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AN excerpt from the Odessa Isvestia Vechernia, dated April 24, 1927, and translated by P. Routzitzky, summarizes a report by Professor Preobragensky ad-dressed to the Russian Government. Professor Preo-bragensky writes in regard to newly discovered potash deposits in eastern European Russia. Near Solikamsk in the Perm district, about 100 miles east of the Ural mountains and on the Kama river, large deposits have been located and the belt has been traced southward about 25 miles. Subsequently the search for potash salts has been transferred to the Berezovsky district, near Nikolsk, on the Kosva river, about 70 miles north-east-of the city of Perm. Toward the end of March, 1927, at a depth of 800 ft., drilling at the Levensk salt works revealed potash salts in, definite strata. The bed has a thickness which extends from a depth of- 245 to 307 meters (latest data in middle of April, 1927) and has not been bottomed yet. Professor Preobragensky goes on to say that these operations have definitely, developed very large de-posits, the limits of which are still unknown. There is at least an implication that the reserves far exceed those of Stassfurt, Germany. For European use they are, of course, much less accessible, for by through rail they lie 1200 miles east of Petrograd. Further, no particulars are given as to the potash content. It is to be supposed that the salt occurs in the Permian beds that extend north and south along the west flank of the Ural mountains, as the localities mentioned .all lie within the area so mapped on the new geologic map of Russia issued by the Scientific and Technical Di-vision of the All-Russian Council of Soviets in 1922. It is interesting to note that these salt beds are of the same geologic age as those of 'the Stassfurt region and of the west Texas-New Mexico district, in which the U. S. Bureau of Mines is at present drilling.

Jan 7, 1927

By Wheeler North

THE United Eastern Mining Co.'s property is located in the Oatman, Gold Roads mining district of Mohave County, Ariz. The mine and mill are some 26 mi. (41.8 km.) southwest of Kingman, the nearest railway connection. The ore consists of a mixture of calcite and quartz with some andesite. The values, which are mainly gold, alloyed with approximately 34 per cent., by weight, of silver, are extremely fine so that fine grinding is a most important factor in extraction. The milling process, briefly, consists of single-stage, coarse-crushing, two-stage ball milling in cyanide solution, followed by combined mechanical and air agitation, and by straight counter-current decantation. The Merrill zinc-dust precipitation method is used to recover the values, and is preceded by the Crowe vacuum treatment of the solution. The most notable features of the plant are the absence of filters, and the use of short peb mills loaded with steel balls, for fine grinding. As originally designed, the capacity of the mill was to be 200 tons per day, although the grinding end was to be capable of handling double that amount. By adding extra agitators and thickeners and by some alterations to the grinding end, the daily capacity has been raised to 285 tons. This, it is hoped, may be increased to 300 tons during the warm months of the present year. TONNAGE MILLED PER DAY 1917 average 234 Maximum month 272 Minimum month 146 1918 average 253 Maximum month 276 Minimum month 217 As this article primarily deals with plant operations, those interested in the mechanical description are referred to the article by Mr. Otto Wartenweiler,1 the designing engineer, which gives the details and costs of design and construction. The following changes have been made since that article was published:

