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By L. G. Trudell, J. W. Smith, K. E. Stanfield

Oil- yield data are presented for 40 sets of core samples and 83 sets of drill cuttings collected in 1952-62 from drilling operations in the Uinta basin of eastern Utah . This accumulated information on the location , extent , and richness of oil shales of the Green River formation is used to appraise the deposits as a source of oil and related products . Core samples used in the study were obtained specifically for evaluating oil shale , and they were satisfactory for this purpose , except they did not completely penetrate the formation . The drill- cutting samples were inferior to the core samples and yielded more erratic results . Consequently, oil yields based on cuttings should be regarded as indicative , rather than definite , until substantiated by other means . In general , the oil- yield data indicate Green River oil shale in Uinta basin is not as thick or as uniform as that in the Piceance Creek basin of western Colorado . However , it is an important potential source of oil . Estimates that beds 15 feet or more thick that average 25 gallons of oil per ton represent at least 120 billion barrels of oil in place are supported by the recent oil- yield data .

Jan 1, 1964

By Loren R. Anderson

This is an Appendix of Volume I. It contains the results of the electric cone penetrometer soundings from the first phase of the testing program.

Jan 1, 1982

[~lis is the f'fth in a ~erieG of reports on properties of commercial motor fuels, made in accordance 1,'Vi t:h fl cooperative ae,ree-ment betwGon tho Cooperative Fuel ReRRarch (e.F.R.) Committee and the Bureau of I ines of the Dcpart~ent nf the Interior. The first report gave data on motor r-asolino~ sold during the wintor of 935-36.31 Thi~ report covers 84 brands of ga~oline represented by l,722 samples exclurling the Pacific Coast. T 3)Se J.rom th~. ?~'tcific Coast IV .ro avnrL)f:od b~r tho Pacific Coa!3t tecilnical group "bofore o8ing submi ttcd ruld arc p~.lbl:'shcd GX Gtl~r as they were submi tted. In some areas r~lJort~ . erc roceivod f~om ~ ix to eicht compD.l1ie~ on the same brands of gasoline. whoruar. in other areas only one company reported on a brond. Thut., it CU .. "! be senn that BO .. 0 uf the dnt ;.U'e more rCY>l'c entat vc thM others. The inclusion of r~0rts fro:n several ci tie. w' thin somo of tho di stricts has ir.rpr,)vcd the report by reducinc; tr.e numb~r of brand rcportel by only ono company.]

Jan 1, 1938

[~lis is the f'fth in a ~erieG of reports on properties of commercial motor fuels, made in accordance 1,'Vi t:h fl cooperative ae,ree-ment betwGon tho Cooperative Fuel ReRRarch (e.F.R.) Committee and the Bureau of I ines of the Dcpart~ent nf the Interior. The first report gave data on motor r-asolino~ sold during the wintor of 935-36.31 Thi~ report covers 84 brands of ga~oline represented by l,722 samples exclurling the Pacific Coast. T 3)Se J.rom th~. ?~'tcific Coast IV .ro avnrL)f:od b~r tho Pacific Coa!3t tecilnical group "bofore o8ing submi ttcd ruld arc p~.lbl:'shcd GX Gtl~r as they were submi tted. In some areas r~lJort~ . erc roceivod f~om ~ ix to eicht compD.l1ie~ on the same brands of gasoline. whoruar. in other areas only one company reported on a brond. Thut., it CU .. "! be senn that BO .. 0 uf the dnt ;.U'e more rCY>l'c entat vc thM others. The inclusion of r~0rts fro:n several ci tie. w' thin somo of tho di stricts has ir.rpr,)vcd the report by reducinc; tr.e numb~r of brand rcportel by only ono company. ]

