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By Roshan B. Bhappu

This is the Centennial year of AIME and many of us reading this issue of ' will be getting ready to attend the Centennial Celebration in New York from February 26 through March 4. The officers of the Division sincerely hope that a large number of our members will attend the fine technical sessions and social functions arranged for this really big meeting. The year 1971 will be a crucial one for MBD. This SME Division is a working group organized "to furnish a medium of cooperation among those interested in the basic unit processes and unit operations of minerals beneficiation; and to promote the advancement of this branch of mineral technology through meetings for professional intercourse, and to stimulate the preparation, reading discussion and circulation of papers connected therewith." No one can deny the worthiness of these objectives or minimize the efforts that Division officers and members have made to attain them. Much has been done over the past several years to achieve a smooth-running and effective MBD organization. However, there is still room for improvement and much more needs to be done in order to provide the best possible services for the membership and the profession.

Jan 1, 1971

By R. S. Dean

The brief resume of the activities of the Metallurgical Division that appears annually in its progress reports series serves a useful purpose by making available a rather comprehensive but concise recapitulation of the current work, and publications of the division. An unprecedented opportunity to attack the problem of producing ferro-grade material from low-grade domestic manganese ores effectively was provided by the act designated as Public 667 of the 76th Congress of the United States, approved June 26, 1940, which made available an appropriation for "Expediting Production of Equipment and. Supplies for National Defense." Although the funds were not immediately available to the division, good progress has been made in the, solution of the many and diverse problems presented in the studies undertaken to determine the best methods for the recovery of useful products from a wide variety of manganese ores.

Jan 1, 1941

By E. D. Gardner

This is one of a series of papers describing mining and related subjects affecting mining in western mining districts and mineralized areas. The parts of this paper pertaining to current production, mining and milling methods and practices, and general conditions affecting mining were collected principally during a field survey made in May 1935. Some original data obtained on previous visits to the area are also included. The history, geological background, and past production of the mines and district are largely abstracted from previous publications, for which due credit is given later in the test. The principal districts in the Black Mountains are the Oatman or San Francisco and the Union Pass or Katherine. This range contains the principal producing mines of the State, in which gold is the only important metal. Although the total production of gold is relatively small as compared to other districts where the precious metals are obtained as a by-product in copper min¬ing, the area is one of considerable economic importance to the State.

Jan 1, 1936

By Robert H. Bedford

The Rogan-Mallery tin property is in the foothills on the south slope of the Tehachapi Mountains, Kern County, Calif. It was first visited by the senior author in August 1942, and exploration by means of trenching and diamond drilling began in May 1944 and was concluded in August of the same year. Cassiterite, associated with iron-rich gossan, occurs in a limestone roof pendant at places near or at its contact with the underlying granitic rocks. The cassiterite grain sizes range from 20 mesh to 150 mesh. Surface and diamond-drill samples showed tin ranging from traces up to 122.6 pounds per ton. Exploration by the Bureau of Mines included 2,100 cubic yards of trenching and the drilling of 11 diamond drill holes totaling 1,000 feet. Dana Hogan, president of the Rogan Petroleum Co. of Los Angeles, Calif.) brought these projects to the attention of the Bureau of Mines in July 1942, and the following month a Bureau engineer made a preliminary examination in company with Hillard Mallery, of 408 Ruby Street, Redondo Beach, Calif., the man who discovered them.

Jan 1, 1949

By K. Kavouridis

The energy and climate protection policy of European Union (EU), and its Member States adopted in 2007 bridges security of supply, environmental protection and competitiveness. The objectives of the EU energy and environmental strategy cover the foreseeable period till 2020. It assumes all sources of energy will be needed. The objectives for renewable and improved efficiency are ambitious; it must be established if they are also realistic. Coal can continue to make valuable contribution to the security of supply and low price of electricity, only with technologies allowing for drastic reduction of the CO2 emitted of its combustion. The aimed at -20% reduction of green-house gases (GHG) of EU-27 by 2020 is an objective limited in time and content. Europe produces less than 15% of global CO2 and this will be reduced to 10% in 2030. Emissions Trading (ET) is to remain the central instrument for CO2 management, especially in the power sector. ET scheme (ETS) or other mechanisms need designing to create an incentive for investment in higher efficiency and technologies and to Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS). The ETS as the climate protection instrument of the EU can become a heavy burden (high fuel and electricity prices, less security of supply) or it can create a climate for modernization of fossil fuel power plants. The suggestion in this paper of fuel-specific benchmark system for CO2 allocation after 2012 can combine the emission levels to be reached with a strong drive to invest, the necessary investment security, transparency and the principle of proportionality. A Benchmark System as recommended by coal industry could adapt to the different circumstances in the long term and comply with EU energy and environmental policy objectives.

