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By E. Mohammadi Zahrani

In this study, Mg-doped fluorapatite (Mg-FA) nanopowders were prepared through a sol-gel, technique and characterized. Designated degree of Mg2+ ions incorporation into the apatite structure was indicated by the x value in the general formula of (Ca10-xMgx (PO4)6F2), where x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1. XRD, AAS, FTIR and TEM techniques were utilized to characterize the synthesized nanopowders. In vitro bioactivity of the powders was evaluated in simulated body fluid. Powders had a crystallite size less than 100 nm. It was concluded that Mg-substitution could alter bioactivity and dissolution behaviour of Mg-FA. These two parameters were proportional to magnesium content of the powders.

Jan 1, 2010

By Alexander Smith

"The Silver Standard mine is 6 miles by road northwest of New Hazelton, B.C., a small town on the northern line of the Canadian National Railways some l 75 miles northeast of Prince Rupert. The deposits lie on the western slope of Glen Mountain (elevation 2,100 feet), with the main adit, mill, and campsite at 1,300 feet. The deposits were found in 1910, shortly after the area had been swept by forest fire and during a period of prospecting activity spurred by the construction of the railway. Crude ore only was shipped until 1918, when a 50-ton gravity mill was built which operated until 1922. Gross value of production of this period, at present metal prices, was about $1,000,000.In 1947 the present company was formed and a 50-ton flotation mill installed. Production from 1948 to 1955 has been in excess of $10,000,000, and net smelter returns about two-thirds of this amount. More than 60 per cent of the production and 80 per cent of the profit have come from one vein, No. 6. On the 1,300-foot level this vein had an ore section 375 feet long and 2.5 feet wide, averaging 0.18 ounces gold, 85 ounces silver, 10 per cent lead, and 16 per cent zinc.The mine workings follow a simple pattern. A series of parallel veins, striking northeast and dipping southeast, are numbered from 0 to 12, starting at the northwest. They lie within a zone trending south 70 degrees east, and the distance between Nos. 0 and 12 veins is about one mile. Recently several cross-veins, dipping northeast, have been found between Nos. 8 and 12. They are apparently of the same type as the others, though they may not have the same structural controls. They could be an important new source of ore.The mine has been developed principally by crosscut adits at the 1,500- and 1,300-foot levels and a 510-foot shaft with levels at I, 150, 1,000, ·and 850 feet. Drifts and crosscuts total 17,000 feet, chiefly on Nos. I, 4, 6, 7, and 8 veins. The drifts are stoped by shrinkage, top shrinkage rill, cut-and-fill with resuing, or open stope methods. The mill produces a lead-silver-gold-copper concentrate and a zinc concentrate, with indicated recovery of more than 96 per cent (4)."

Jan 1, 1949

By E. Rosseland

Glencore Nikkelverk is operating its Chlorine Leach Process in Kristiansand, Norway, producing nickel, copper and cobalt metals by electrowinning. The copper tankhouse, with an annual capacity of 40 000 tons, is based on traditional technology with copper starting sheets and cast lead anodes. Due to the integration of this copper sulphate process in a nickel chloride refinery, operating conditions are unique. In recent years, operating costs have escalated, and health, safety and environment are top priorities. Test work on a new copper process involving permanent cathodes was therefore initiated in 2007, and a pilot plant was started up in 2012. The objective was to introduce innovative technologies and tailor these to be robust in the Nikkelverk process, to form a basis for a new sustainable copper tankhouse with a high degree of automation. Key learnings from more than 10 years of R&D work is presented, focusing on cathode materials and copper metal deposition including product quality, robotic stripping, coated titanium anodes, electrode contacts and alignment, electrode current monitoring with Hatch HELM tracker technology and acid mist capture using cell hoods with off-gas scrubbing. The new copper tankhouse project was approved in December 2018, and commissioning is planned in 2022. INTRODUCTION The Kristiansand nickel refinery was started up in 1910, processing nickel-copper matte originating from Norwegian mines. It was the first industrial plant in the world to produce nickel by electrolysis using the Hybinette electrorefining process. After roasting to burn off sulphur in the matte, copper was leached and recovered as cathodes by electrowinning with lead anodes. In the first years, the copper cathodes were fire- refined and cast into ingots for sale (Thonstad Sandvik, 2004). The Nikkelverk refinery was acquired by Falconbridge Ltd. in 1929, and since then matte from Sudbury, Canada has been the main feed source. The Hybinette process was in operation until 1975 when conversion to the newly developed Chlorine Leach Process was started (Stensholt, Zachariasen, & Lund, 1986). In this process still used today, nickel and part of the copper in the matte is leached using chlorine gas generated on dimensionally stable anodes in the nickel and cobalt electrowinning tankhouses, as illustrated in Figure 1. The presence of dissolved copper ions in the strong chloride leach solution is essential for effective chlorine absorption and nickel dissolution. To improve copper-nickel separation, slurry from the atmospheric leach is pumped to autoclaves and then to cementation tanks for precipitation of copper as copper sulphide, which is collected in filter presses. The leach residue, also containing the precious metals, goes through a 3-stage wash to remove chlorides before being introduced as a slurry to fluid-bed roasters for sulphur removal. The resulting calcine is then leached in spent electrolyte from the copper electrowinning tankhouse, to dissolve most of the copper and also some nickel, cobalt and other elements. After separation of the leach residue, elements like Bi, Te, As and Ag are removed from the strong copper sulphate solution by reaction with metallic copper in three columns in series filled with cut copper cathodes. The purified solution then passes polishing filters before being mixed with spent electrolyte and returned to the electrowinning cells.