Jan 1, 1938

By Charles Prasky

The objective of this investigation by the Bureau of Mines was to determine the response to sulfatization of diverse low-grade manganiferous materials in the iron formation of the Cuyuna district. In line with this objective a bench-scale sulfatizing procedure was developed that was less expensive and more rapid than pilot-plant methods. Samples from the central and south- western parts of the North range were tested. Results of evaluating a total of 46 pelletized samples, originating in areas with an estimated potential resource of 94 million long tons with a manganese content of 7 percent, indicates that approximately 87 percent of the manganese may be recovered as a synthetic manganese ore. This is equivalent to more than 12 million long tons of a metallurgical-grade ore, containing 46 percent manganese. It is anticipated that a premium product, containing over 50 percent manganese, may be obtained by sulfatizing procedures. This report is part of a continuing investigation5 6 of Cuyuna iron range manganese deposits in Crow Wing County, Minn. Lewis and coworkers describe the manganiferous iron formation in the bedrock of the Cuyuna district and include a description of a high-temperature differential sulfatizing process for recovering a ferrograde manganese product. The low-grade manganiferous

Jan 1, 1961

By R. V. Ramani, R. Bhaskar

"IntroductionThe behavior of dust clouds in mine atmospheres has been a subject of longstanding interest due to both health and safety reasons. Pioneering studies in Germany and SMRE focussed on ambient dust concentration, principally aimed at determining optimum velocities for effective dilution. A summary of studies related to this area is provided by Hall,(l) Efforts to understand dust deposition from the explosion hazard point of view led to experiments in return airways (2-4) followed by experiments in longwalls.(5) Concerted efforts, either experimental or theoretical, were not made until recently to relate ambient concentration with dust deposition in mines. In 1974 Hwang et a1 (6) developed a computer model to predict dust concentration which considered deposition-concentration relationships. Also, experimental studies involving concurrent dust deposition and ambient concentration were conducted in the U.S. by Courtney et al (7 ) in operating mines. Efforts to relate theory with experimental results have been made by Owen (8) and Hwang et al (6 ) for dust deposition. There has been limited work, however, to determine the application of the theories and assumptions from aerosol sciences for modeling dust flows in mine atmospheres. (9 ) This is the objective of the work currently underway in the Generic Technology Center on Respirable Dust since· 1983 under a project titled, ""Prediction of Ambient Dust Concentration in Mine Atmospheres."" The scope of the project activities include:1. Development of a mathematical model to predict dust deposition and concentration in mine atmospheres.2. Experimental studies on dust transport and deposition in mine airways.3. Comparison of the model results with the experimental data."

Mar 1, 1989

By E. P. Youngman

The basic mining law of Esthonia is the law that was passed by the Parliament (Riigikogu), or State Assembly, on March 17, 1927 (effective Avril 1, 1927), superseding the Russian Mining Law Book VII of the Code) issued in 1912. References in this digest are only to articles of the Law of Merch 17, 1927. However, the law concerning all industrial enterprises (Riigi Teataja No. 28, 1920, Law No. 106) governs not only mills and refineries but also mining operations themselves (arts. 2 and 3). No access was ad to that law. Esthonia is not well supplied with minerals; its industries are primari- ly agriculture and dairy farming. Natural gas, prites, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, and mineral waters have been found but never as yet in deposits of commer cial size. The production of oil shale is of some importance; and peat, which covers as much as 5 per cent of the total area of the country, is mined in sub- stantial quantities. Cement rock, gypsum, fire clay, and phosphate rock likewise are produced, though only on a small scale.

May 1, 1930

By Albert W. Deurbrouck

This report describes the preparation characteristics of the Pittsburgh and Upper Freeport coalbeds in Hancock , Brooke , Ohio , and Marshall Counties , W. Va . Over 4.5 million tons of coal was produced in these four counties in 1962. Most of this production came from the Pittsburgh coalbed . Twelve coal samples were collected for this study , 11 from the Pittsburgh bed and 1 from the Lower Freeport bed . Two of these samples could be upgraded to produce metallurgical - grade coal . The sulfur content of the Pittsburgh- bed coals was generally excessive --as high as 4.9 percent in the raw coal and 3.19 percent in the float 1.30 specific gravity fraction . The rank of the coals in this area ranges from high-volatile A to high-volatile B bituminous .