Jan 1, 2008

By S. Stone

Because of problems encountered with conventional timber supports, a system of concrete sausageshaped support pillars was tested. The pillars are 3 m long, 0,6 m wide, and between 70 and 80 cm high (the height of the stoping width). They consist of bags filled with a grout of cement (slagment and sand in the ratio of I :2, and are installed in a staggered pattern 6 m apart on dip and 2 m apart on strike. These support packs have proved successful, and, although they cost more than the timber supports formerly used (R4,63 per cent are supported as against R2,26 for the conventional timber pack), their use is felt to be justified when account is taken of the costs of lost production and low productivity due to the bad hangingwall conditions that occurred with the conventional system.

Jan 1, 1978

By Yves-Laurent Turcotte

Notre conférencier, Monsieur Yves L. Turcotte, Vice-président et Directeur général chez Promaintech Novaxa est diplômé en génie industriel de l?Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières et détient une maîtrise en gestion de projets de l?Université du Québec à Montréal. Il est une véritable sommité canadienne dans le domaine de l?amélioration de la performance des organisations. Provenant d'entreprises manufacturières et de services, il possède plus de 20 ans d?expérience en tant que développeur de technologies, conseiller et formateur auprès d?entreprises. Il a à son actif la réalisation de mandats dans plus de 400 entreprises. Il est reconnu pour sa grande capacité d?analyse et pour trouver des solutions novatrices et profitables aux problèmes des organisations les plus complexes. Aujourd'hui, il dirige Promaintech Novaxa, une division de DMR, qui a célébré son dixième anniversaire en 2006. Cette organisation ayant des places d?affaires dans la région de Montréal, Québec et Vancouver compte plus de 50 professionnels et a une carte de visite dans 16 pays. Les axes d?intervention sont le Management, la Productivité, la Fiabilité, l?Innovation et l?Amélioration Continue.

Feb 1, 2008

By R. N. Edmondson, L. Mair, M. Tenenbaum

It is the policy of The Metallurgical Society to provide, in the TRANSACTIONS OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY OF AIME, a prompt and accurate medium for publication of reports of significant new research in both the scientific and engineering aspects of metallurgy. Papers submitted to the Society are judged by competent reviewers according to established criteria for technical merit, accuracy, originality, and presentation. STAFF: Editor, Dr. Gerhord Derge; Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmyrski; Staff Coordinator, James J. Burke. THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: W. R. Hibbard, Jr., President; J. C. Kinnear, Jr., Past-President; John Chipmon, Vice President; T. D. Jones, Treosurer; R. W. Shearman, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: A. w. Thornton, Chairman; Dennis Carney, John Chipman, J. C. Fulton I. H. Hollomon H. H. Kellogg, A. E. Lee, R. Maddin, J. D. Sullivan, and D. Swan. Review and selection of manuscripts is under the supenision of the following Publications Committees: Extractive Metallurgy Division: T. 0. King Chairman; S. J. Dickenson, R. P. Hermsdorf R. Schuhmann. Jr.. and P. T. Stroup. Institute of Metals Division: Robert Maddin, Chairman F. Lincoln Vogel Jr., Vice-chairman, W. A. Baikofen, R. W. Boliuffi J. H. Bechtold M. B. Beyer. R S. Busk, C. G. Gaetzel, Paul Gordon C. D. Groham, Jr., Robert F. Hehe-mann,' R. I. Joffee, F. c. Joumot Jr lrving R. Kramer A. J. Lena Harold Morglin, C. J. McHargue, Russell A: Meussner, J. B. Newkirk H. W. Paxton, G. E. Pellissier, I. S, Servi, Alon U. Seybolt, A. J. Shaler, and Jack Washburn. Iron and Steel Division: J. C. Fulton, Chairman; T. B King, F. C. Langenberg, W. 0.. Philbrook, and T. 0. Winkler. Published bimonthly by the American Institute of Mining Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers Inc., 29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y. Telephon: pEnnsvlvanio 6-9220. Subscription 522 Per year for non-AIME members in United States and North South and Central America; $25 foreign;, $5 for AIME members. Single copies, 54.00, single copies foreign, $5.00. The AIME is not responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed In its publications . . . Copyright 1958 by the American lnstltute of Mining Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers Inc. . . . Registered cable address AIME New York , . . lndexed in Engineering Index Industrial Arts Index and Chemical Abstrats . . . Application for second class mail privileges ii pending at New York, N. Y. Volume 212, Number 4.

