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By R. W. Guill

"The Apex Mine is currently scheduled to be brought back into production by Hecla in the first quarter of1990. Its projected productivity rate will be exceptionally high for a small underhand cut and fill mine.The ore mined at the Apex Mine occurs within a pipe-like structure as a series of iron oxides containing both gallium and germanium, plus significant amounts of silver, zinc, lead, and copper.Ground conditions in and around the ore zone have dictated that unique approaches be utilized. To date, these have included a prototype 0.5 cu. yd diesel LHD, and the use of fibrous shotcrete in 4ft by 7ft headings, and the first pneumatically-placed cemented backfill in North America. Above all else, it is the combination of new technologies with a small and dedicated workforce which has allowed for the successful development of this ore body.IntroductionThe Apex Mine is an example of the typical small underground project. It has high grade, but low tonnage and is deposited in poor ground. In such cases, conventional planning and thinking generally results in an uneconomical evaluation and negative production decision. Fortunately, some unconventional thinking was allowed to take place during the planning and evolution of the Apex Mine development. The result now serves as an example of how such unconventional thinking can lead to the type of innovations described below.The job necessitated the development and use of new equipment and materials to execute a highly flexible underhand cut and fill mine design/pneumatic backfill concept, that must be constantly modified as different than assumed conditions become evident in and around the ore zone."

Jan 1, 1990

By P Kovacs, D. L. Flock

For the purpose of reservoir-performance calculations a balance can be made between the materials with-in the reservoir and the production from the reservoir. The material balance equation, a relationship which holds under or near equilibrium conditions, has been used in many forms by the Petroleum Engineer for the determination of initial oil-in-place in the reservoir and the calculation of performance into the future. One of the more recent methods developed by Tracy, utilizes a modified form of the Schilthuis material balance. In the latter case, values of incremental production are assumed for a particular pressure drop, a value of the gas-oil ratio found and a check of this estimate made by calculation"' the initial oil-in-place. Tracy's method utilizes an estimation of the instantaneous gas-oil ratio and by trial and error a value of the gas-oil ratio is

Jan 1, 1961

By Ji Wang

Reflective in-seam wave detection has the advantages of a far detection range and wide applicability. It has been successfully used in detection of many abnormal geological structures in work-faces, such as faults and collapse columns. However, a reflective in-seam wave is a dispersion wave. It has weak energy and is always covered by the direct in-seam wave. In the past, underground seismic explorations were not able to image the opposite roadway using reflective in-seam waves. To solve this problem, we propose a new method of reflective in-seam wave imaging based on adaptive dispersion filtering. This method processes the reflective in-seam wave using a filter with the parameter of transmission distance. The degree of similarity of the filtered and the explosion signal is used to estimate the transmission distance and image the reflective objects. We test and verify this method using real underground seismic data. This research is helpful for the detection of coal mine goafs and abandoned roadways in work-faces or in front of tunneling ends.

Aug 1, 2013

By John Smith

"The RTZ Corporation PLCFrom a company's point-of-view, a good investment decision is one which results in the purchase of an asset that is worth more than it costs. Thus, in order to judge the merit of an investment opportunity, it is necessary to estimate the value of the assets to be acquired.Discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis has become widely adopted by companies in assessing potential new investments. The principle is a simple one: invest in projects which have a positive net present value, and reject those which do not. However, perhaps because of its apparent simplicity, DCF analysis is frequently misused. Good practice in the use of the technique is discussed, together with several common misconceptions.Sound analysis requires sound data; thus, the valuation process relies heavily upon a wide range of specialists to provide the basic input from which cash flow forecasts can be built up. The analyst must maintain close liaison with these specialists from the outset in order to ensure that the data provided is indeed relevant and complete.IntroductionBefore turning to the main subject of this paper ""How Companies Value Properties"", it is of interest to consider first a slightly different question ""Why do Companies value Properties""? In other words, for what purposes are such valuations prepared? Certainly the commonest, and probably the most important circumstance in which a valuation is required is when the company is considering an investment opportunity. This may be the direct purchase of a property or group of properties from a third party, but could also be the opportunity to develop a new operation or expand an existing one.A very simple objective in making any kind of investment is to make our shareholders richer than they would otherwise have been. That is, to make investments whose value to shareholders exceeds the consideration required to acquire them. Thus the investment decision focusses on the difference between an asset's value and its cost.This distinction between ""value"" and ""cost"" is an important one. Study of a company's balance sheet may tell a lot about the cost of this company's assets, but very little about their value. Then again, it is sometimes argued that a business should be bought because this will result in assets being acquired for less than their replacement cost. This merely compares one cost with another, it says nothing about value."