Jan 1, 1964

By B. W. Gandrud

In July 1948, the Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, in cooperation with the University of Alabama and mine operators, published Report of Investigations 4306, "A Combination Cleaning and Dewatering Process for Treating Fine 'Sizes of Coal, Preliminary Report In this report a new process, referred to as kerosene flotation; was described, and results of experimental work with the process Previous to the fall of 1947 were given, The contents of the report. were summarized on pages 19 and 20' as follows: In coal-preparation plants using wet methods of cleaning, the most difficult problem is the cleaning and dewatering of the "fines" from about 10-Mesh to 0. A combination proceed is now under investigation that shows promise of practically and feasibly solving this problem. The process is similar to froth flotation, but a generous quantity of kerosene is used as one of the reagents, and the feed is from approximately 10-mesh to 0 considerably coarser than the usual froth flotation feed. The kerosene and the coarseness of the reed result in a floated product that, under certain circumstances, can be dewatered satisfactorily by a simple process of mechanical squeezing, Squeezing is accomplished by means of an ordinary conveying' Auger-and trough assembly with a section of pipe easing at the outer end of the trough. The bottom of the trough and. casing is fitted with wedge-wire sections to permit escape of the water freed by the squeezing action of the auger. On account of the important role of the kerosene, the process has been referred to in this report as kerosene flotation. Up to now, the investigative work has been divided about evenly between the laboratory and commercial plants. Nearly all of the work has been done on sludges containing the solids from the underflow of dewatering screens. A few runs have been made on 10-mesh to 0: fines from raw coal, but in some of those runs the dewatering mechanism, failed to function.

Jan 1, 1950

By O. C. Blade

The oil fields of Arkansas, all situated in the southern part of the State, have played an important part in the development of petroleum production in the northern coastal plain region of the Mid-Continent area. From the first discovery of oil in southwest Ouachita County in 1920 to December 31, 1930, a total of 480,167,5604/ barrels of crude petroleum has been produced from' this region. Development of the Arkansas fields proceeded rapidly after 1920. The El Dorado field was discovered in Union County in 1921. Drilling in Ouachita County resulted in the discovery of the Smackover field in 1922 and subsequently in the development of the whole southern area. To November 31, 1939,459 / producing wells had been drilled in 25 fields, aggregating 53,7356 acres of proved territory in 6 counties. Peak annual production for the State was reached in 1925, when 80,823,7007/ barrels was produced, resulting largely from flush production from the Smakover field, which rose td an average of 444,9507 barrel daily during that year. During 1924, 1925, and 1926 Arkansas ranked fourth among the oil-producing

Jan 1, 1940

By Ned H. Snyder

In recent years the Government and other large consumers of coal have appreciated more and more the desirability of definitely determining by chemical analysis and test the character and quality of the coal they purchase. Higher prices for coal point forcibly to the need of giving more study to engine room and boiler room efficiencies and economies; this implies an intimate knowledge of the character and quality of the fuel used. Analyses and tests of delivered coal furnish data whereby power plant results can be comprehensively studied and a continuous check maintained on the coal and on the conditions of plant operation. Under authority of acts of Congress making appropriations for technologic investigation of fuels and the analyzing and testing of fuels belonging to or for the use of the United States Government, a laboratory is maintained at the Pittsburgh station of the Bureau of Mines, where samples representing deliveries of coal purchased for Government use are analyzed and tested. The Bureau of Mines has been active in promoting the purchase of coal by the Government under specifications/ that is, by contracts that make definite requirements regarding the heating value of the coal, expressed in British thermal units, and the composition as shown by proximate analysis. Under many of these specification contracts the bidders guarantee the quality of the coal offered, and that guaranteed by the successful bidder becomes the standard of his contract. The deliveries are sampled and analyzed to determine whether the coal is of the quality guaranteed by the contractor, and if it is not, the price to be paid is decreased in proportion; but if the coal is of higher quality, the price is proportionately increased. The known analyses of coals or the guaranteed analyses offered by the bidders may sometimes be used for determining the award of a contract, but if the coals offered differ widely in characteristics, it may be difficult to determine which would prove the cheapest fuel without data on their relative evaporative efficiencies. Hence, the making of evaporative tests under service conditions may be necessary in order to determine which coal is particularly adapted for successful and economical use in a certain plant. Once a particular coal is selected, however, regardless of the procedure of determining the award of a contract, then the greatest advantage of the specification method is realized, for it guarantees the purchaser receiving coal of uniform character and quality, thereby insuring the best results in the plant. The success of the specification method for the purchase of coal and the reliability of analysis now rests largely on sampling.3 Improper sampling leads to controversies, with resulting condemnation of the specification method in general and of the value of laboratory analyses and tests in particular.

