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By F. Richards

"The property of the Cariboo Gold Quartz Mining Company; Limited; is in the Wells-Barkerville district of Cariboo mining division. It consists of a group of 106 Crown granted mineral claims and fractions; and extends for over 6 miles along what is termed the Barkerville gold belt. The main portal and mine camp are half a mile south of Wells; which lies at the northeast end of Jack of Clubs lake and is reached by a 55-mile motor road from Quesnel; the northern terminus of the Pacific Great Eastern railway.Gold-bearing quartz veins were discovered on the surface in various parts of the property by different prospectors as far back as 1877, but the work that led to the formation of the present company was performed by Al Sanders in the year 1926. Sanders dug trenches and drove small adits on quartz veins containing gold above what is now known as the Sanders zone. Very little underground work has been done beneath the earliest known discovery-the B.C. vein. The Cariboo Gold Quartz Mining Company was formed in the autumn of 1926. The total production of gold from its beginning in 1933 to the end of 1944 has been as follows:"

Jan 1, 1954

By T. Fekete, D. L. Flocks, R. T. Hart

The plugging effect of bacteria was investigated by injecting various concentrations of dead bacteria cells though sandstone cores. Pressure profiles along the cores were recorded periodically during the injection cycles. The plugging effect was analyzed using a plot of the ratio of reduced permeabilities to the initial permeability versus input volume. Results indicated that Tock permeability has little effect on plugging, but that the concentration of bacteria in the injection water has a significant effect on plugging characteristics. The pressure profile curves showed that bacteria penetrated several inches through the core but that the greater portion of the bacteria accumulated at the in-put end of the core.

Jan 1, 1960

By L. H. Chen, Y. C. Chen, Leo Benyamin, W. C. Chen

"To investigate the evolution of fluid-driven fracture of rock-like material subjected to borehole fluid pressure and its consequential damage with regard to post-peak stabilization, micro-seismic activities have been monitored using nondestructive technique of acoustic emission (AE) corresponding to the macro-scale complete history of loading curve by setting the hollow cylindrical external circumferential strain to be a closed-loop feedback signal during servo-fluid-driven tests. Development of a novel fluidinduced loading system injected from internal borehole as well as monitoring system were equipped such that the initiation and propagation of micro-cracks enable to analyze experimentally. By programming/controlling either injection rate or fluid pressure, synthetic sandstones with low-permeability made by cement mortar were conducted in this study. It found that both the growth of macro-crack initialized intensively as reaching the breakdown pressure and the micro-seismic activities represented by AE locations show nice agreement. The experimental results in this paper provide better understandings of fluid-driven fracture mechanism.INTRODUCTIONFluid-driven fracture is a process of generating cracks by injecting viscous fluid into solid material. Conventionally, fluid-driven fracture tests have been performed by mining industry to measure the in situ stress (Haimson & Fairhurst, 1969) and fluid-driven fracture has been employed by the petroleum industry to recover oil and gas. Additionally, the mechanism of crack growth or the extension of existing cracks is important to the evolution of volcanic dikes over distances of a few kilometers (Lister & Kerr, 1991; Rubin, 1995), crack propagation in dams (Bolzon & Cocchetti, 2003) and the disposal of radioactive waste (Sun, 1969)."

Jan 1, 2015

By Frank Mucciardi, Zhongsen Yuan

A new heat transfer technology --- termed Thermopump technology has been developed. This technology originates from conventional heat pipe configurations but has now evolved into its own class of heat transfer units, which we refer to as `Thermopumps (TP)'. A key feature is that Thermopump technology can be applied to high temperature / high heat flux environments where conventional heat pipe technology fails. Moreover, when implemented in less demanding applications where heat pipes appear to operate, Thermopump units have been found to function more smoothly and reliably. This paper will introduce Thermopump technology and several applications of this technology in steelmaking and refining will also be discussed. In addition, this paper will focus on three classes of applications: 1) waterless, non-consumable, high efficiency Thermopump oxygen lance and/or burner for EAF's, 2) Thermopump ladle lance for the desulfurization process, and 3) Thermopump cooling panels for furnace walls and roofs. Facilities equipped with Thermopump technology are expected to he better than the current corresponding ones in terms of increasing productivity and energy efficiency while at the same time lowering operating costs.