Jan 1, 1959

This article focuses on TurkeyÆs gold potential with respect to exploration, development and operation after 1985. Apart from TurkeyÆs geology, which offers a substantial number of volcanic-associated gold (Ag) and gold-copper (Au-Cu) projects, there are numerous other factors which make the country a favourable place for mining. Turkey has a mining history which goes back to pre-Roman times and an excellent mining code which ensures security for long-term production. In the country, the Government and local villagers are very positive and the country works extremely well logistically with excellent road and telecommunication links. The opportunities for new discoveries in Turkey are very high. Moreover, Turkey has its eyes turned west as it moves towards joining the European Community and it is no surprise that international companies believe it has got its timing as well as its partner relationship right. Newmont, Teck Cominco, BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto, Eldorado Gold, etc all have direct or indirect interests in Turkey, as do an increasing number of midtier and junior exploration companies. Turkish Koza Gold Mining is the first Au producing company of Turkey. The Eldorado Gold owned 245 t Kisladag Au deposit in Western Turkey is currently also producing Au. In the meantime Anatolia Minerals Development is advancing the 131 t resource at the C÷pler Au deposit in North Eastern Turkey. These are significant world-class deposits. Further encouragement for investment in the Au mining sector has been provided by the introduction of a new mining law in 1985. Foreign investments in the country were encouraged and have seen a rapid increase in the last two decades. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth is in excess of five per cent per annum, inflation is down from 70 per cent to single figures, the budget deficit has been cut by 40 per cent to 11 per cent and industrial output and productivity are increasing rapidly. Turkey is politically and economically stable, is a member of the European Customs Union, has a supportive mining legislation, is highly prospective and under-explored and hosts significant recent gold discoveries.

Jan 1, 2007

By J. E. Nesset, L. S. Urbanoski, J. R. Goode

"The benefits and advantages of pre-competitive, collaborative industry/university research are not always well appreciated. This paper presents the case study of a current collaborative project between CAMIRO-Metallurgical Processing Division and McGill University that is investigating the understanding and prevention of sphalerite activation in lead and copper-lead flotation circuits. The benefits of the research findings to the sponsors can be maximized by an approach which links the researchers themselves with the sponsors at frequent, interactive project review sessions. Some examples of the findings and their application to industry are also presented along with a general update on CAMIRO-MPD.INTRODUCTIONThe history of Canadian efforts in the area of collaborative pre-competitive research is not long when compared to Australia (AMIRA) and Britain (MIRO). AMIRA (Australian Mineral Industry Research Association) began over 40 years ago and has had a well recognized role in bringing together industrial sponsors and researchers to fund a large variety of very significant development projects in that country, The total AMIRA funding effort for mineral processing work currently exceeds some $Aus 40 million with new projects valued at about $Aus 12 million initiated each year. This high level of commitment by industry has contributed to establishing Australian researchers and their facilities as among the best in the world.Canadian companies have traditionally funded much of their R & D in-house with extensive facilities and large funding commitments. The past 2 decades have seen most of these facilities disappear. The current situation is one in which only the largest integrated metal and mining companies have retained their own R & D groups (e.g. INCO, Falconbridge, Noranda). Industry-funded research at universities was primarily through individual efforts by the mining companies and rarely included collaboration with other mining companies, equipment or chemical suppliers, or engineering firms."