Jan 1, 1991

By L. C. Galloway, G. L. Tiley

"Mine hoist brakes must meet the following statutory performance criteria:- There should be two independent braking systems; at least one should act directly on the hoist drum.-If one brake fail s, the others should be able to retard and stop the hoist safely before the descending conveyance, carrying the rated load, reaches any obstruction.- When all brakes apply, decelerations should not be so violent that men travelling in the conveyance are injured.- The brakes shall not overheat and fade during an emergency stop.This paper discusses design principles and capacities of caliper and disc type brakes, when applied to double drum and friction hoists of equivalent capacity.IntroductionThis paper is about the brakes that are used on mine hoists; their functions, especially in emergencies, typical design, and how they are operated, controlled, tested, and adjusted.There are two basic types of mine hoists:1. Drum hoists, where the ropes are attached to, and coil on drums. The simplest system has only one drum. Most such hoists, however, have two drums, attached to a common shaft. Ropes are wound on each drum in opposite directions, so that when one conveyance is being raised, the other is lowered. The conveynaces may travel in vertical or inclined shafts. In the latter case, the hoist s are referred to as slope hoists.2. Friction hoist s, where the headropes are not attached to the wheel, but are in contact with it for an angle of lap of, typically, between 180 and 195 degree s. Forces are transmitted from the hoist wheel to the head ropes by friction.The lower ends of the conveyances are connected to balance ropes , approximately the same weight per foot as the headropes."

Jan 1, 1986

By Chris Brothen

The introduction of new technology in mine operations has provided real opportunities for increased efficiencies and production gains which translate into enhanced profits. Computing and network technology usage has become integrated into surface mining operations and on average these investments in technology have proven beneficial for efficiency and productivity improvements. Embracing new technologies however, does not guarantee positive results. The expectations or improvements derived through the technology must be confirmed and clarified well before implementation. Tire Pressure and Temperature Monitoring Systems are an excellent example of an existing technology that can provide full time automated performance measurements of tires operating under harsh conditions and environments. Prompt warnings or alarms signaling when a tire has exceeded operating capacities will provide savings through lowered maintenance costs and increased productivity. To truly quantify the projected savings in tire life, fuel consumption, and increased levels of production, all costs associated with the technology, both direct and indirect must be considered. Apart from the initial cost of the system implementation, ongoing maintenance and support costs must be considered as well as the costs of system integration into existing mine operations

May 1, 2008

By A. Scheltema Beduin, M. Kalisch, E. Floch, R. J. Dijkhuis, H. J. Oterdoom

In metallurgical copper production, the traditional aim is to increase recovery of copper to the maximum. SMS Siemag (SMS) has supplied numerous furnaces for this application. New targets are to make sure end of line products are as safe as possible with respect to health and environment, and to maximize raw material utilization. This means a for example a minimization of leachable metals in slag, so it can be safely used as a construction material, and either a targeted concentration or fixation of volatile compounds, such as arsenic. Currently, 2 process routes are generally applied for slag cleaning. The first is grinding followed by flotation, and the second is slag cleaning in an (electrical) furnace. Popularity of both options has fluctuated over the years, and currently the milling-flotation seems to be the more popular option. In this article some of the advantages and disadvantages of both methods are described, and especially how long term environmental policies could have an impact on the decision which process route to choose. Finally, this article will describe some of the developments SMS is working on in pyrometallurgical slag cleaning that could influence the direction for the design of the copper plant of the future.