Jan 1, 2019

By F. Prescott, D. Hiam-Galvez, J. Hiam

Mines are frequently located in remote areas with little conventional employment and few opportunities for the existing population. The development and operation of the mines results in several years of intense activity followed by a near-complete reduction in employment and opportunities after the mines are closed. Designing Sustainable Prosperity (DSP) is a method for rectifying this situation by designing for long-term growth in areas that host mines. This process involves the participation of local and national governments, local community, mining companies, investors, academics and those with sector expertise. The mines will be the catalyst for regional sustainable development. If successful, long-term economic and environmental prosperity should be the result for the areas affected by mining and, in some instances, promoting the regions as centres of excellence for a particular industry. This paper will describe how the concept works using the copper producing region of Peru and Chile as an example. Designing sustainable prosperity starts by looking at regions based on the natural resources and skills available, the infrastructure and possible energy sources. Integrated natural resource models and innovative market studies, followed by education and skills requirements, are then established to determine the potential for the region and what needs to be done to realise the possibilities. INTRODUCTION Industry 4.0, or i4.0, dubs the fourth and current industrial revolution. Where previously they have been founded on ever-increasing consumption and production, i4.0 distinguishes itself by its partial focus on reducing resource intensity; lightweighting, energy efficiency, sensors and automation to improve resource efficiency. Industry 4.0 is an era of artificial intelligence, genome editing, biometrics, renewable energy, 3D printing, autonomous vehicles and the Internet of Things (Lu, 2017). These drivers represent key opportunities for the economic future of nations and regions.

Jan 1, 2019

By K. M. Deen, E. Asselin

Hydrometallurgical processes, i.e., Cu extraction from a mineral concentrate and Zn electrowinning, are coupled in a battery-like system. A naturally-sourced CuFeS2 concentrate mixed with activated carbon is used as a positive slurry electrode separated by a membrane from the negative compartment. The Zn is deposited on the negative Al current collector from the circulating solution containing 100 g L–1 Zn2+ in 0.2 M H2SO4. In this battery-like system, both CuFeS2 oxidation and Zn deposition are possible during the charging cycle. The additional benefit of this setup is the energy storage if discharged by re-dissolving the Zn in the negative compartment. Cyclic charge/discharge testing revealed oxidation of the mineral concentrate supported by the Zn2+/Zn redox reaction. The coulombic and energy efficiencies increased monotonically to 95.6% and 43%, respectively, with approximately 7% Cu extraction during the first 10 charge/discharge cycles (completed in 2.4 hours). The discharge energy density also increased from 2.7 to 36.2 mWh L–1. In the following 90 cycles, the low energy (~14%) and coulombic (~33%) efficiencies that were obtained confirmed the progress of irreversible reactions e.g. Cu extraction from the mineral concentrate. Overall, approximately 16% Cu was extracted from the mineral concentrate over 100 charge/discharge cycles (or about 12.2 hours). INTRODUCTION Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is the main economic copper-bearing mineral, which is generally processed through pyro-metallurgical methods to produce Cu. However, environmental challenges with smelting, depletion of high-grade ores and a large number of impurities (some toxic) have resulted in continued research aimed at the development of hydrometallurgical technologies to process CuFeS2. There are a number of different proposed hydrometallurgical routes in the literature to treat CuFeS2 concentrates, but only a few have attained commercial acceptance (Dreisinger, 2006). Zn is another commercially important metal that is mainly produced via acid leaching of roasted sphalerite (ZnS). The pregnant leach solution is rigorously purified to remove all the soluble metal impurities, particularly those that are electrochemically more noble than Zn and present large kinetic activity towards H2 evolution (Hu & Piron, 1992; Mackinnon, Brannen, & Fenn, 1987; Mureşan, Maurin, Oniciu, & Gaga, 1996). Metal impurities such as Cu, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb, Sb, As, Ge and Fe etc., if they exist in the leach liquor beyond the tolerance limits, can decrease the current efficiency during electrowinning and deteriorate the deposit quality (Alfantazi & Dreisinger, 2001). A complete flow sheet, describing the process steps of Zn metal production from mine site to pure metal is presented elsewhere (Brown, Meisenhelder, & Yao, 1983).

