manganese-steel castings and must be properly carried out to secure satisfactory results. The necessity for heat treatment limits the thickness of sections which may be made of manganese steel. Originally the annealing depth was comparatively small, but researches carried on during the past few years have resulted in an increase in the thickness of section up to 5 ½ in., which it is possible to treat successfully. Large castings are cored out to a minimum thickness of 5 ½ in., thus not only eliminating some of the internal stresses which are invariably set up in a very thick casting, but also reducing the weight and inertia of the piece, an

Jan 12, 1915

THE Executive Board of The American Engineering Council met in Pittsburgh, May 26 and 27. Its actions on the licensing of engineers and on the Employment Bureau are printed at length elsewhere in this issue. The board announced plans purposing the solution of the national problems of water power and forestry, upon which "the industrial development of the nation and the standard of living of future generations largely depends. The whole Federal water-power situation is in so critical a condition that immediate constructive action by the Government to conserve the public interests, involving vast consequences of economic and Federal policy, is necessary. After a long discussion during which the water-power problem as it affects Government reorganization was reviewed and Henry Ford's Muscle Shoal's plan was discussed, the board decided to lay the entire question before President Harding. A national movement to conserve the nation's forests, in which engineers, the U. S. Forestry Service, the forestry services of the states, universities and technical schools, and other groups such as the farmers, the railroads, and lumbermen, shall pool their efforts, was set in motion by the engineers. The work will be in charge of a Reforestation Committee of the Council, headed by Charles H. MacDowell of Chicago. Mov-ing picture interests will be asked to aid. The board pledged its support to President Harding in his plan for Government reorganization. In adopting the report of its Committee on Public Affairs, headed by J. Parke Channing of New York, the Executive Board of the council determined, in the event of the failure of the President's efforts to bring about greater economy and ffieciency in national affairs by regrouping of Federal functions, to press independ-ently a nation-wide movement for the establishment of a Department of Public Works. Progress in a national survey of the two-shift day in American industries was reported by the Council's Committee on Work Periods in Continuous Industries. This survey, called the most extensive of its kind ever made, has been in progress for more than a year; and purposes an exposition of industrial conditions which shall form a basis for establishing the relative merits of three shifts of eight hours each and two shifts of twelve hours each.

Jan 7, 1922

The Secretary : The work of Mr. A. E. Outerbridge, Jr., of Philadelphia, first made known in his paper on " The Mobility of Molecules of Cast-Iron," read at the Pittsburgh Meeting of the Institute, in February, 1896, has been reviewed by the Committee on Science and the Arts of the Franklin Institute, whose report, dated May 5, 1897, is accompanied with a table of tests made by the Committee, and amply confirming the statements of Mr. Outerbridge. Concerning the originality and novelty of his investigation, the Committee says: " The fact that a certain molecular change takes place in cast-iron in the course of time has been known and recognized by many persons for a long time, and that this change tends to relieve the internal strains and render the casting tougher has often been noticed and acted on, although in a very crude way; but, so far as the sub-committee has been able to learn, Mr. Outerbridge has been the first to make a careful study of this, and to note that the change may be hastened by impact, and the whole effect produced in a short time, and also to make a scientific study of the phenomenon. We believe great credit is due him for the initial observation and the careful work dependent thereon. The results were first given to the public in a paper read before the American Institute of Mining Engineers, on February 20, 1896. This aroused a wide-spread interest and discussion among users of cast-iron, and so far as the sub-committee has been able to determine, it has not been shown that anyone, either in this country or abroad, has antedated Mr. Outerbridge in his work in this line. The Franklin Institute therefore recommends the award to him of the John Scott Legacy Premium and Medal." This report has not been published, hut I have had the opportunity to read it in manuscript. The table of testa accompanying it comprises 91 tests of " rumbled" and an equal number of " not rumbled" companion-bars of cast-iron, 26 by 2 by