Jan 1, 2014

By Ruan Chi, Zhenyue Zhang, Zhengyan He

In order to understand what governs the leaching of exchangeable rare earth (RE) and impurities and enhance the RE leaching process, the effects of the concentration of ammonium sulfate, pH and leaching temperature on the migration of RE and aluminum (Al) during the leaching of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore was studied. The elution curves for ammonium ion (NH4 +) were also studied to reduce the consumption of the leaching agent. It was found that a high concentration of leaching agent can enhance the leaching process of RE and Al, reduce the breakthrough volume of NH4 + and more rapidly obtain the equilibrium of NH4 +. However, excessive leaching agent can both increase the cost and the burden on the environment. There is almost no variation on the elution curves of RE and Al in the pH range of 4-8 and control of the pH of the leaching agent can be omitted. It is better for the leaching work to be done in summer since higher temperatures can enhance the RE leaching process and improve the use ratio of ammonium. Using 0.1 mol/L ammonium sulfate for leaching 250 g RE ore, 95.42% RE extraction can be obtained when the volume of leachate is 102.6 mL. At this moment, only 18.17% of NH4 + is used to exchange RE and 49.22% of NH4 + is left in the leachate that can be reused as leaching agent by replenishing ammonium sulfate. The results of our studies can provide theoretical guidance for high efficiency and low consumption exploitation of RE ores.

Jan 1, 2016

By B. Loveday, G. W. Delaney, S. Cummins

"Applying DEM to prediction of tumbling mill performance is challenging because several different modes of breakage are active in the process. As our knowledge of breakage and computational capacity improve, it is worth revisiting previous simulation tasks which did not produce a satisfactorily realistic description of a measured process. At SAG 2006, we reported the simulated and measured outcomes of treating a well characterised ore in a 1.2 m diameter mill. This well instrumented, pilot scale mill at the University of KwaZulu-Natal has been combined with some new approaches to ore testing to allow different modes of breakage to be tested. The mill design allows the rate of generation of fine material to be measured in close to real time for autogenous and SAG mill charges. The updated simulation model estimates mass loss with particle evolution and embeds the cumulative damage and breakage.The simulated results are compared with the measured results. Issues such as relating modelling inputs to particle breakage characterisation data and the accuracy of the predictions of the models are discussed."