Jan 1, 2004

By W. S. Tremaine

When the Hedley Mascot mill was built in 1935, it was designed as a straight flotation plant. The ore to be treated at that time was a gold ore in which the gold was intimately associated with arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite in highly silicified and garnetized limestone gangue. This material was ground to 85 per cent minus 325 mesh in two-stage grinding and floated in standard flotation cells to produce about a 5-ounce concentrate, which was shipped to Tacoma smelter for refining. This arrangement gave us a recovery of about 89 per cent. Test work indicated that the best way to improve this recovery would be to build a cyanide plant to treat our flotation middling. Arrangements for the construction of this plant were finally approved and work on it was started in the spring of 1940. This plant was of the conventional type in which the flotation middlings were thickened, filtered, and then put through the usual cyanide process. Its capacity was 50 tons of middlings per day. This arrangement worked quite satisfactorily and gave us an increase in overall recovery of 4 per cent. Unfortunately, about the time the plant was completed, we developed, and started to ship to the mill, ore that differed entirely from that met with up to that time. Instead of being hard, it was very soft, the orebody from which- it came being much faulted and brecciated. In many sections, the sulphides were oxidized and the breccia was filled in with a very soft, hydrous iron silicate known as chloropal. When this new ore was mixed with the old ore and sent to the mill, the whole operation was disrupted. The chloropal slimed so badly that the classification, flotation circuits, and cyanide plant would not handle it. The difficulty in the cyanide plant was at the head end, where the 10 ft. by 20 ft. thickener and the 8 ft. by 8ft. drum filter would not handle the middlings containing a large percentage of primary slime and chloropal. This material would not thicken to more than 30 per cent solids in the thickener and, when pumped to the filter, would forma very thin, slimy cake. Overall recovery dropped to between 83 and 84 percent and it was quite apparent that some extensive changes would have to be made in our flow-sheet before this ore could be treated successfully.

Jan 1, 1947

By Yan-Jun Shen

The rock mass classification system, BQ (basic quality), is the only national system that is suitable to most kinds of rock engineering in China. It uses two main aspects of the rock mass, the intact uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and the rock intactness index (KV), to obtain the rock mass BQ. The index KV could be measured by the acoustic wave method. However, because this method is an indirect approach to characterize the rock mass structure, misfits often occur between the test results and the actual rock mass characteristics. Therefore, a new parameter KGSI expressed by the geological strength index is proposed to replace the original KV, and a new method is presented to express the value of BQ as a function of the UCS and the KGSI. Then, the underground excavations at five hydropower stations were chosen as examples to study the relationship between the revised BQ and the each of the international systems (RMR, Q or RMi). In addition, the applicability of the RMR, Q, or RMi system is discussed for China?s rock characteristics and geological conditions, and suggestions are given for improving the revised BQ system.

Aug 1, 2013

By A. W. Jolliffe

DESPITE the widespread occurrence of scheelite in Canada, domestic production of this strategic mineral is still quite insufficient to meet wartime needs. Two difficulties have invariably arisen in prospecting for or developing scheelite deposits: scheelite is a difficult mineral to identify, and secondly, its distribution is commonly so erratic that the value of a deposit cannot be determined without arduous and expensive methods of sampling and wet assay. Scheelite's property of fluorescing under certain ultra-violet lamps overcomes the first difficulty and is the basis for a quantitative method developed to overcome the second. It is found that, by use of an ultra-violet lamp, the value of many scheelite deposits may be accurately and speedily determined. The method requires neither elaborate apparatus nor exceptional skill on the part of the operator, and is most applicable to those deposits where the bulk of the scheelite occurs in fairly pure aggregates that are at least one-tenth of an inch across. It has been used in grading some two hundred scheelite-bearing veins in the Yellow-knife-Beaulieu region, Northwest Territories, and various occurrences in the Porcupine district, Ontario. The method requires the measurement of the total area of scheelite exposed in any reasonably large measured cross-section of a deposit. From the areal percent of scheelite so obtained, the tungstic oxide (WO,) content of that part of the deposit may be calculated by means of equations of simple derivation.