Jan 1, 2019

By Z. Tang

A collaborative project was performed between NRC Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation and MagPower Systems Inc, to develop a cost effective fabrication process to manufacture the anode for magnesium-air fuel cell with improved performance. A novel fabrication process was developed, which resulted in a porous microstructure with increased surface area, instead of the traditional solid structure. This porous anode greatly increased power density in the magnesium-air power source. This fabrication process is very simple and cost effective. Especially, this process makes it convenient to incorporate different alloying additions, as well as hydrogen inhibitor and electrolyte management additive into the anode. The anode composition was designed so that micro galvanic cells were formed as current is drawn out of the fuel cell, and resulting increased dissolution rate of Mg. It is feasible to incorporate hydrogen inhibitor and electrolyte management additive into the porous anode, and the anode with some kinds of inhibitors exhibited improved electrochemical performance. This paper describes the microstructure and electrochemical performance of anodes with designated porous structure and alloying additions. Furthermore, quantitative kinetics analysis of the obtained I-V curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were carried out to clarify the mechanism.

Jan 1, 2005

By M. Kataoka, Y. Obara

It is known that compressive strength and tensile strength of rocks vary significantly with specimen size. Rocks are composed of crystals and grains in a fabric that includes flaws such as microcracks, grain boundaries and pores. As the likelihood of including severer flaws becomes greater for a larger specimen, the strengths are small. On the other hand, the size effect in the fracture toughness of rocks has not been made clear until now because there are few studies focused on it. In this paper, Semi- Circular Bend (SCB) test was performed using Kimachi sandstone with various specimen sizes. A shape of the specimen is a semi-circular disc with an artificial notch. The specimens were prepared with various thickness t and radius r as the following two groups; t was changed from 10 to 37.5 mm with r = 37.5 mm in the specimen of group (a), and r was changed from 12.5 to 150 mm with t/r = 0.8 in the specimen of group (b). As a result, there was no significant change in the fracture toughness with different t. On the other hand, the fracture toughness increased with increasing r and converged on a certain constant value in a range larger than approximately 70 mm of r. Consequently it was clear that the size effect in the fracture toughness of the sandstone exists.

Jan 1, 2015

By E. A. Cleveland

A glance at the map discloses the fact that the Pacific Great Eastern railway either traverses or crosses some of the most important rivers of the province: the Squamish with its branches the Stawamus, Mamquam and Cheakamus; and the Green, Lillooet, Birkenhead, Fraser and Quesnel rivers. Each of these and some of their tributary streams, having their ?sources and upper reaches in the higher altitudes in regions of abundant snowfall, is capable in greater or less degree of furnishing water under suitable heads for the economic production of power. Beginning at its present terminus at Squamish the railway has the only hydro-electric development within its territory among the whole list of streams mentioned. A 225 horsepower installation at the edge of the East branch of the Squamish river, using water from Stawamus river, a branch of the former, under a head of 418 feet, is a modest beginning. Two or three additional sites, where water may be used under somewhat similar heads, may be found on this little stream. Next above Squamish, along the route of the railway, is the Mamquam, a long tributary of the Squamish from the eastern slopes. It has a drainage area of something like 130 square miles with widely varying discharges of from less than 50 to about 14,000 cubic feet per second. The preliminary investigations so far have disclosed no suitable storage sites, so the Mamquam may be regarded as a small continuous power stream - probably less than 1000 horsepower.