Jan 1, 1922

By O. C. Blade

The oil fields of Arkansas, all situated in the southern part of the State, have played an important part in the development of petroleum production in the northern coastal plain region of the Mid-Continent area. From the first discovery of oil in southwest Ouachita County in 1920 to December 31, 1930, a total of 480,167,5604/ barrels of crude petroleum has been produced from' this region. Development of the Arkansas fields proceeded rapidly after 1920. The El Dorado field was discovered in Union County in 1921. Drilling in Ouachita County resulted in the discovery of the Smackover field in 1922 and subsequently in the development of the whole southern area. To November 31, 1938, 6,4595/ producing wells had been drilled in 25 fields, aggregating 53,7356/ acres of proved territory in 6 counties. Peak annual production for the State was reached in 1925, when 80,823,7007/ barrels was produced, resulting largely from flush production from the Smackover field, which rose td an average of 444,9508/ barrel daily during that year. During 1924, 1925, and 1926 Arkansas ranked fourth9/ among the oil-producing

Jan 1, 1940

By O. C. Blade

This report on the properties of motor fuels sold through service stations-in the United States was made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the American Petroleum Institute and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Deparment of the Interior. It presents analytical data for 4,397 samples, representing the products of 130 companies. The samples were collected during December 1952 and January and February 1953. As in previous surveys, the gasolines covered by this survey include those from both large and small suppliers. The data were obtained by laboratories of various refiners, motor manufacturers, and chemical companies and submitted to the Bureau of Mines for compilation. A list of the National Motor-Gasoline Survey reports published during the past ten years is given on page 5.

Jan 1, 1953

By Francis Church Lincoln, Paul Zinner

"Attention of the Bureau of Mines was first directed to the Gray farm area by the results of several exploratory churn-drill holes completed by the New Jersey Zinc Co., and later by Roland J. Teske and by Judge H. L. Heer.When the Bureau of Mines initiated its investigation of the area, all drilling on the Gray farm had been discontinued, and no mining had resulted from the exploratory work. However, in the opinion of the Illinois Geological Survey, the Federal Geological Survey, and the Federal Bureau of Mines, this drilling,with the preliminary geological studies, was considered sufficient evidence to justify continued exploration to the southeast along a projection of the trend of mineralization developed in the mines to the northwest, or the so-called Black Jack Trough.This report describes the work done and presents the data obtained during the period of Bureau of Mines exploratory work.In its program of exploration of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its Primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each exploratory project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, performs the actual exploratory work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Branch, R. G. Knickerbocker, chief, analyzes samples and performs beneficiation tests. Both these branches are under the supervision or Dr. R. S. Dean, assistant director.Special acknowledgment is due Paul Herbert, geologist, Illinois Geological Survey, for his studies of cores, which greatly influenced the planning and progress of the exploratory work. Acknowledgment is also made to A. F. Agnew and A. V. Heyl, geologists, Federal Geological Survey, for their invaluable aid; to 0. W. Terry, F. C. Lincoln, M. H. Berliner, A. M. Cummings, project engineers; and to E. P. Barrett, district engineer, Minneapolis, and E. D. Gardner, regional engineer, Rolla, Mo., for supervising the program.The Gray ore body is on the Gray farm 5 miles south of Galena in Jo Daviess County, northwestern Illinois. The location with respect to adjoining properties is shown on figure 1. Galena is a city of 4,000 population on the banks of the Galena River, a stream that was formerly navigable by Mississippi River steamers but has now shrunk to the dimensions of a small creek. A gravel road leads from the city to the Gray farm and onward to the Bautsch and Boevers farms to the south of it."