Jan 1, 2012

By Anoush Ebrahimi

Mining dilution is one of the most important factors affecting the economy of mining projects. Ore losses and dilution are present at all stages of mining and while several models can investigate the influence of dilution it is its quantification that poses the most serious challenge (Pakalnis et al., 1995). This paper introduces a methodology to quantify dilution factor in open pit mines. The proposed approach makes use of general mining software available in most mining companies. Therefore it is amenable to most mining operations and provides a readily available tool for understanding mining dilution for operators and consultants. To illustrate the methodology the author uses an example from a hypothetical mine. Dilution increases the operating costs in the mill by increasing the tonnage of material to be milled. In addition to its direct impact on short term income of a mine, dilution causes significant changes in other factors that on the long term reduce the overall value of the project. For example, it prolongs the mine life by reducing mill?s effective capacity. It also reduces the feed grade. In most cases, lower feed grade means lower mill recovery. Dilution also increases the cut-off grade which in turn reduces the overall ore utilization of a mine. In some cases, to take advantage of economies of scale, mining operations tend to plan for higher mining rates. Moving to a larger scale of operation means less selectivity, hence more dilution. This is true for all kind of deposits. High level and uncontrolled dilution may ultimately defeat the purpose of increasing production rates. If not impossible in theory it is nevertheless extremely difficult and expensive to eliminate dilution in practice. Some amount of dilution is practically unavoidable in most mining operations (Scoble and Moss, 1994). Although completely avoiding dilution may be impossible, we can measure and control it. By better understanding the root causes of the dilution and planning accordingly, it can be controlled and reduced. While we do our best to identify and calculate all the other cost items of a project, no matter how small, it is common to make general assumptions about dilution instead of quantifying it. It is common to assume a general dilution such as 5% for massive deposits and 10% for tabular shape deposits. While these figures may be a good starting point in early stages of mining studies, it does not take in to consideration the complexity of the problem. Dilution factor varies within a single mine for different benches and zones. This is due to changes we see in grade distribution and shape of ore body. It also varies based on commodity price. It is necessary to make sure that these variations are taken into account when designing or evaluating a mine. Dilution varies in different mines based on the deposit characteristics, operational aspects and economic cut-off grade. For instance, shape of the deposit, bench height, equipment size, and market conditions will have an impact on the level of dilution in a mine. It is paramount for mining projects to have a better understanding of dilution right from the beginning. In times like today, where mining operations must operate at peak efficiency, it is even more crucial to be able to calculate and have a better grasp of all the parameters influencing the economics of a project including dilution. In order to produce better project evaluations, dilution studies should be an integral part of any project.

Aug 1, 2013

By V. Panayotov, M. Panayotova

"Finding a reliable relationship between fundamental properties of minerals of non-ferrous metals and their ability to float is extremely important. The approach presented in this work allows us to draw predictive models for an effective flotation, suitable choice of reagents regime and expected technological results before the minerals enter the flotation process. Attempts to adjust the technological regime in already begun flotation are often unsuccessful because the basic physicochemical processes have already taken place. Mineral processing can be optimized on the basis of objective and basic parameters, decisive for the efficiency of the process - the state of the surface of the mineral; assessment of: minerals flotation ability, the need to apply and the type of needed pretreatment, and expected technological results. The theoretical foundations of such an approach are presented in the work, as well as supporting them experimental results, and information on practical implementation in lead-zinc and copper-pyrite ores selection.INTRODUCTIONIncreasing impoverishment of ores of nonferrous metals incoming to the flotation and rising costs for obtaining the final product lead to the inevitable question - will the mineral processing process be beneficial economically, technologically feasible and environmentally safe and what is the way to improve its efficiency. Some of the possible solutions are already in practice - new more efficient and less energy consuming flotation machines and equipment, new - more efficient and selective reagents, new combinations of flotation regimens, and so on.Finding a reliable relationship between fundamental properties of minerals of non-ferrous metals (sulphides and oxides - most of them with semiconductor properties) and their ability to float is extremely important. This is the subject of research, started in the 60s of the previous century and continuing to the present day. Such dependence would enable a realistic assessment of flotation ability (flotability) of minerals before their flotation processing. The basic dependence, displayed by the researchers as Hoberg (1975), Chanturia and Shafeev (1977), Chanturia and Lunin (1983), etc., represents a relationship between bulk properties of minerals and their flotability, considering especially the concentration of the main charge carriers, namely electrons or holes. The bulk properties are practically constant for minerals from a given field. But the 'main arena' of the flotation process is actually the mineral surface (Carta, 1970; Rao, Labonte, & Finch, 1992; Panayotov, 1999; Rao, 2003; Hu, Sun & Wang, 2010). Therefore, we introduce a methodology for studying the surface of minerals, which methodology gives the degree of semiconductor bands bending on the surface and respectively - the charge of the mineral surface and its ability to interact with reagent-collector. The latter can be used to select the most optimal reagent for the corresponding mineral."