Jan 1, 1925

By Ju-hyung Ha

New automated curing system for mass concrete has been developed to improve the quality of concrete structure and to save construction time and cost. The principle of this system is the automated water circulation system of heated curing water. Applied curing water on the surface of mass concrete keeps the temperature difference between center and surface of the structure below the threshold of specification. Mock-up test and field application have been conducted to investigate the performance of this system. In the results, new automated curing system reduced the chance of thermal crack occurrence and improved quality of the concrete structure as well.

Aug 1, 2013

By T. Sakai

Present authors have succeeded in single pass large draught rolling of AZ31 and ZK60A magnesium alloy sheets below 200 °C without heating rolls by raising rolling speed above 1000 m/min. Heavy reduction larger than 60% can be applied by single pass high speed rolling even at room temperature. The rolled sheets showed fine recrystallized microstructure by dynamic recrystallization. The improvement of workability at lower rolling temperature is due to temperature rise by plastic working. In high speed rolling, almost all of the work done by plastic deformation is converted into the heat that raises the temperature of the sheet during rolling because the heat did not flow out of the sheet by conduction and radiation within very short time.

Jan 1, 2006

The most expensive unit operation in the beneficiation of ores is grinding. The correct design of the grinding circuit is crucial to prevent unnecessary use of energy. Proper design and evaluation of SAG grinding circuits require the specific grinding energy, which is determined experimentally. The most common tests in SAG grinding are the Drop Weight Test, from the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Center (JKMRC) in Australia, and the SAG Power Index, from MinnovEX Technologies in Canada. The application of these tests to the same ore sample commonly produces different results. The work reported here aims at comparing the application of these two tests in the determination of the specific grinding energy for sulfide copper ores from Sequeirinho and Sossego deposits, Sossego Project, Companhia Vale do Rio Doce - CVRD, in Para state, Brazil.

Jan 1, 2007

By Juan Asalgado

The JORC and NI43-101 codes impose that mineralized material has a reasonable prospect of economical extraction to be classified as Mineral Resource. For deposits close to surface and amenable to open pit mining, it is easy to show reasonable prospect of economic extraction running a Lerch-Grossman optimization. The Lerch-Grossman pit provides a transparent and repeatable way of separating the Mineral Resource (within the pit) from the remainder of the mineral inventory (outside the pit). Deposits amenable to underground mining are more challenging because of the variety of the underground methods. AMEC developed a stand-alone software package that outlines the material which has reasonable prospect of economic extraction for open stoping, block caving, sublevel caving and room and pillar. The software takes a block model file in ASCII and exports a 3D surface outlining the part of the mineralization that has a reasonable prospect of economic extraction, and which the Qualified Person can smooth out manually if required.

Oct 1, 2009

By P. W. A Severin

"The Sturgeon Lake deposit, a partly eroded lens of massive sulphides with an underlying sulphide stringer zone, is one of five orebodies that occur in the Sturgeon Lake area of northwestern Ontario within volcaniclastic rocks of the Archean Wabigoon Subprovince in the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield.The Sturgeon Lake Cu-Zn-Pb-A g-Au deposit was discovered in October 1970 as a result of an I.P. survey. Production from this open-pit mine began in March 1974 and continued until the ore was exhausted in March 1980.The Sturgeon Lake property is underlain by basaltic volcanics, minor amounts of mafic lapilli tuff and rhyolite volcaniclastics. A quartz crystal-bearing rhyolite occurs at the top of the felsic volcaniclastics and is ""capped"" by the Sturgeon Lake massive sulphide deposit. The felsic volcanics have been intruded by a crudely layered sill-like, carbonatized mafic intrusion. Recent work suggests that the felsic rocks that underlie the Sturgeon Lake deposit are lateral equivalents of those in the vicinity of the Mattabi Mine and are not correlative with the dacitic volcaniclastics that underlie the Lyon Lake and Creek Zone deposits. Hydrothermal processes that resulted in the formation of the Sturgeon Lake orebody have resulted in a depletion of Na2O, CaO and FeO and an increase in MgO, K2O, copper and zinc. In the vicinity of the sulphide stringer zone, the rhyolites are ""bleached"" due to silicification and sericitization. The rocks lying immediately below the massive sulphides are locally strongly chloritic.The Sturgeon Lake deposit may have formed on a top ographic high which prevented mafic flows and dacitic volcaniclastics that underlie the Lyon Lake and Creek Zone deposits from inundating the Sturgeon Lake fumarolic vent from the west. Continued or resurgent activity from the Sturgeon Lake fumarole may have resulted in the formation of the Lyon Lake and Creek Zones as more ""distal "" deposits in topographic lows. The Sturgeon Lake, Lyon Lake and Creek Zone deposits were subsequently overlain by mafic tuffs and flows."