Jan 1, 2001

By N. E. Lehman

Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes in the southwestern United States are areas where middle to late Tertiary low-angle normal faulting has uncovered rocks that were at temperatures sufficient for mylonitization during the early part of Tertiary extensional faulting. Large-displacement low-angle normal faults that separate upper-and lower-plate rocks in metamorphic core complexes are termed detachment faults. The significance of Tertiary detachment faulting in the Basin and Range Province has only become apparent in the past 6-8 years, and the association of mineral deposits with detachment faults has only been recognized in the past few years as well. Crystalline rocks below detachment faults have typically undergone chloritic alteration and brecciation over a distance of a few to a few hundred meters below the fault surface (Fig. 1). Chloritic alteration and brecciation overprinted mylonitic fabrics formed during earlier ductile shearing along the down-dip projection of detachment faults. Rocks that underwent pre-Tertiary ductile deformation and prograde metamorphism were subjected, in rapid succession, to middle to late Tertiary mylonitization, brecciation and chloritic alteration, microbrecciation immediately adjacent to the fault, and subaerial exposure. Lower-plate rocks thus experienced rapid decompression and cooling as a result of tectonic denudation and isostatic uplift (Wernicke, 1981; Davis, 1983; Davis et al., 1986).

Jan 1, 1987

By V. Ferrari

This report documents the three-phase program to design, fabricate, test, and demonstrate economical and practical methods of reducing noise levels on underground coal mining portal buses (mantrip vehicles). The noise-control treatments applied to a production-model portal bus were as follows: ? Wheel/rail vibrations were isolated from the vehicle frame by inserting elastomeric materials between suspension components. ? Vibration-induced noise was reduced by replacing all large sheet metal panels (except floor plates) with damped steel panels. ? Motor noise was reduced by tight-fitting covers made from damped steel and lined with sound-absorbing material, and by elastomeric motor mounts. ? The standard spur gears used in the traction drive system were replaced with helical gearsets. The program achieved the goal of reducing the average sound-level to below 85 dBA for typical operating conditions.

Jan 1, 1981

By W. R. Hardwick

This information circular describes mining methods and practices at New Cornelia Branch, Phelps Dodge Corp., Ajo, Ariz. It is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on mining methods, practices, and costs in various mining districts of the United States. The New Cornelia mine (fig. 1) is at Ajo, a town in southwestern Arizona (fig. 2) on Arizona State Highway 85 in the western part of Pima County. The [oncentrator] and smelter are near the mine (fig. 3). Copper ore is mined, crushed, ground, and concentrated, and the concentrates are smelted. Copper is cast in anode form and sent to the Phelps Dodge Corp. refinery in El Paso, Tex.