Jan 1, 1898

By F. C. Greene

The oil and gas industry in Missouri in 1934 continued along the same lines that have marked the previous years. One new gas pool has been opened, others have been extended and in one oil pool a 25-bbl. well was completed. Missouri has no laws or regulations relating to drilling or the filing of well logs and the Geological Survey depends on its own scouting activities to obtain information. The data herein have been taken largely from a paper by the author recently published in the 58th Biennial Report of the State Geologist of Missouri. That report is available on application to H. A. Buehler, State Geologist, Rolla, Missouri, accompanied by ten cents in stamps, the amount of the postage. The preliminary figures, subject to revision, indicate that before the end of December, 1932, there were 2495 completions, of which 320 were oil wells, 1139 were gas wells and 1036 were dry. Over half of the oil wells were drilled in the Richards-Stotesbury area of Vernon County and were pumped for only a short period of time. During the period 1933-34 there were 201 completions, of which 10 were oil wells with an initial daily capacity of 100 bbl., 90 were gas wells, with an open flow of 26,578,256 cu. ft., and 101 were dry. The most active areas in drilling for gas in 1934 were the Marota area, sec. 17, T.49N., R.32W., Jackson County, the Grandview area in T.47N., R.33W., Jackson County, and the Plattsburg area in Clinton County. The Knoche oil pool in sec. 16, T.46N., R.33W., Cass County, was the scene of the only important oil development. In the Marota pool nine wells were completed to the Squirrel sand, with a combined open flow of about 5,000,000 cu. ft. The pool is on a small symmetrical dome with a closure of at least 30 ft. The average depth of the wells is 450 ft. The Squirrel sand (Upper Cherokee, Pennsylvanian) had a thickness of 94 ft. in a near-by dry hole, but only the upper 30 or 40 ft. is drilled in the producing wells. The largest well

Jan 1, 1935

By C. M. Young

THE safety lamp is the most common and convenient apparatus for detecting inflammable gases in mines, the presence of gas being shown by a blue flame, called the cap, if the wick has been lowered to suppress the luminous flame. The height of the cap increases with the proportion of gas and with the temperature of the lamp flame. Lamps of the Wolf type, the fuel of which is benzine, have a hotter flame than lamps in which vegetable oils are used, such as the Davy, and the Clanny, and are more sensitive than the latter and their many modifications. The Piehler alcohol lamp gives a still higher cap while the Clowes hydrogen lamp is most sensitive of all. While the effect of the temperature of the source of ignition is well known, the writer knows of no previous attempt to correlate the change of this temperature with change of the height of the cap produced. In order to determine the height of the cap at various temperatures, it was necessary to have a source of ignition the temperature of which could he accurately controlled over a considerable range. This condition was met by a coil of wire of high fusing point heated by an electric current controlled by a variable resistance. The use of a coil offered the further advantage of freedom from complications due to the flame of a burning fuel. Such a flame, being itself of variable height, would to some extent raise or lower the elevation of the base of the cap and therefore add to the difficulty of determining the height of the cap. Besides this, the presence of a small cap from the lamp fuel, commonly known as the "fuel cap, " would interfere with the observation of small gas caps. After some experiment, a coil was made of platinum wire, No. 26, diameter 0.016 in. The coil was 17/64 in. (6.746 mm.) in outside diameter and had eight full turns in a length of ½ in. (12.69 mm.). This was connected to an electric circuit through an adjustable resistance, as shown in

Jan 8, 1919

By G. Bhat, J. F. Libsch

A STUDY of the kinetics of embrittlement in engineering alloy steels during tempering has indicated that the presence of alloying elements may define two distinct regions of embrittlement: 1) at 800° to 1000 °F, termed low temperature embrittle-ment, and 2) in the temperature range 1150 ° to 1250°F, termed high temperature embrittlement.13 It has been suggested that embrittlement in each region may be due to a different mechanism. At intermediate temperatures and extended times the course of embrittlement may be influenced by the superposition of the embrittlement occurring in the two regions. Furthermore, low temperature embrittlement has been known to decrease as the temperature is raised slightly above the maximum embrittlement range.' Jaffe and BuffumV ave presented data for a Ni-Cr steel illustrating the removal of the em-brittlement occurring at 932°F by reheating to 1250°F for an hour. Their data further shows that embrittlement proceeds continuously with increased time at 1250°F, becoming pronounced at long times. They interpreted this behavior as a retrogression phenomenon involving the solution of the small nuclei of precipitate formed at 932°F as the temperature was increased, and reprecipitation of larger nuclei stable at 1250°F, with the reoccurrence of embrittlement. It appears desirable to reconsider this explanation in the light of the two regions of embrittlement proposed by the authors1 for some alloy steels. In addition, it appears desirable to determine any influence of a preconditioning treatment in each temperature range upon subsequent development of low and high temperature embrittlement. It is thus the object of this investigation to study the characteristics of the two modes of embrittlement proposed in a commercial Ni-Cr alloy steel (AISI 3140). Experimental Details Material—The material used in this investigation was commercial AISI 3140 steel bar stock, received as % in. hot-rolled rounds. The steel analysis was as follows (in percentages): C, 0.39; Mn, 0.79; Si, 0.30; S, 0.028; P, 0.015; Ni, 1.26; and Cr, 0.77. Material Processing and Heat Treatment—The bar stock was first ground to 0.430 in. squares and cut into specimens 23/4 in. long. These specimens were austenitized at 1650°F for 1 hr and oil