Jan 1, 1982

By J. B. Hamilton

The advantages of generating and distributing electrical energy direct from the coal-fields so closely affects the mining industry that a few remarks on the unbalanced phases of coal distribution is worthy of attention. The value of coal imported into Canada from 1912 to 1921 exceeded the sum of $580,000,000. In 1922 Ontario imported 1,640,000 tons of anthracite and 9,440,000 tons of bituminous coal. I submit that the use of Saskatchewan lignite in an electrical super-power plant equipped for the carbonizing of coal, and disposal of excess gases would be the commencement of a solution of the fuel shortage in Ontario. As Saskatchewan becomes more and more populated and manufacturing increases, the amount of by-product carbonized fuel available for shipment to Ontario will increase, and its shipment to that province would decrease the trade deficit of the national balance sheet. If and when this is carried out it will mean a better and wider market for Alberta fuels in Saskatchewan and Manitoba.

Jan 1, 1924

By David E. Pearson

"Western Canadian coking coals are located in the Rocky Mountains arid foothills of British Columbia and Alberta. They are typical of non-marine coals, characterized by total sulphur contents of less than one per cent and with ash contents of 10-30 weight per cent. This mineral matter is composed principally of kaolinite and quartz.The petrographic compositions of most of the coking coals which constitute the 2.065 billion tonnes of British Columbia's measured reserves, and the compositions of the metallurgical coal currently exported from Alberta, show them to be rich in the inertinite macerals, macrinite, fusinite and semifusinite. When the mean maximum reflectance of vitrinite in oil/Romax) is used as the coal rank parameter, this high inertinite content is reflected in the lower volatile-matter yields, but the relatively inert character is also displayed by lower free swelling indices (PSI), lower maximum dilatations, lower maximum fluidities and lower coke strengths than other coals of the same rank, but richer in the reactive macerals, vitrinite, exinite and semifusinite. Despite these reduced values in the so-called caking tests, inertinite-rich coals produce strong coke.A system of classification of coking coals is introduced which is based on rank, as indicated by Ro max, and either petrographic composition, maximum dilatation, maximum fluidity or, to a lesser extent, PSI and volatile-matter yield. Six principal coal groups can be distinguished among coking coals using this versatile classification. Inertinite-rich coals are assigned to the Keystone Group (GI), Balmer Group (G3) or Moura Group (G4), each group being named for a coal typical of that population ofcoals. Reactive-rich coals are assigned to the Pittston Group (G2), Kellerman Group (G5) or Big Ben Group (G6). A multiple-regression analysis of coal quality versus price shows how the value of coking coal in the Japanese market appears to be related to reflectance and the free swelling index, and confirms the economic viability of the classification.British Columbia's measured reserves of coking coal contain representatives of four of these groups; Balmer Group (73%), Moura Group (/6%), Pittston Group (3.4%) and Kellerman Group (7.6%).This analysis of the quality of Western Canadian coking coal indicates that despite the need for large proportions of inertinite-rich coking coal in blends produced in the Japanese steel industry, there is nevertheless a demonstrated overabundance of Balmer Group and Moura Group coals available to the international coking coal market."

Jan 1, 1980

By E. A. Rychkun

"For the last 700years of recorded economic history, man has been subjected to alternating inflationary and deflationary patterns. Through this period of time, a severe deflationary pattern has developed approximately every 55 years, creating 12recordable occurrences. Through the last two centuries, this severe deflationary phenomenon has come to be known as a depression. As these depressions have repeated themselves regularly, they are cyclic. This in turn leads to the question of whether the 13th cycle will also repeat itself in the form of a depression. As this cycle is now 51 years old, we must consider the possibility at about 1984.In analyzing a 700-year record of consumer prices in Southern England, the 55-year cycle appears to vary in shape and intensity. This varying phenomenon is due to the effect of longer cycles upon which each one ""rides "". Because each cycle effectively rides on the next largest, which in turn rides on the next largest and so on, the combined measured effect of all cycles together at any point in time is always unique. This means that anyone cycle can never repeat itself in an exact identical manner. The combined effect therefore is what we observe in the form of prices and, as cycles interact, variations in deflation are produced . The ""science"" of economics attempts to quantify and develop theory on situations which are never identical and hence can be conservatively classified as a useless predictive tool.This means that more unconventional approaches may be required to predict our economic future. In looking at previous depression cycles, it is possible to recognize similarities in human behaviour patterns and hence the resulting economic movements. These behaviour patterns create major events or influencing factors which set the scene for a major deflationary condition. The way in which these factors occur, however, is not predictable. As more and more of these similar events are identified in each cycle, we can increase our confidence on the probability of the last event occurring (a depression). By also unravelling the set of larger cycles, we can determine the potential combined effect at any point in the future.This paper presents a system of cycles ranging from 800 years to 3 years which appear to operate in our economic system. By so doing, a long-term projection into the next century can be made. Finally, the paper deals with the main controlling similarities within the depression cycle, to show that a comparison with our current cycle implies that a major deflationary collapse in the mid 1980's is virtualy inevitable."