Jan 1, 1960

By J. W. Thompson

RIGHT OF LIFE TENAN1' TO OPEN MINES. The common-law rule that a life tenant was not permitted to open or share in mines does not prevail in Michigan; but a life tenant by dower right is permitted to share in the royalties, as the strict common- law rule is not in harmony with the spirit of our institutions and the policy of our law and would often result in defeating the purposes of dower statutes. Poole v. Union Trust Co. (Michigan), 157 Northwestern 430, p. 432, March, 1916. SALE AND CONVEYANCE. PURCHASE OF ENTIRE ESTATE--FRAUD. A purchase of land where no exceptions or reservations of minerals were made and the land was bought as property, when nothing is excepted and no qualifications or reservations are embodied in the agreement, was presumptively and by common understanding a purchase of the property in its entirety; and the insertion in the deed of a reservation of mineral rights in violation of the contract of purchase and without the grantee's knowledge or consent was fraudulent. Mtynarczyk v Zyskowski (Michigan), 157 Northwestern 566, p. 569, March, 1916. RESERVATION OF MINERALS--EXTENT AND EFFECL A reservation in a conveyance of land excepting and reserving to the grantor all coals and mines beneath the surface with the sole right and privilege to remove the same, is not as broad as the grant itself. A contract for the purchase of a mine recited that a deed had been executed by the owner and placed in escrow to so remain until the sum of $30,000 should be paid. The contract provided that $1,200 of the purchase price was to be paid in cash, $800 in 60 days, and the remainder out of 20 per cent of the gross output of the mine, such per cent to be paid in five years unless the vein and value of ore should not continue in depth, in which event the purchaser was to have two years longer to complete the payment of the purchase price. The contract contained other covenants to the effect that the purchasing corporation would fit up a certain specified mill and would continue development work at such rate as to keep the mill in operation if ores sufficiently valuable should be found and in the absence of unavoidable accident. The contract also provided 1/ that abandonment of work for a period of six months at anyone time, except as above, on said property," should operate as a forfeiture of the purchaser's right. In an action by the vendor to quiet the title to the land and to have the contract declared void, the court found that the purchaser failed to perform the work on the property and failed to place thereon the improvements as required by the contract and permitted debts to accumulate against the property, taxes to be levied thereon, and that for more than a year the purchaser had not done any work or labor of any sort upon the mine or premises, and that the contract contemplated development work from the time the purchaser took possession of the property, or at least promptly thereafter, and the fact that no machinery was in place for a year or more after the execution of the contract was a breach of the covenant of continued development, and that the clause in the contract" except as above" does not contemplate a delay in the development resulting from a failure to install machinery, but it means that unless prevented by unavoidable accidents the purchaser shouLdhave no valid excuses for neglecting the work for a period of six months or more.

Jan 1, 1917

By Robert W. Bruhn

Ground movements associated with high extraction underground coal mining, such as pillar retreat and longwall, are some- times large enough to disrupt the ground water regime as well as damage buildings and other surface structures. A U.S. Department of Energy Bureau of Mines- sponsored subsidence study at Kitt Energy Corporation's Kitt No. 1 Mine near Philippi (Barbour County) , West Virginia has provided an opportunity to monitor the ground water response above a mine panel during both developmental and pillar re- treat mining. Findings concerning ground water effects presented in this paper indicate that total extraction mining produced significant water level declines in deep-lying strata but had little effect on water levels at shallower depths. Post-mining values of hydraulic conductivity were typically somewhat higher than pre-mining values. Changes in water chemistry associated with mining were not sufficient to render the water unfit for human consumption.

Jan 1, 1986

By John S. Hutchins

Two potential modified in situ methods are described for recovering the 68% "unrecoverable" hydrocarbons in oil reservoirs. For the 300 billion barrels of conventional light crude a Drip Drainage system is suggested by mining underneath a reservoir and producing from below by controlled gravity flow. For the 200 billion barrels of heavy or viscous oil and tar sands deposits a Flip Flop process is described using surface flooding with hot water saturated with surfactant and weighting additives. Mining engineering description of shafts and tunnels required are included as is discussion of the tunnel proximity to a reservoir. Petroleum engineering flow equations to describe production rates and candidate reserve areas of the U.S. are described. DCF economics are provided to indicate that current oil prices may be sufficient to commercially develop these recovery methods.

Jan 1, 1978

By Terry L. Muldoon

This report describes development and demonstration of an upgraded stench fire warning system for underground wines. Current systems, which have been used since before 1920, release an ethyl mercaptan mixture into the mines' compressed and/or ventilation air during emergencies. Miners, when smelling ethyl mercaptan, evacuate the mine according to predetermined plans. These systems, while simple, have problems with safety and reliability. The upgraded system overcomes these problems. The system uses a different stench agent, is less toxic, less nauseating, and less corrosive than ethyl mercaptan. These combined with the feature of thiophane not reacting with iron oxides, makes the upgraded system safer and more reliable. The system also uses a combination of two simple principles: a standpipe with pressure balancing to provide a constant head, and a sized orifice to control the rate of release of the stench agent. This system enables the mine to release the agent for a longer period which provides better coverage and to ensure that miners will not be exposed to potentially toxic concentrations of the stench agent. The system is easy to operate, requiring only the turning of two 1/4-turn ball valves. The upgraded system has been successfully tested during two evacuation drills at an underground uranium mine. Using three injectors (one on the compressed air line and one on each of two intake air shafts), the system exhibited significant improvements in warning times over the mine's existing system. This report provides a detailed description of the system design and its demonstrated performance in two mine demonstrations.