Jan 1, 1958

By David B. Reger

Extensive drilling for gas and increased pipe-line building were the major petroleum activities in West Virginia during 1937. According to the West Virginia Department of Mines, 1034 permits to drill were issued. A running account of operations from trade journals and other reports shows that 1041 wells were drilled, resulting in 193 oil wells with 1238 bbl. of daily production; 680 gas wells with 1,048,057,000 cu. ft. of daily open flow; and 168 dry holes. The new oil-well average is 6.4 bbl. per well per day; the gas-well average is 1,541,260 cu. ft. per well per day; the ratio of dry holes to completions is 16.13 per cent. Very little attempt was made to develop new supplies of oil. Because of the continued low price, operators evidently considered it good business to leave oil in the ground rather than to produce it at a loss or on a small profit basis. The principal oil wells completed, by counties, are: Calhoun, 16; Clay, 10; Pleasants, 17; Ritchie, 42; Roane, 16; Tyler, 13; Wetzel, 11; Wirt, 14; Wood, 13. The leading counties in gas, with the number of successful wells in each, are: Boone, 54; Braxton, 31; Cabell, 48; Calhoun, 46; Gilmer, 82; Kanawha, 134; Lincoln, 44; Ritchie, 56; and Wayne, 26. General State of the Industry In Table 1 will be found an approximate summary of oil and gas territory and reserves, oil and gas production and number of oil and gas wells. The amount of land under lease is an approximation, because the exact figures are not available through any public or private agency. The proved land and reserves represent the opinion of the writer. The oil production for 1937 is subject to revision, and the gas production for the same year is only an estimate, based on demand and supply. The number of oil and gas wells now active is also an approximation, based on previous studies, and revised for completions and abandonments. Principal, Areas of Activity In Boone County, 62 wells were drilled in various localities, resulting in 4 oil wells and 54 gas wells with 18,170,000 cu. ft. of new production.

Jan 1, 1938

By P. A. Beck, L. J. Demer

As reported in a previous publication,' isothermal grain growth in high purity aluminum and in an aluminum alloy with 2 pct magnesium can be adequately described by means of the empirical relation: Here, D is the average gain size after an annealing period 1. The annealing period includes the time for complete recrystal-lization R, and the time for gain growth 1,. D, is the pain size as recrystallized, n is a parameter depending on the temperature and on the material. The effect of 2 pet magnesium in solid solution was to decrease D, and to increase R, A and n at a given temperature. The present work was undertaken in order to investigate the above listed-effects of magnesium in solid solution, as functions of the magnesium content. The work also includes the study of certain anomalous effects observed in the recrystal-lization and grain growth of the 2 pct magnesium alloy at 350°C. Experimental Procedure The method of producing the ingots used in this work was described in detail1 and need not be reproduced here. The materials used were high purity aluminum, furnished by the Aluminum Co. of America, of lot analysis shown in Table r and magnesium from a high purity distilled stock of magnesium crystals. Table i—Lot Analysis of High Purity Aluminum Per CeNt Si.................................... 0.00~ Fe.................................... 0.002 Cu................................... 0.002 Mg................................... 0.003 Mn................................... o. oox Ingots were prepared for a series of binary aluminum-magnesium alloys of increasing alloy content. The numbers used to designate these ingots and their magnesium contents by chemical analysis are given in Table 2. Table 2—Ingot Numbers and Magnesium Contents Ingot Number Pct oa Magnesium aI 2.05 22 1.80 24 0.12 26 0 02s The analyses showed no difference in composition between the top and the bottom of the ingots. Spectrographic analysis of the ingots for elements other than magnesium showed, within the limits of accuracy of the method, no increase in impurities over the amounts given in the lot analysis for the high purity aluminum in Table I. Careful microscopic study of ingot 21 in the as-cast condition, at magnifications up to I 500X, revealed a cer-