Jan 1, 1942

By Russell McIntosh

"The Madsen mine is in the southeastern part of Baird township, in Red Lake area, Ontario. It lies about 6 miles southwest of the town of Red Lake, with which it is connected by an all-weather road.The Madsen Red Lake Gold Mines Company was formed in March, 1935, to take over the holdings of the Falcon Gold and Jomac Gold syndicates. During 1935 an4 the early part of 1936 No. 1 shaft was sunk and drifts driven on four levels, all on a narrow quartz vein in a granite dyke.In July, 1936, the Austin zone was discovered about half a mile north of No. 1 shaft by Austin McVeigh, a prospector employed by the Company. Diamond drilling showed that the zone included an orebody worth development, and in 1937 No. 2 shaft was sunk, three levels opened up and sufficient ore outlined to justify the installation of a mill. Milling commenced in August, 1938, at the rate of 300 tons a day, which was later increased to 400 tons a day.The total production from 1938 to 1946 was 1,116,307 tons from which gold and silver having a value of $9,949,010 were recovered. The gold produced ranged from a minimum of 0.1910 oz. a ton in 1939 to a maximum of 0.2827 oz. in 1944. The average grade in 1946 was 0.2345 oz. to the ton."

Jan 1, 1954

By Shin-Kun Ryi

The world nowadays faces many challenges associated with excessive utilization of fossil, fuels, such as poor air quality and greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen appears to be an attractive alternative to the conventional, fossil, fuels with better energy efficiency and less environmental, impact. Pd and Pd-based alloy are the most often used membranes for hydrogen separation due to their superiority over other membranes. However, the stability of the commonly-used thin Pd-based composite membranes at high temperatures still, remains a big challenge. In this presentation, we will, report our progress on thin Pd-Ru alloy composite membrane by electroless plating high temperature applications.

Jan 1, 2010

By D. M. Xue, T. B. Li

"With the increase of human engineering activities, global climate change and active plate tectonics movement, the giant landslide frequently occurred in southwest China, which caused huge property and human losses. Besides, the potential landslides pose severely threaten to the construction and operation of airports, railways, highways and power stations etc. In order to provide accurate guidance for the landslide investigation, stability analysis and mitigation, the giant landslide is redefined according to landslide volume, depth of slip surface, complexity of landslide mechanisms, and degree of landslide mitigation difficulty, and classified with the typological classification approach based on the twofold attributes of landslide behavior including formation mechanisms and reactivation features. Finally, the threefold particularity of the giant landslide is also summarized, which enables a more effective landslide mitigation design.INTRODUCTIONWith the increase of anthropogenic activities, global climate change and active plate tectonics movement such as continual uplifting of Qinghai-Tibet plateau and strong earthquakes, the occurrence of giant landslides was in ascending trend in southwest China (Huang, 2009), which caused serious destruction, and greatly endangers such engineering construction from safety, time and economic aspects as airports, railways, highways, power stations, etc. Giant landslides have huge scale, complex formation/reactivation mechanisms and mechanical behavior. They may not be identified during the hazard investigation, but may be firstly initiated or reactivated due to the following engineering activities, heavy rainfall or strong earthquakes. Consequently, the landslide mitigation is inevitable and costly. However, it is difficult to control the deformation of giant landslide with lack of a correct understanding of genetic mechanisms (Marui, 2012; Zhang, 2000) and the excessive large sliding forces of the slide blocks calculated by the conventional limit equilibrium method. For instance, the failure of anchored pile wall for the No.102 giant ancient landslide (Zhu et al., 2012) and stabilization measures for the Sidi Rached viaduct landslide(Guemache et al., 2011); four rows of piles had not prevented the occurrence of the No.12 landslide in a high fill slope in the Panzhihua airport (Li et al., 2012)."