Jan 8, 1919

By E. A. Gulbransen, W. S. Wysong

The behavior of molybdenum and its surface oxides in oxidizing and reducing gas atmospheres and in high vacua at elevated temperatures is a question of scientific and technical importance. The use of molybdenum as a metal or as an important component in alloys in oxidizing atmospheres at elevated temperatures has been limited because of the unprotec-tive nature of its oxide film and the volatility of this oxide at moderate temperatures. This communication will present results of a vacuum microbalance studyl, 2 of the following problems: (I) the oxidation kinetics in the temperature range of 250°to 450°C; (2) the reduction with pure hydrogen of thin oxide films formed on molybdenum; (3) the volatility of the thin oxide films; and (4) the vacuum oxidation of molybdenum at high temperatures. Molybdenum is an interesting metal to study for the following reasons: (I) although the oxide-to-metal-volume ratio is greater than one, the metal is not considered protective; (2) the metal oxidizes readily at temperatures of 2 50°C and higher; (3) the oxides of the metal are reduced at temperatures as low as 500°C by pure hydrogen; (4) the oxide Moo3 melts at 795°C; and (5) the oxides of molybdenum are volatile at moderate temperatures. The following variables are studied in the oxidation kinetics: time, temperature, pressure, surface preparation, surface area, concentration of inert gas in the lattice, cycling procedures in temperature, vacuum effect and high temperature vacuum oxidation. The general interpretation of many of these factors has been previously discussed. Literature The oxidation of molybdenum has not been studied critically. Although many studies have probably been made on the kinetics of the oxidation process, none has been reported in the literature available to us. The crystal structures found in the oxidation of molybdenum have been studied by Hickman and Gulbransen." Their results showed that Moo2 is the oxide which is stable in contact with the metallic substrate throughout the temperature range 300 to 700°C. As the film thickens in the low temperature range, MoO3 becomes predominant on the surface. Above 400°C, Moos is no longer observed, MoO2 being the only oxide found. Hagg and Magneli6 have shown from an X ray study that the a-phase, orthor-hombic Moo3 is stable up to 1050°C. Two other phases, ß and ß with compositions close to MoO2.90 are also obtained. The formula for the 0 phase is not given but that of the ß phase is defined as Mo9O26 The 0' phase is found to be built upon a monoclinic unit cell. A ?-phase is isolated from a preparation MoO2.75 heated for 17 hrs at 670°C. This phase is

Jan 1, 1949

By P. Barnes

The sums given in the accompanying table are those actually paid for material and labor up to about August, 1875; but, as some parts of the machinery were not wholly completed at the starting of the works in September, 1875, the statement cannot be taken as an absolutely correct note of the total cost. A complete description, with engravings of the building and machinery, was given in Engineering, April 26th, 1878, in a paper by Messrs. A. L. Holley and Lenox Smith, to which convenient reference may be made. A detailed list of the construction accounts has been given in a paper, by the present writer, in vol. vi, Transactions of the Institute. A summary is given in the table of the items in each class which enter into the total cost, and also a note of the proportion which each of these items forms of the whole. A concise view may thus he obtained of the facts embodied in the statement as a whole, even though it cannot lay claim to completeness in showing the entire or final cost. An urgent suggestion has reached the writer from a distant country that such statements of cost to be really most serviceable should give the details in days of labor, in weight of iron, and in number of brick, and to this an assent is most cordially yielded. It is true, however, that the mere labor of copying arid compiling these details to such a degree of minuteness, would be very great, and, in any event, the probable difference between the plans of an existing establishment and one projected, would be so wide as to render even so complete a statement of cost of little more real service than the approximate notes given herewith.

Jan 1, 1879

By P. Barnes

THE sums given in the accompanying table are those actually paid for material and labor up to about August, 1875; but, as some parts of the machinery were not wholly completed at the starting of the works in September, 1875, the statement cannot be taken as an absolutely correct note of the total cost. A complete description, with engravings of the building and machinery, was given in Engineering, April 26th, 1878, in a paper by Messrs. A. L. Holley and Lenox Smith, to which convenient reference may be made. A detailed list of the construction accounts has been given in a paper, by the present writer, in vol. vi, Transactions of the Institute. A summary is given in the table of the items in each class which enter into the total cost, and also a note of the proportion which each of these items forms of the whole. A concise view may thus be obtained of the facts embodied in the statement, as a whole, even though it cannot lay claim to completeness in showing the entire or final cost. An urgent suggestion has reached the writer from a distant country that such statements of cost to be really most serviceable should give the details in days of labor, in weight of iron, and in number of brick, and to this an assent is most cordially yielded. It is true, however, that the mere labor of copying and compiling these details to such a degree of minuteness, would be very great, and, in any event, the probable difference between the plans of an existing establishment and one projected, would be so wide as to render even so complete a statement of cost of little more real service than the approximate notes given herewith.