Sep 1, 1946

By O. C. Blade

This report on the properties of motor fuels sold through service stations in the United States was made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the American Petroleum Institute and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the Interior. By agreement with the American Petroleum Institute, identification of the items is confidential. It presents analytical data for 4,421 samples, representing the products of 131 companies. The samples were collected during June, July, and August, 1953. As in previous surveys, the gasolines covered by this survey include those from both large and small suppliers. The data were obtained by laboratories of various refiners, motor manufacturers, and chemical companies and submitted to the Bureau of Mines for compilation. A list of the National Motor-Gasoline Survey reports published during the past 10 years is given on page 5.

Jan 1, 1954

By Benjamin W. Haynes

Cement kiln dust (CKD) produced in the contiguous United States and Hawaii was characterized as part of the Bureau of Mines' program in minerals environmental technology. The mineralogical and chemical composition was determined for 113 CKD samples from 102 plants that normally send CKD waste to landfill. Characterization included the determination of 28 elements, 7 anion species, carbon dioxide, noncarbonate carbon, and chemically bound water. Mercury was determined in 15 samples. Interelement correlation coefficients were determined for 23 elements, 5 anions, CO2, noncarbonate carbon, and chemically bound water. To assess the hazardous waste potential of CKD, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Extraction Procedure (EP) toxicity test was performed on all 113 CKD samples. All but one sample were in compliance with the test; the noncomplying sample slightly exceeded the EP toxicity test criterion for lead.

Jan 1, 1982

By John A. Organiscak

Enclosed cabs are a primary means of reducing equipment operators? silica dust exposure at surface mines. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health experimentally investigated various factor effects on cab air filtration system performance. The factors investi­gated were intake filter efficiency, intake air leakage, intake filter loading (filter flow resistance), recirculation filter use, and wind effects on cab particulate penetration. Adding an intake pressurizer fan to the filtration system was also investigated. Results indicate that intake filter efficiency and recirculation filter use were the two most influential factors on cab penetration performance. Use of the recirculation filter reduced cab penetration by usually an order of magnitude over the intake air filter alone because of the multi­plicative filtration of the cab interior air. Intake air leakage and filter loading affected the cab penetration to a lesser extent, while wind had the least impact on cab penetration between the calm and 10-mph wind velocities tested. Adding an intake pressurizer fan notably increased intake airflow and cab pressure with only minor changes to cab penetration. A mathematical model was developed that describes cab penetration in terms of intake filter efficiency, intake air quantity, intake air leakage, recirculation filter efficiency, recirculation filter quantity, and wind penetration.

Jan 1, 2008

By John A. Organiscak

Enclosed cabs are a primary means of reducing equipment operators? silica dust exposure at surface mines. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health experimentally investigated various factor effects on cab air filtration system performance. The factors investi­gated were intake filter efficiency, intake air leakage, intake filter loading (filter flow resistance), recirculation filter use, and wind effects on cab particulate penetration. Adding an intake pressurizer fan to the filtration system was also investigated. Results indicate that intake filter efficiency and recirculation filter use were the two most influential factors on cab penetration performance. Use of the recirculation filter reduced cab penetration by usually an order of magnitude over the intake air filter alone because of the multi­plicative filtration of the cab interior air. Intake air leakage and filter loading affected the cab penetration to a lesser extent, while wind had the least impact on cab penetration between the calm and 10-mph wind velocities tested. Adding an intake pressurizer fan notably increased intake airflow and cab pressure with only minor changes to cab penetration. A mathematical model was developed that describes cab penetration in terms of intake filter efficiency, intake air quantity, intake air leakage, recirculation filter efficiency, recirculation filter quantity, and wind penetration.