Jan 1, 2016

By Max W. Ball

YOU have been kind enough to ask me to speak to you on "The War and Anglo-American Relations." A speaker always takes the liberty of putting his own interpretation on the scope of his subject. I am going to exercise that privilege, and try to look back over a generation of Anglo-American relationships and forward beyond the present war. I should like particularly to consider responsibilities as well as relationships. A more accurate caption for what I am going to say would be "Anglo-American Responsibilities.?? THE WAR WILL BE WON I am assuming that sooner or later we shall win this war. History and economics point to the same conclusion, that Germany has attempted the impossible and that the seeds of defeat are already sown. As to one ecof1:omic factor, I am already on public record as believing that Germany's oil supply is inadequate for the war she has launched. That opinion is unchanged. Aside from such tangible factors, moreover, I am convinced that the spirit of freedom is unquenchable, and that no combination of powers will be able to rout it from the British Commonwealth of Nations and the United States. Stronger even than this conviction is my faith in a God who will not suffer the defeat of man's aspiration to be master of his own soul. I am sure that all of you share that faith, and that we need not argue it. We can start with the assumption that the war will end in victory. The subject we are to consider, then, is the relationship of the English-thinking peoples during the conflict, and their joint responsibilities in the difficult days that will follow it. A CANADIAN-AMERICAN No talk on such a subject is worth listening to unless the audience knows the background and fundamental beliefs of the speaker. No human statement stands alone; behind and beside and within it are the ideals and the bias of the man who makes it. Because I am a stranger to most of you, I am constrained to talk about myself before I talk about more important matters. The review may be profitable, not because of the subject, but because it may illustrate the evolution of an attitude toward England.

Jan 1, 1941

By L. A. Homeniuk, R. Bonnar

"The Fond-du-Lac uranium deposit is located on the northern rim of the Athabasca Basin. The uranium mineralization is, for the most part, confined to the Athabasca Group, which is underlain by pre-Helikian metamorphic rocks of the Western Craton.The deposit is characterized by a remarkable train of mineralized glacial erratics which led to the original discovery. The mineralization is present as a ""high-grade"" core and a diffuse ""low-grade"" aureole. The ""high-grade"" core occurs as a stockwork of steeply dipping pitchblende veins which strike N 50°E. Hematite, siderite and secondary silicate are also abundant. The ""low-grade"" aureole contains uraniferous goethite, argillaceous material and rare carbon buttons. Recent alteration to coffinite has taken place along the margins of pre-existing ore minerals.The ""high-grade"" core is 390 m long and 10 to 40 m wide, and is surrounded by an irregularly shaped zone of ""low-grade"" mineralization with a similar length and a width of up to 350 m.Comparing the Fond-du-Lac deposit to other unconformity-type deposits, several important differences can be noted:1. Ninety per cent of the ore is above the unconformity, in the Athabasca sandstone.2. The deposit is not associated with underlying graphitic rocks or a major structure.3. The clay-rich alteration zone is not extensive around the Fond-du-Lac deposit.Although there are differences with other Athabasca unconformity-type deposits, the high-grade portion below the unconformity suggests a common origin.The ore deposit is postulated to have been formed from uranium-bearing solutions which entered the stockwork of fractures. Following the reduction in part of these solutions by pre-existing carbonaceous matter and pyrite and/or chemical reaction with pre-existing hematite, deposition continued as a result of decreasing temperature and pressure. Subsequently, minor supergene redistribution of the uranium has taken place."