Jan 1, 1980

By Y. Wang

In this study, homogeneous (unseeded) precipitation of nesquehonite (MgCO3.3H20) by the reaction of MgC12 with (NH4)2CO3 in supersaturated solutions at 30 °C was investigated. Factors which influence the precipitation of MgCO3.3H20, such as initial concentration, temperature, stirring speed, titration speed, equilibration time, have been studied. SEM images show that the initial concentration and titration speed have significant effect on nesquehonite's crystal morphology and particle size. In addition, stirring speed and equilibration time also have some influence on its properties. With the optimization of operating conditions, the crystals can grow up to a length of about 40µm and a width of 5µm, indicating good filtration properties. High purity nesquehonite obtained in this study was calcined to produce highly pure MgO at 800 °C as shown by XRD results. The novel process may be used to separate Mg and Li from high Mg/Li ratio brines in Qinghai, China.

Jan 1, 2007

By T H. Clark, R P. Doig, V. A. Saull, R B. Butler

Terrestrial heat flow has been determined for four boreholes in the Montreal area. The mean value of the results (uncorrected for glacial effects) is 0.790 ± 0.053 x 10-6 cal/ cm2/sec (95 per cent confidence limits). Thermal gradients were determined using a thermistor probe and d-c bridge, and also by a new method using a probe-contained phase-shift oscillator, the output frequency of the oscillator being a function of probe temperature. Thermal conductivity determinations were made on core from the boreholes, using a divided bar apparatus. INTRODUCTION T HIS paper concerns the terrestrial heat flow in the St. Lawrence lowland of Quebec, as determined from measurements on four of the numerous boreholes drilled in this region for gas and oil. The work has been supported by Geological Survey of Canada Re-search Grant 3-58, awarded to T. H. Clark and V. A. Saull. This sup-port is hereby gratefully acknowledged.

Jan 1, 1962

By M. Seyed Ahmadi

This study investigates the role of nitrogen gas injection in the dissolution rate of Si into liquid Al. A unique revolving liquid metal tank was used, with a capacity of 50 kg of liquid Al. Experiments without gas injection have shown that the dissolution of Si increases as the bath superheat and the tangential velocity of the liquid Al increase. When injecting nitrogen gas at flow rates between 0-5 lit/min in the vicinity of the solid Si, results so far clearly show greater dissolution. In addition, results on the role of the gas flow rate relative to the position of the nozzle are presented and analyzed.

Jan 1, 2011

By D. M. Baird

Copper mineralization occurs at several places along the shore of Notre Dame bay, Newfoundland, and at one time formed the basis of a considerable mining industry. The sources of the mineralizing solutions and the structural settings of some of the deposits have not been clearly understood. This paper reports new investigations into the origin and structure of the deposits between Bett's cove and Stocking harbour, in a strip about ten miles long and two miles wide along the western shore of Notre Dame bay. The most complete previous descriptions of the area are those of Snelgrove (1929, 1931, 1938), Douglas, Williams and Rove (1940), and the writer (1947). The discovery of the Bett's Cove deposits took place about 1860, soon after the discovery of the well-known Tilt Cove deposits to the north. Several other small prospects were found between Bett's cove and Stocking harbour between 1880 and 1910. At Bett's cove, active mining began in 1875 and a small smelting plant was built near the mine in 1877. .Mining operations came to an abrupt halt in 1883 after a major cave-in. In 1900, and again in 1906, attempts were made to drain the old workings and reopen the mine but were abandoned long before completion. Total production amounted to about 130,000 tons of hand-picked copper ore which averaged about ten per cent copper, and 2,450 tons of pyrite (Snelgrove, 1938, pp. 52-55).

Jan 1, 1948