Jan 1, 1949

By William Gilman

IN the past five years, and without much fanfare, Turkey has emerged as a significant figure in the world mining picture. This has been accomplished by a five-year plan now in its last year. A second five-year plan is already under way, ahead of schedule. It will concentrate even more than the first in developing Turkish mines in order to increase present exports of coal, chrome ore, and copper, and to develop new mineral exports as well. To be fully understand the republicic?s mining program should be considered as something more than merely tapping rich resources in the East along the Aegean Sea, in the North among the mountains descending to the Black Sea, and in the West at the foot of the Taurus Mountains. It should also be viewed in the light of a strong nationalist policy with many aspects of state socialism. Turkey declares frankly that all mineral re- sources belong to the nation and all exploitation should be by the state for the twin purpose of modernizing the state and securing foreign exchange for the state by exports. Accordingly, the principal mines are state-operated and a few lesser enterprises, although not state-owned, have at least been put in the hands of Turkish capital.

Jan 1, 1938

William R. Walker, assistant to the president of the U. S. Steel Corpn., died at St. Luke's Hospital, New York, on Dec. 20, 1922. He was born at LaPort, Ind., Nov. 26, 1857, and his whole career has been closely identified with the iron and steel industry. His first employment was with the North Chicago Rolling Mill Co., Chicago; then he was appointed chemist for the Crown Point Iron Co., at Crown Point, N. Y.; and later he was works superintendent for Spang, Chalfant & Co., of Pittsburgh. He was early associated with Robert Forsyth, the well-known engineer who constructed the South Chicago works of the North Chicago Rolling Mill Company. Prior to 1890, Mr. Walker was works manager for the Union Steel Co., and upon organization of the Illinois Steel Co. he became general manager of its South Chicago works. At the time of the formation of the U. S. Steel Corpn., in 1901, he was appointed assistant to the president, which position he held until the time of his death. Through the technical staffs and committees of the Steel Corpora tion, Mr. Walker had an excellent opportunity to study and direct the development of mechanical methods for coal mining, coal washing, beehive coking, including the collection and recovery of its byproducts, and to interest himself in byproduct coke ovens, and the design and operation of processes for the coking of special coal mixtures. He also brought his experience to bear on the design, construction and operation of the blast furnace and its appurtenances, as well as the bessemer, open-hearth and electric steel processes. Incidentally, he was interested in microscopy and metallography, and was familiar with the manufacture of products related to the iron and steel industry, such as tin, zinc, sulfuric acid and many other substances. Mr. Walker had the remarkable faculty of being able to discuss and conduct investigations in practically any technical branch of the ferrous industry. In the words of President James A. Farrell, "Mr. Wdker was a man of keen mental attainments and possessed an exceptional knowledge of the iron and steel industry, from both the scientific and the practical

Jan 1, 1923

Levi Holbrook was born in Westboro, Mass., March 7, 1836. He was a descendant of John Holbrook, who came from England in 1660 and settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Mr. Holbrook was prepared for college at Williston Seminary, East-hampton, Mass., and after one year spent in the West, he entered Yale. He was a, member of Phi Beta Kappa and of Linonia. During the six months following his graduation he was in Boston, under medical treatment for his cyes; then he took a horseback trip across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River and back, and resided in Danville, Va., for a time. From 1860 to 1863, as his eyes permitted, he was a student of modern languages and literature in Cambridge, Mass., part of the time being a resident graduate at Harvard University. Finally, however, he was obliged to abandon the idea of a literary life and from 1864 to 1867 he was engaged in financial business in Boston. The following year, he spent in New York, and then traveled for a year in Europe, Egypt and Asia Minor. In 1871, he returned to New York City. Mr. Holbrook was a member of the New England Historic Gcncalogical Society, the Society of Colonial Wars, and the Sons of the Revolution, was registrar general of the Order of the Founders and Patriots of America from 1915 to 1920, and had been governor of the New York society of that order. He was also a member of the American Fine Arts Society, the Order of the Cincinnati, the American Geographical Society (of which he was a councillor and secretary). and the Geographical Society of America. He joined the American Institute of Mining Engineers in 1878, and served as manager from 1895 to 1897. Mr. Holbrook died on July 26, 1922, from organic heart trouble, at his residence in Center Harbor, N. H. He was married Dec. 27, 1871, in Newark, N. Y., to Viola, daughter of John A, and Elizabeth (Failing)Vowers, who died on Sept. 10, less than six weeks after her husband. His two children, Clark Holbrook of Red Bank, N. J., and Mrs. Julian P. Smith, survive him

Jan 1, 1923