Jan 1, 1879

[†Aaronson, Alfred E., Oil Producer, Pres., Tuloma Oil Cc Tulsa, Okla. '18 ¦Abad, Leopoldo F., College of Min., Univ. of California Berkeley, Cal. '23 ¦Abadilla, Quirico A., Geol. Dept., Cia. Mexicans de Petroleo "EI Aguila," S. A., Edifico "El Aguila," Esq., Calles Aurora y Comercio, Tampico, Tamps., Mexico. '20 ¦Abbey, Robert Graham, Student, Case School of Applied Science Cleveland, 0. '21 Abbott, Clarence E., Gen'l Supt., Iron Mines Div., Tenn. Coal, Iron & R. R. Co., 1405 Minnesota Ave., Bessemer, Ala. '04] [ ]

Jan 1, 1925

By J. A. Fellows, Earnshaw Cook, H. S. Avery

THE increased use of heat-resistant alloys (26 per cent Cr, 12 per cent Ni, 16 per cent Cr, 35 per cent Ni, 12 per cent Cr, 60 per cent Ni, etc ) in recent years has been accompanied by continued demands by the consumer for improvement in properties The manufacturers of these materials, of necessity, have resorted to more critical studies of the basic causes of variations in fundamental properties To keep pace with the need for augmented information, previous techniques of investigation have been refined and new test methods and instruments created It is the purpose of this paper to describe the apparatus, experimental technique and precision of measurement that were employed in the exploration of properties of heat-resistant alloy presented in a companion paper† The detailed precautions in experimental procedure essential for attainment of accurate and comparable data at elevated temperatures cannot be too highly emphasized THE CREEP TEST Since the fundamental concepts of creep testing have been recognized for the past 20 years, present interest is restricted to refinements in equipment and experimental procedure The creep-test laboratory constructed for the American Brake Shoe and Foundry Co is designed to permit 1000-hr tests in the temperature range of 1200° to 2200°F with a choice of applied stress extending from 50 to 50,000 lb per sq in in increments of 50 lb per sq in To simplify the calculation of weight combinations, the loading beams (Fig I) are provided with counterweights to eliminate the tare The precision of the knife-edges (10 1 ratio) is such that a 10-gram weight placed on the upper specimen grip will be exactly balanced by a 1-gram weight attached to the loading shackle Check of the loading weights proved the maximum error to be 0 06 per cent Axial alignment is provided by crossed knife-edges in the grip seats The furnaces are similar in design to those of Crane and Company, Battelle Memorial Institute, and the U S Steel Corporation An 80 per cent Pt, 20 per cent Rh No 19 B and S gauge wire is used as the heating element The details of construction are shown in the radiograph reproduced in Fig 2 The windings are held in place on an alundum tube with alundum cement, the distribution of turns is adjusted to give a maximum temperature gradient of ± 1°F over a 4-in gauge length (Fig 3) To avoid sharp temperature differentials at the ends of the test section, the length of the furnace is four times the gauge length Sixteen-inch coupons are used to reduce the temperature of the threaded