Jan 1, 1982

By L. A. Homeniuk, R. Bonnar

"The Fond-du-Lac uranium deposit is located on the northern rim of the Athabasca Basin. The uranium mineralization is, for the most part, confined to the Athabasca Group, which is underlain by pre-Helikian metamorphic rocks of the Western Craton.The deposit is characterized by a remarkable train of mineralized glacial erratics which led to the original discovery. The mineralization is present as a ""high-grade"" core and a diffuse ""low-grade"" aureole. The ""high-grade"" core occurs as a stockwork of steeply dipping pitchblende veins which strike N 50°E. Hematite, siderite and secondary silicate are also abundant. The ""low-grade"" aureole contains uraniferous goethite, argillaceous material and rare carbon buttons. Recent alteration to coffinite has taken place along the margins of pre-existing ore minerals.The ""high-grade"" core is 390 m long and 10 to 40 m wide, and is surrounded by an irregularly shaped zone of ""low-grade"" mineralization with a similar length and a width of up to 350 m.Comparing the Fond-du-Lac deposit to other unconformity-type deposits, several important differences can be noted:1. Ninety per cent of the ore is above the unconformity, in the Athabasca sandstone.2. The deposit is not associated with underlying graphitic rocks or a major structure.3. The clay-rich alteration zone is not extensive around the Fond-du-Lac deposit.Although there are differences with other Athabasca unconformity-type deposits, the high-grade portion below the unconformity suggests a common origin.The ore deposit is postulated to have been formed from uranium-bearing solutions which entered the stockwork of fractures. Following the reduction in part of these solutions by pre-existing carbonaceous matter and pyrite and/or chemical reaction with pre-existing hematite, deposition continued as a result of decreasing temperature and pressure. Subsequently, minor supergene redistribution of the uranium has taken place."

Jan 1, 1982

The effect of long term exposure of full size bolts to corrosive environments is presented. A special test rig was used to test four bolts under different loading conditions. Four, X-grade identical profile bolts, each of 21.7 mm core diameters (23.7 mm full diameter) were subjected to prolonged corrosion testing using acid sulphate water. The pH value of the circulated water varied between 3.4 and 4.3. The corrosion exposure test period lasted three and half years. Two bolts were axially loaded to 10 and 20 tonnes force respectively, the third bolt was subjected to a 360 Nm torsion load and the fourth bolt was left unstressed to act as a reference bolt. After the test period ended, the bolts were stripped of their corroded coatings and weighted for weight loss. The diameter of each bolt was subsequently measured, and the loaded bolt samples were first tested non-destructively for tensile cracks and then tested for tensile failure. No cracks were found on post corrosion bolts tested non-destructively. The failure strength reduction on all four post-corroded bolts was significant, varying between 21% and 39%. The onset of corrosion was not confined to the targeted mid-section length of the bolt, however, the severest corrosion occurred at the anchored ends of the bolts.

Aug 1, 2013

By K. Bachmann, M. Rudolph, U. A. Peuker, H. H. Duong, T. Heinig, T. Leißner, H. Schubert, Helmholtz-Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg

"Minerals can be liberated by random fracture of particles into smaller fragments or by detachment along phase boundaries. These two mechanisms represent borderline cases. When ores get comminuted the liberation of minerals is achieved to some extent by both mechanisms. This article describes a method to determine the extent of transgranular and intergranular fracture on surface exposure of minerals based on 2-dimensional liberation analysis.The approach uses the non-biased surface information like phase specific surface area (PSSA), phase specific free surface (PSFS) and phase specific locked surface (PSLS) of minerals and their change with comminution. The amount of transgranular and intergranular fracture on surface exposure can be calculated using the phase specific surface parameters.A sedimentary rock (apatite ore), an igneous rock (nepheline-syenite) and an artificial material (copper slags) were ground to different fineness. Based on the mineral liberation analysis (MLA) of feed and products, the extent of phase boundary fracture on the surface exposure of the minerals is studied.INTRODUCTIONMinerals can be liberated ether by comminution or by detachment (Gaudin, 1939). Liberation by comminution is a random fracture mechanism, which is not being influenced by ore texture, grain boundaries and mineral features (transgranular fracture). Liberation by detachment represents a fracture along grain boundaries (intergranular fracture). Random fracture often is named as the dominating mechanism for the liberation of ore minerals. This has been the basis to simplify models for liberation modelling (Barbery, 1991; King, 1979; Meloy, 1984) assuming that the probability of cracks moving along grain boundaries is zero. Thus, no interfacial area is lost during comminution."