Jan 1, 2015

By W. J. Wolfe

"THE DETECTION OF BURIED MINERAL DEPOSITS by chemical analysis of vegetation (biogeochemistry) or visual observation of plant cover type (geobotany) is based on fundamentally simple principles. The root systems of vegetation collect aqueous solutions from a large volume of moist ground below surface and act as efficient sampling mechanisms by providing a composite sample of a reasonably large area. These aqueous solutions constitute a source of ore-associated metals that may ultimately be concentrated in the upper parts of the plant. Although certain plant species have a limited ability to break down primary minerals and extract elements, biogeochemistry normally detects only metals capable of moving in solution. Metal concentrations in the underlying soil must therefore exist in a form that is immediately available for uptake by the root systems - generally in the ionic state in aqueous solution or in readily exchangeable form on the surfaces of soil clay minerals. As a result, biogeochemical responses are closely related to variables such as soil pH, Eh, exchange capacity and complexing agents that control metal mobility in the surface environment. In terms of cost, reliability and anomaly contrast, soil geochemistry will normally be more useful than biogeochemistry in locating buried mineralization in regions of residual overburden or thin transported cover. However, in areas where the root systems penetrate thick deposits of transported post-mineralization overburden, plants can provide an effective mechanism of sampling below the transported material. Biogeochemical research in Canada, Scandinavia and the U.S.S.R. has therefore focused on the potential use of plant prospecting methods (1) in areas where the upper horizons of podzolic soils do not provide an adequate response to anomalous conditions under thick deposits of glacially transported till and (2) in widespread regions of peat and muskeg terrain where near-surface mineral soils are absent."

Jan 1, 1971

By J. Hall Carpenter

"Wet concentration has, in the history of ore dressing, been the primary treatment method following crushing, grinding and sizing, when these have been necessary. The evolution of new methods of gravity concentration has been comparatively slow.Today, the most significant and sophisticated of the new types of gravity concentrators is, no doubt, the cone concentrator developed by Ernst Reichert of Mineral Deposits Pty. Limited in Southport, Australia. These units have now had some years of use in the field, are becoming one of the standard tools of the industry and their metallurgical results, as outlined in this paper, are out-standing."

Jan 1, 1966

By G. A. McGuffin

"IntroductionWITH the increase in quantity of sour gas reserves in the Province of Alberta, and the wider market for sulphur brought about by mounting world demand and restrictions placed on the principal supply, it was inevitable that this important source of sulphur would be .developed. In the light of these facts, it seems timely that a general paper on sulphur recovery from petroleum gases be presented. This, then, is the purpose of the following text. A short discussion of each of the following subjects is presented:(1) Properties and uses of sulphur(2) Existing sources(3) Market research(4) The recovery process in Turner Valley(5) Hazards of sulphur productionNo pretext of originality of material is made since innumerable reports have been prepared on this and related topics and information contained in these has been used quite liberally.Properties and uses of SulphurSulphur is a non-metallic element having an atomic weight of 32.06. The stable crystalline form at atmospheric temperature is referred to as 'rhombic' sulphur. It is bright yellow and has a specific gravity of 2.05, equivalent to 129.2 lb./cu. Ft. Above 204°F. sulphur has another stable crystalline form, referred to as 'monoclinic'. This is reddish-brown and is slightly less dense than the rhombic variety (122.4 lb./cu. Ft.). Sulphur in bulk form weighs 84 to 90 lb. per cu. Ft. Sulphur melts at approximately 240°F. to a straw coloured liquid which is quite viscous."