Jan 1, 1942

The officers and staff of the Petroleum Division are the servants of the members, and to the extent that the wishes of the members are made known and are practicable they will be carried out. The tentative plans outlined here are in general accord with previous custom, but modified by suggestions received recently from various members. The advice of all members is solicited, and it is hoped that the general expression on matters of policy can soon be facilitated by circulation of a questionnaire. Plans for two mid-year meetings of the Petroleum Division and for participation in the annual meeting at New York were inaugurated at the last annual meeting and are being carried forward as rapidly as possible in the belief that an early start will increase the possibility of finding the best available program material and permit the careful preparation, review, editing, and advance discussion of papers. While a number of papers have already been solicited, both members and nonmembers are hereby invited to submit additional papers, with the assurance that such papers will be given just as favorable consideration as the papers that have been requested. Mid-year meetings will be held at about the same time both in the Mid-Continent and California. The time will be selected if possible to coincide with the visits of President Lovejoy, who expects to be in California the last of September and in Texas early in October. Fort Worth, Dallas and Austin have been suggested for the Mid-Continent meeting. The Pacific Coast meeting will be held at Los Angeles. It is to be noted particularly that a Pacific Coast meeting was waived last year in favor of the annual meeting of the American Petroleum Institute, which was held at Los Angeles for the first time in nine years. It is hoped, and it was the understanding at the time among a number of individuals interested in both organizations, that in view of this action of the Petroleum Division the industry will give more than the usual support to the A.I.M.E. meeting this year. Ultimate Recovery is being considered as the keynote topic for the mid-year meetings. In view of trying financial conditions combined with an exceptionally high current potential rate of production, it is natural that the attention of the industry should be focused upon means of controlling production and reducing cost of operation. It seems that the Petroleum Division of the A.I.M.E., as a professional group, might

Jan 1, 1936

The officers and staff of the Petroleum Division are the servants of the members, and to the extent that the wishes of the members are made known and are practicable they will be carried out. The tentative plans outlined here are in general accord with previous custom, but modified by suggestions received recently from various members. The advice of all members is solicited, and it is hoped that the general expression on matters of policy can soon be facilitated by circulation of a questionnaire. Plans for two mid-year meetings of the Petroleum Division and for participation in the annual meeting at New York were inaugurated at the last annual meeting and are being carried forward as rapidly as possible in the belief that an early start will increase the possibility of finding the best available program material and permit the careful preparation, review, editing, and advance discussion of papers. While a number of papers have already been solicited, both members and nonmembers are hereby invited to submit additional papers, with the assurance that such papers will be given just as favorable consideration as the papers that have been requested. Mid-year meetings will be held at about the same time both in the Mid-Continent and California. The time will be selected if possible to coincide with the visits of President Lovejoy, who expects to be in California the last of September and in Texas early in October. Fort Worth, Dallas and Austin have been suggested for the Mid-Continent meeting. The Pacific Coast meeting will be held at Los Angeles. It is to be noted particularly that a Pacific Coast meeting was waived last year in favor of the annual meeting of the American Petroleum Institute, which was held at Los Angeles for the first time in nine years. It is hoped, and it was the understanding at the time among a number of individuals interested in both organizations, that in view of this action of the Petroleum Division the industry will give more than the usual support to the A.I.M.E. meeting this year. Ultimate Recovery is being considered as the keynote topic for the mid-year meetings. In view of trying financial conditions combined with an exceptionally high current potential rate of production, it is natural that the attention of the industry should be focused upon means of controlling production and reducing cost of operation. It seems that the Petroleum Division of the A.I.M.E., as a professional group, might

Jan 1, 1936

By CHARLES F. DEISS

The total pipe-line runs of petroleum in Indiana during 1945 were 4,114,000 bbl., a decline of nearly 17 per cent below the estimated 4,950,000 bbl. produced in 1944. Drilling activity during the year was centered in Posey and Gibson Counties, where seven new pools were discovered in the state. Four of the pools are in Posey County-Crunk, Farmersville, Jeffries and St. Wendells East-and the other three are in Gibson County-Johnson West, Lysle and Mt. Carmel East.