Jan 1, 2016

By D. J. MacDonald

UNDERGROUND development at the Lynn Lake property of Sherritt Gordon Mines, Limited, was begun in 1948 with the sinking of the A shaft in the area of the A orebody. By June, 1949, the shaft was completed to a depth of 1,024 feet. Twelve stations were cut, with the bottom level at 992 feet below the collar. Since completion of the shaft, lateral work has been carried out on the 12th level in order to expose the known orebodies and to provide openings from which deeper exploration could be conducted. Dur¬ing the change-over from sinking to lateral work, preliminary diamond drilling was done from the 12th level station to locate the A? ore-body. Later, drilling was carried out from the 5th and 9th level sta-tions, where, also, the outline of the A orebody was established. As the work progressed on the 12th level, and with the commence-ment of drilling below that level, the geological picture was found to be complicated by numerous faults. Instead of operating two drills it became necessary to use at least four. The original plans had provided air sufficient to drive two headings and to operate two diamond drills. The addition of two more air-driven drills resulted in a serious shortage of power.

Jan 1, 1951

By P. J. Urso

"This paper discusses the mining problems encountered at the Fording River coal mine to date, and how they have been solved. All of the production now comes from surface mining, but underground hydraulic mining is planned and briefly described. Other facets of the operation, including markets, equipment and personnel, are covered. IntroductionFording Coal Limited was formed in 1968 to mine and market metallurgical coal resources held by the company in the East Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia. The company, at its Fording River operations, holds approximately 48,000 acres of coal lands, having an estimated 2.0 to 3.0 billion long tons of metallurgical coal in place. (Although not a point for further discuss ion in this paper, the company also holds approximately 1.0 million acres of mineral rights. These consist primarily of coal in Alberta, potash and coal in Saskatchewan, and minor industrial mineral holdings of limestone, salt and bentonite in the three western provinces.)Fording Coal is owned 60% by Canadian Pacific Investments Ltd. and 40% by Cominco Ltd. Inasmuch as Cominco itself is owned approximately 54% by CPI, it is seen that the effective CPI ownership of Fording is about 82%. The company, originally staffed and managed by Cominco, has been independent since January, 1978, with its own board of directors, management, staff and employees.The company's head office is in Calgary, Alberta. The Fording River operations are located approximately 45 miles north of the Crowsnest Pass, near the Alberta/British Columbia boundary, only 95 air miles and 200 road miles from Calgary.A contract was signed in 1969 with the Japanese steel mills to provide 45 million long tons of metallurgical coal over IS years, commencing in 1972 at an annual rate of 3 million long tons per year. Despite some start- up difficulties, the mine and plant facilities achieved their rated capacities in 1975, producing and shipping at the 3-million-Iong-ton level. The coal specifications are shown in Table I."

Jan 1, 1980

The total current inventory of mature fine tailings is estimated to be nearly 850 million m³. Pressure has come to bear on the industry to accelerate its tailings management practices and prevent this inventory from steadily growing. The present paper describes the treatment, management and reclamation of fluid fine tailings. New technologies being evaluated include: i) Thin layered - fines dominated deposits, ii) Deep - fines dominated deposits, iii) Fines enriched sand deposits, and finally iv) water capped disposal in end pit lakes. A brief overview for each of the methods of treatment and disposal for fluid fine tailings is provided.

Aug 1, 2013

By Robert White

?Introduction of BMS?Paste fill generalities?Development through paste?Development through rock fill?Conclusion ?Brunswick mine is operated by Xstrata. The mine has been in operation since 1964 and produces around 10 000 tons per day of ore containing (in order) zinc, lead and silver? The ore body consists of close to ten sub-parallel massive sulfide lenses. The length of the ore body is 1200 m with a width of up to 200 m. From the surface, the ore body extends to a depth to 1200m ?There is 100 km of active drifts for a total 400 km ?The mine is divided by 7 levels and 23 actives sub levels

Feb 1, 2008