Jan 1, 1952

By C Jincheng, L. Liang, L. Wenjun

"Considering overgrinding in a grinding process, the grinding characteristics of comminuted hematite products using a HPGR and a conventional CC were comparatively studied. The major properties including particle size, grinding kinetics and grinding technical efficiency (Et) were investigated. Individual size distributions (ISDs) of -2.0mm in a HPGR product showed a more significant “double-peak” characteristic than a CC product. As a result, HPGR products were finer and had a wider full-size distribution because of the greater proportion of fines. The parameters m and zi in m-th order grinding kinetics were analyzed by the partial-derivative method and the critical time tc(tc = exp (1/ zi)) was obtained. zi mainly affected the breakage rate when t < tc; otherwise, m mainly affected the breakage rate. In these tests, tc was considerably higher than the grinding times, and HPGR products yielded a higher zi-value than the CC product for the same sieve size. This indicated that HPGR products had a higher breakage rate and needed a shorter grinding time for a certain grinding fineness. Et was calculated by simulating the size distributions of batch grinding products. HPGR products gave a lower Et at a decreasing rate than the CC products for -2.0 mm feed and -0.5mm feed, and then showed a slightly higher Et for -2.0+0.5 mm feed. This indicated that overginding in HPGR full-size products was more serious under the condition of coarse grinding, whereas the efficiency was higher and overgrinding weakened significantly in HPGR coarse products because of screening-out fines. Based on the above research, a new process of “ultra-crushing in HPGR – classified grinding” was advanced, reducing ores tonnage into first stage ball mill significantly, improving grinding efficient and weakening overgrinding in the whole grinding process.INTRODUCTIONIn mineral processing, comminution accounts for a substantial portion (approximately 60~70%) of the energy consumed in plants. As an ultra-fine crushing equipment,the application of the HPGR for industrial comminution has been paid close attention because of its low specific energy, low steel consumption, high capacity and high ratio of reduction, among others (Schonert, 1998; Norgate & Weller, 1994; Fuerstenau & Kapur, 1995). HPGRs comprise two counter-rotating rolls that draw feed material into the roll gap. One roll is fixed to the mainframe, while the other movable roll is mounted on slides and positioned by hydraulic rams. The specific pressing force (SPF) (i.e., total force divided by projected roller area) is typically in the range of 3~9 N/mm2 depending on the application, while pressures of up to 1000 N/mm2 have been measured within the operating gap (Maxton , Morley, & Bearman , 2003)."

Jan 1, 2016

By D. B. Dreisinger, M. R. Tavakoli

Vanadium has been produced from both primary and secondary sources having various compositions. Vanadium pentoxide and vanadium trioxide are the most available and known sources of vanadium oxides. In this paper, an overview of leaching both oxides has been reported. The problem of vanadium pentoxide leaching under acid conditions is the low solubility of the dissolved vanadium. This was investigated and then supplemented with further studies of leaching at mildly basic pH’s as well as under acid reductive leaching conditions (to form vanadium (IV)). Atmospheric oxidative leaching of vanadium trioxide was investigated using oxygen and ferric ion as the oxidant. It was shown that the leaching of vanadium trioxide using oxygen is very slow; however, ferric ion can dramatically increase the kinetics and leach efficiency.

Jan 1, 2014

By S. Shrestha

Magnesium-based alloys are of growing interest for many industrial applications due to their favourable strength-to-weight ratio and excellent castability. Mass reduction has advantages in many industrial sectors for example, in automotive, a reduction in mass improves fuel economy and can lead to more efficient mechanical systems by reducing the weight of moving parts like wheels, gears, pistons. However, the relatively poor corrosion and wear resistance limits the use of magnesium and its alloys in many potential applications. The patented Keronite® plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process enables manufacturers to overcome such problems and, in its latest generation equipment has been developed to industrial realisation for high volume production. This paper presents microstructural characteristics and corrosion performance of two most widely used high pressure die-cast magnesium alloys AZ91D and AM6OB with a duplex corrosion protection coating system that comprised a thin Keronite pre-treatment followed by a subsequent automotive grade final powder coat.