Jan 1, 1946

By AIME AIME

THE section delegates assembled Monday morning with the incoming president, W. H. Bassett, in the chair and F. W. Bradley as vice-chairman. The secretary called the roll and urged the delegates to become familiar with the activities of the Institute. He explained the allotment of funds to local sections and the uses to which these funds may be put. He also announced plans for travel by Mr. Bassett and asked the delegates to confer with him as to meetings en route. An invitation was extended for all section delegates to attend the Directors' dinner Wednesday evening. He suggested that local sections hold a meeting once a year under the auspices of each division of the Institute. He further explained the system of choice of publications by members. The question of licensing of engineers was brought up, and the consensus of opinion among the membership was asked for. Because the matter is controversial, no official action has been taken and it was suggested that the' local and State sections act separately in this regard. A. B. Parsons, the assistant secretary, next spoke. In his remarks he indicated surprise that many prominent mining men still did not belong to the Institute, and urged that section delegates make up a list of such prospective members and send it in to the office for study by the New York staff. He also asked that re- ports of all meetings be turned in for publication in MINING AND METALLURGY, and said that the reports

Jan 1, 1930

[†AARONSON, ALFRED E., Vice-Pres., Mid-Co. Petroleum Co., Mid-Co. Bldg., Tulsa Okla. '18 ABADIE, EMILE R., Min. Engr Box 927, Porterville, Cal. '76 ¦ABADILLA, QUIRICO A. Student, Colorado School Of Mines, Golden, Colo. '20 ABBOTT, CLARENCE E., Gen'l Supt. Iron Mines Div., Tenn. Coal, Iron & R. I. Co., 1405 Minnesota Ave., Bessemer, Ala. '04] [ ]

Jan 1, 1925

By AIME AIME

REGISTRATION and licensing of engineers is now being given consideration by a special committee of the Institute, authorized at the March meeting of the Board of Directors. The subject is one that has recently been or is now actively before engineering organizations in many of the States of the Union. In Washington, D. C., the Washington Society of Engineers and the local sections of ten national engineering societies, including the A.I.M.E., recently had a joint committee investigate the subject: this committee formulating a proposed law that has been presented to Washington engineers for their consideration. At the same time, the committee has summarized the reasons for and against registration of engineers in Washington, D. C. As many of these reasons are of more than local application, they are here reprinted so that all members of the A.I.M.E. may be informed on the subject. It is expected that some report of the Institute's Committee on Registration, State Councils and Professional Development will he made at some forthcoming meeting of the Board of Directors.

Jan 1, 1932

By C. McCulloch

OPEN-PIT mining of coal is relatively a recent innovation; men still active in the industry can trace its development. Re- viewing the growth of operations from the original horse-drawn scrapers, through the various stages of power equipment to the huge strip- ping shovels of today, one also notes changes in the methods of what the coal man calls preparation at the face. We really should not call it face preparation because, in contrast to underground mining, a face does not exist in strip mining. Further, preparation of the coal for market at the loading point has already, in but a few years, become largely of historic interest only and modern mines as well as old mines recently modernized rely almost entirely on separate and elaborate preparation plants to produce marketable coal. This practice was not voluntarily adopted by the producer but was forced upon him by the inadequacy of previous

Jan 1, 1939

By J. A. Singmaster

A REPORT that it did not pay to use present-day galvanized iron on account of the short life of the material, accompanied by proofs of the state-ment in the form of a tabulated history of the first costs of various kinds of building materials and their main-tenance expense, started an investigation of modern galvanized products. At the very outset it was apparent that our experience with galvanized products was by no means unique. Correspondence with the State Agricultural Depart-ments, the Agricultural Experiment Stations, the County Agents and State Granges all over the United States brought a mass of complaint on this same score. Visits to large buyers of galvanized sheet and wire revealed the same condition coupled with an ever-increasing use of substitutes for galvanized iron. We believe, therefore, that the title of this article is fully warranted by the experience of the consuming public. A study of the proceedings of the various societies having to do with the testing and use of sheet iron and steel products revealed a tremendous amount of work on the life of the base metal itself. Great stress was laid on differences in life of various types of iron and steel, the difference amounting at best to months rather than years. Very little recent attention has been paid to a study of the life of the zinc coating and the causes of its present-day lack of durability. There have been some real exposure studies published, how-ever, which show that the weight of the zinc coating determines the protection afforded by the galvanizing, which is of far greater influence on the life than the base-metal composition. An interesting paper was published by the Phillipine Journal of Science in 1916, entitled: "Galvanized Roofing in the Phillipines," a contribution from the Bureau of Science of the Phillipine Island Government. The author, Mr. Arguelles, found on 18 old galvanized sheets, after from 30 to 35 years' exposure, from 2.3 to 4.1 oz. of zinc per sq. ft. of sheet and sums up the study by saying: Of the various factors influencing the durability of galvanized iron which have been studied with a view towards accounting for the difference in behavior of old and modern sheet, it appears evident that the greater weight of zinc per unit of area on the former accounts for the greater durability.