Nov 1, 2008

By David E. Morse

Burundi, a small central African republic located between Tanzania and Zaire, remained essentially a nation of small family farms in 1978-79 with approximately 95% of the population engaged in subsistance agriculture. Coffee and tea continued as the nation's major export commodities. Mineral exports, small tonnages of cassiterite, wolframite and bastnasite, accounted for an estimated 3% of total exports in 1978 and 2% in 1979, or $2 million2 in both years. Burundi's major mineral imports in 1978-79 were cement, iron and steel, and refined petroleum products. Abnormal weather conditions, a drop in world coffee prices in 1978, and the conflict in neighboring Tanzania and Uganda in late 1978 and early 1979 combined to re-strict economic growth in Burundi during 1978-79. The gross domestic product (GDP) posted a gain of 6.7% in real terms for 1978 and an estimated 2.5% for 1979 which was significantly less than the 13.7% recorded in 1977, a time of high world coffee prices. The manufacturing and construction sectors were hard hit in 1979 by the conflict between Burundi's eastern neighbors because of transport disruptions which made building materials and manufacturing inputs almost unobtainable.

Jan 1, 1981

By W. A. Stickney, J. W. Town

Batch and continuous - circuit flotation , leaching , precipitation , and electrodeposition studies were made by the Bureau of Mines to determine optimum conditions for treatment of complex mercury - antimony sulfide and mercury- arsenic sulfide ores and concentrates . On the Red Devil ore sample over 95 percent of both the mercury and antimony sulfides were recovered in a flotation concentrate containing 35.6 percent mercury and 21.0 percent antimony . By selective flotation a mercury concentrate containing 71.0 percent mercury and 2.9 percent antimony was obtained with a mercury recovery of 90.4 percent . Leaching results show that , with 150 grams per liter of sodium sulfide and 50 grams per liter of sodium hydroxide , 95 to 99 percent of the mercury , antimony , and arsenic sulfides could be extracted from the concentrates treated . Sodium hydroxide reagent consumption was based on the sulfides generated in the dissolution of the sulfide minerals and on the method of metal recovery used . Selective leaching of the antimony and arsenic sulfides with potassium sulfide dissolved more than 95 percent of either of these two sulfides and 0.5 to 5 percent of the mercury sulfide present . Methods for recovering mercury and antimony from solution were electrodeposition of mercury followed by electrodeposition of antimony , aluminum precipitation of both mercury and antimony , or antimony precipitation of mercury followed by antimony electrodeposition . The method used in recovering the mercury depended on the mercury- antimony content of the solution being treated .Batch and continuous - circuit flotation , leaching , precipitation , and electrodeposition studies were made by the Bureau of Mines to determine optimum conditions for treatment of complex mercury - antimony sulfide and mercury- arsenic sulfide ores and concentrates . On the Red Devil ore sample over 95 percent of both the mercury and antimony sulfides were recovered in a flotation concentrate containing 35.6 percent mercury and 21.0 percent antimony . By selective flotation a mercury concentrate containing 71.0 percent mercury and 2.9 percent antimony was obtained with a mercury recovery of 90.4 percent . Leaching results show that , with 150 grams per liter of sodium sulfide and 50 grams per liter of sodium hydroxide , 95 to 99 percent of the mercury , antimony , and arsenic sulfides could be extracted from the concentrates treated . Sodium hydroxide reagent consumption was based on the sulfides generated in the dissolution of the sulfide minerals and on the method of metal recovery used . Selective leaching of the antimony and arsenic sulfides with potassium sulfide dissolved more than 95 percent of either of these two sulfides and 0.5 to 5 percent of the mercury sulfide present . Methods for recovering mercury and antimony from solution were electrodeposition of mercury followed by electrodeposition of antimony , aluminum precipitation of both mercury and antimony , or antimony precipitation of mercury followed by antimony electrodeposition . The method used in recovering the mercury depended on the mercury- antimony content of the solution being treated .

Jan 1, 1964