Jan 1, 2006

By Yin Guangzhi, Song Zhenlong, Li Minghui, Li Wenpu, Deng Bozhi

"Darcy's law is widely used to describe the oil and gas flow characteristics in the multi-pore media reservoir. However, the low-velocity non-Darcy flow of oil and gas occurs in the multi-pore media reservoir under low permeability conditions. Meanwhile, the high-velocity non-Darcy flow of oil and gas occurs in the multi-pore media near the wellbore. The gas flow velocities in coal in different deformation stage under different gas pressure gradient were tested and the relationships between gas flow velocity and gas pressure gradient were discussed, which can help us to investigate the transformation conditions of gas linear flow and gas nonlinear flow in coal. The results showed that the gas flow in the coal under low effective stress environment can be described by Darcy's law. The low-velocity non-Darcy flow of gas gradually occurred and the start-up pressure gradient increased in the coal as the effective stress increased. The low-velocity non-Darcy flow of gas also occurred in the coal at the yield deformation stage, however, the start-up pressure gradient decreased as the effective stress increased in this stage. In post-peak stage, the highvelocity non-Darcy flow of gas occurred in the coal under low effective stress environment. The gas flow in the coal gradually returned to be Darcy flow as the effective stress increased. The mechanism of the phenomenon is discussed based on the experimental results. The research results can be used to guide well test analysis and prediction of oil-gas production. INTRODUCTIONThe oil and gas flow in original multi-pore media reservoir are usually regarded as steady and linear processes and can be described by Darcy’s law. However, the low-velocity non-Darcy flow of oil and gas occurs in the multi-pore media reservoir under low permeability conditions. Meanwhile, the highvelocity non-Darcy flow of oil and gas occurs in the multi-pore media near the wellbore or workface. The gas flow in the multi-pore media even may be unsteady under some conditions such as gas emission and outburst.The phenomenon of underground water low-velocity flow in clays was deviated from Darcy’s law was found in the end of the nineteenth century (King, 1898). The deviation from Darcy’s law was later reported and investigated more (Swartzendruber, 1962; Miller and Low, 1963). These researches revealed that the start-up pressure gradient exists under low permeability conditions. Klinkenberg (1941) proposed that the permeability constant as determined with gases is dependent upon the property of the gas, and is a linear function of the reciprocal mean pressure. This effect can be explained by taking into account the phenomena of slip, which are related closely to the mean free paths of the gas molecules."

Jan 1, 2015

By R. L. Brown

The burning sulphide ores in the Sullivan Mine generate sulphur dioxide gases. This paper is concerned with a description of the environmental impact of SO2 on air quality in the mine and on the surface in the vicinity of the mine. As a result of surface caving, SO2 has been able to vent to surface and winds have carried it into one residential area of Kimberley. Monitoring practices are described.

Jan 1, 1977

By Fatemeh Pourakbari, Mohammad Reza Yarahmadi, Abbas Sam

Pyrite is the most abundant sulfide gangue mineral in copper porphyry ores. In spite of addition of lime in large quantities to depress pyrite in flotation, considerable amount of this mineral is reported to concentrate, particularly in rougher and scavenger stages. With the Sarcheshmeh pit advancing to a greater depth and reaching to the hypogene zone, the amounts of pyrite and chalcopyrite in the feed are increased. Hence, a reduction in the copper grade and increase in the sulfur content of the concentrate are observed. In this study the effective factors on the pyrite floatability at the circuit flotation was considered at Sarcheshmeh Mine. Mineralization zones in the pit were firstly identified. Then, sampling points were located using GPS system. On the basis of mineralogical composition and morphology, the ore was categorized into five main classes. In this classification the amount of lead and zinc and also pyrite locking with other minerals were analyzed. The study of polished section indicated that inclusion in pyrite was very frequent in all classes, mostly composed of the floatability of pyrite. Flotation tests were performed on the samples of different classes at pH of 11.8 after conditioning time. It was shown that, pyrite floatability was decreased with a decrease in the lead content of the feed samples except for the second class, while for all classes an increase in zinc content contributed to a decrease in pyrite floatability and recovery. It was found that, the lowest pyrite recovery (1.89%) was corresponding to pyrite–molybdenite dominant mineralization with Zn of 0.33% and the highest recovery (86.89%) corresponding to pyrite vein dominant mineralization with Zn equals to 0.9%.

Jan 1, 2016

By D. R. Reeves

This paper describes the geophysical Jogging of coal that is being carried out for the National Coal Board in the United Kingdom. An explanation of the technique is given and results are presented showing estimations of seam thickness to within ±0.5 in. and ash content to accuracies of ±2.5 per cent. The basic method of interpretation is outlined and some conclusions regarding the conditions of roof and floor material which may be deduced from the logs are explained. An indication of future developments in this field, including the identification of coal type and moisture content, is given.

Jan 1, 1971