Jan 10, 1922

By Wllliam D. Davis

C OMMERCIAL production of oil in northeastern Oklahoma began in 1897 and in the next two decades this area became one of the greatest oil districts of the time. Its importance is now secondary, but thousands of wells in this area have produced uninterruptedly for more than thirty years. They are now classified as stripper wells. By means of what is known as water flooding their L. production can be considerably in- creased. This practice consists in injecting water under pressure into the sand surrounding an oil well, thus displacing the oil in the pores of the sand and forcing it into the oil well.

Jan 1, 1940

Jan 1, 1888

By R. Dawson Hall

WHAT are the opportunities for the services of engineers in the coal mines? The best answer perhaps can be made by detailing the present lines of development in the bituminous coal mining regions. They are just at the beginning of a period that can be conservatively termed revolutionary. A few glimpses of new possibilities in economic mining that will reduce the cost of bituminous coal at the mines by at least one half have convinced almost everyone that a change must shortly come about. The cost of housing has become such a burden, especially in mountainous regions, that development which demands the hiring of more men and constructing more houses would not be profitable. The introduction of mechanical aids to mining, transportation and dumping suggests a way of obtaining a large tonnage with the same or a smaller number of men with no further house construction. At the same time the restriction of immigration has made it increasingly difficult to obtain men inured to hard labor. Modern civilization is not productive of muscular energy and at the same time it provides men who are not indisposed to the use of the mental effort required to direct the physical forces now available for the replacement of such energy.

Jan 1, 1924

By Victor L. Stevens

The Oso tunnel is one of three tunnels located on the San Juan-Chama Project in south-central Colorado. The purpose of the tunnel is to carry water from the upper San Juan watershed through the Continental Divide into the Rio Grande watershed. The Oso tunnel contract was awarded by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to a joint venture of Boyles Brothers Drilling Co., Gibbons & Reed Co., and Cimco in February 1966. The Oso tunnel is 26,660 ft long and has a rock section of 10 ft, 2 in. with a lined diameter of 8 ft circular. The main portion of the rock formation was in the Lewis shale. This formation is quite consistent in hardness and texture with exception of localized limestone concretions and sandy siltstone inclusions. The job was bid on the basis of using a James S. Robbins mole of the P221 series. The decision for using a mole was predicated on the geology and the experience of the same joint venture on the adjoining Azotea tunnel where a mole was successfully used. The Robbins P221 series mole is capable of cutting from 9 ft, 11 in. to a 10 ft, 7 in. diam without any major change. It is 40 ft long and weighs 60 tons. The cutting head has 22 disk-type cutters and one center pilot (standard 9 7/8 -in.) tricone bit. The head is powered by four 75 hp electric motors. Gripper pads at about the midway point on each side of the machine are pushed into the tunnel ribs and thrust-cylinders in front of each gripper apply pressure to the face as the head rotates. The regripping cycle is 3 ft and then the grippers are retracted and advanced. Each cutter on the perimeter of the head is followed by a bucket which scoops up the cut material, almost in the same manner as a water wheel, and dumps it into a conveyor situated along the top of the mole. The muck from the mole conveyor is dumped into a gantry-type conveyor. The gantry conveyor is 350 ft long and is pulled

Jan 1, 1970

Jan 1, 1963