Jan 1, 1981

By Konstantinos Komnitsas, Evangelos Petrakis, Emmanouil Varouchakis

During the modeling of grinding systems, population balance modeling (PBM) which considers a constant breakage rate has been widely used over the past years. However, in some cases, PBM exhibited some limitations, and time-dependent approaches have been developed. Recently, a non-linear framework which considers the traditional linear theory of the PBM as a partial case was introduced, thus allowing the estimation of product particle size distribution in relation to grinding time or the specific energy input to the mill. In the proposed model the simplified form of the fundamental batch grinding equation was transformed into the well-known Rosin–Rammler (RR) distribution. Besides, the adaptability and reliability of the prediction model are among others dependent upon the operating conditions of the mill and the adjustment of the RR distribution to the experimental data. In this study, a series of grinding tests were performed using marble as test material, and the adaptability of the non-linear model was investigated using three loads of single size media, i.e., 40, 25.4, and 12.7 mm. The results indicate that the proposed model enables a more accurate analysis of grinding, compared to PBM, for different operating conditions.

Jun 24, 2023

By L. J. Defferding

This report documents the work performed by Battelle-Northwest and its sub-contractors in Phase I of a project to develop a cross pit conveyor system for the Bureau of Mines. The conveyor system description includes details of the conceptual design as well as system and component specifications. The selection of primary and back-up sites for system demonstration is discussed. Maneuvers and operating sequences required for mining the selected demonstration site are described and illustrated in detail. Economic viability of the cross pit conveyor system was analyzed by estimating the cost of overburden removal per ton of coal using the Battelle-designed concept and comparing these costs to the cost of an available state-of-the-art 30-yd3 dragline operation. Testing and trade-off studies conducted are documented and the results presented. Alternate designs considered in developing the selected cross pit concept are included for completeness. Based on the evaluation of the selected concept, it was concluded that the cross pit conveyor system proposed by Battelle is a technically and economically feasible overburden handling method with a good potential to improve western coal mining efficiency.

Jan 1, 1976

By Jerome F. Kuzmick

INTRODUCTION THE use of iron powder during the post-war conversion period has been increasing with great rapidity. This is particularly true in regard to the manufacture of molded mechanical parts such as bushings, gears, cams, small wheels, and the like. Many manufacturers have found it possible to replace machined cast iron and carbon steel with molded iron powder parts, and thereby can not only effect a savings in cost, but can produce a better product as well. As the field of application for iron powder parts widens, greater demands are made upon the powder supplier concerning quality and uniformity characteristics. The following are some of the most important properties parts fabricators desire in the iron powder they use: I. The powder should have high compressibility so that good density can be obtained without the use of excessive pressures. At the same time, it should show low die wear so that a large number of pieces can be produced from the die. This means that the powder must be of high purity and good softness or plasticity. 2. The powder should produce compacts of high green strength, so that unsintered parts can be handled without breakage or fraying of the edges. 3. The sintering properties should be good so that satisfactory strength is obtained in the sintered piece. 4. Compacts made from the powder should show small but, above all, uniform dimensional changes during the sintering operation so that accurate parts can be produced, and warping and other such bad effects eliminated. 5. The powder should have satisfactory flow properties for automatic molding. 6. It is very important that the powder be uniform in sieve analysis, compressibility, flow, purity, and other qualities, from container to container in any given lot and from shipment to shipment. 7. Price-The fabricators desire all these good properties, but in many instances still do not wish to pay a premium price. There has been considerable discussion as to the importance of price of the powder in relation to the cost of the finished product. It is true that in cases where certain special properties only procured by powder metallurgy are required, price is not a criterion. On the other hand, there have been a number of applications recently made which would not be commercially practical with a powder which commands a premium in price. Iron powder parts are compressed in automatic presses to definite size, shape, and density. The powder is compressed to a density figure dependent upon the function the part is to perform, as well as upon such important considerations as press capacity and die wear. Such parts can be roughly broken down into the following density ranges:

Jan 1, 1948