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Jan 1, 1903

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page 1 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?71 1 3 2 Bethlehem, Pa August, ?71 1 10 3 Troy, N Y November, ?71 1 13 4 Philadelphia, Pa February, ?72 1 17 5 New York, N Y May, ?72 1 20 6 Pittsburg, Pa October, ?72 1 25 7 Boston, Mass February, ?73 1 28 8 Philadelphia, Pa May, ?73 2 3 9 Easton, Pa October, ?73 2 7 10 New York, N Y February, ?74 211 11 St Louis, Mo May, ?74 3 3 12 Hazleton, Pa October, ?74 3 8 13 New Haven, Conn February, ?75 3 15 14 Dover, N J May, ?75 4 3 15 Cleveland, 0 October, ?75 4 9 16 Washington, D C February, ?76 4 18 17 Philadelphia, Pat June, ?76, 5 3 18 Philadelphia, Pa October, ?76 5 9 19 New York, N Y February, ?77 5 27 20 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?77 6 3 21 Amenia, N Y October, ?77 6 10 22 Philadelphia, Pa. May, ?78 6 18 23 Chattanooga, Tenn May ?78 7 3 24 Lake George, N.Y. Oct. ?78 7 25 Baltimore, Md. Feb. ?79 7 26 Pittsburgh Pa, May ?79 8 28 Montreal, Canada Sept, ?79 8 29 New York, N.Y. Feb, ?80 9

Jan 1, 1923

By H. O. Hoffman, C. D. Demond

There are two methods of determining the fusibility or refractoriness of fire-clays, the theoretical and the experimental. In the former, conclusions are drawn from the chemical composition; in the latter, from the changes which the clay undergoes when subjeoted to intense heat. It is well to use both methods, beginning with the actual heat-test and explaining the results obtained from this by the help of the chemical analysis. In discussing the subject, however, it is better to reverse this order. I. The Theoretical Method.* Leaving out the hygroscopic and combined waters and any organic matter, as not directly affecting the fire-resisting property, the refractory constituents of fire-clay are alumina and silica, and the fluxing constituents magnesia, lime, soda, potash and ferric oxide. According to Bischof,† alumina is the least fusible component, and silica follows close upon it. If, however, a mixture of the two be heated, it will be found that its melting-point is much lower than that of alumina, as a silicate will then have been formed. The way in which silica affects the refractoriness of alumina has been strikingly presented by Seger 1 in a diagram reproduced in Fig. 1. The abscissæ represent the melting-points of Seger cones Nos. 26 to 36 (see p. 55); the ordinates, the relative amounts of alumina and

Jan 1, 1895

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION TO OCTOBER, 1904 Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page 1 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?71 1 3 2 Bethlehem, Pa August, ?71 1 10 3 Troy, N Y November, ?71 1 13 4 Philadelphia, Pa February, ?72 1 17 5 New York, N Y May, ?72 1 20 6 Pittsburg, Pa October, ?72 1 25 7 Boston, Mass February, ?73 1 28 8 Philadelphia, Pa May, ?73 2 3 9 Easton, Pa October, ?73 2 7 10 New York, N Y February, ?74 211 11 St Louis, Mo May, ?74 3 3 12 Hazleton, Pa October, ?74 3 8 13 New Haven, Conn February, ?75 3 15 14 Dover, N J May, ?75 4 3 15 Cleveland, 0 October, ?75 4 9 16 Washington, D C February, ?76 4 18 17 Philadelphia, Pat June, ?76, 5 3 18 Philadelphia, Pa October, ?76 5 9 19 New York, N Y February, ?77 5 27 20 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?77 6 3 21 Amenia, N Y October, ?77 6 10 22 Philadelphia, Pa. May, ?78 6 18 23 Chattanooga, Tenn May ?78 7 3 24 Lake George, N.Y. Oct. ?78 7 25 Baltimore, Md. Feb. ?79 7 26 Pittsburgh Pa, May ?79 8

Jan 1, 1923

By H. W. McCue, Henry Rogatz

Oil.—In the Texas Panhandle, 502 oil wells were drilled during the year 1940, with a total daily initial production of 139,187 bb1.—that is, 137 more oil wells drilled than in the previous year, with an increase in total daily initial production of 8219 bbl. The total daily potential of the field on Dec. 31, 1940, as determined by the Texas Railroad Commission, was 1,375,502 bbl., an increase of 30,825 bbl. over the previous year. On Dec. 31,1940, a daily allowable of 85,050 bbl., which was a decrease of 35 per cent over 1939, was assigned to the field to be produced from 4788 wells. The total amount of oil produced for the year was 26,788,590 bbl., making a cumulative total of 378,960,728 bbl. during the past 19 years. No new oil-producing acreage was discovered. Gas.—During the year, 92 gas wells were drilled, having a combined open flow of 2,402,900.000 CU. ft.; that is, 6 more than the number of wells drilled in 1939, with an increase in the open flow of 204,900,000 cu. ft. per day. The gas production for the year was 670,435,112,000 CU. ft., and the total gas removed from thc ground during

Jan 1, 1941

By Henry Rogatz, H. W. McCue

Oil.—In the Texas Panhandle, 502 oil wells were drilled during the year 1940, with a total daily initial production of 139,187 bb1.—that is, 137 more oil wells drilled than in the previous year, with an increase in total daily initial production of 8219 bbl. The total daily potential of the field on Dec. 31, 1940, as determined by the Texas Railroad Commission, was 1,375,502 bbl., an increase of 30,825 bbl. over the previous year. On Dec. 31,1940, a daily allowable of 85,050 bbl., which was a decrease of 35 per cent over 1939, was assigned to the field to be produced from 4788 wells. The total amount of oil produced for the year was 26,788,590 bbl., making a cumulative total of 378,960,728 bbl. during the past 19 years. No new oil-producing acreage was discovered. Gas.—During the year, 92 gas wells were drilled, having a combined open flow of 2,402,900.000 CU. ft.; that is, 6 more than the number of wells drilled in 1939, with an increase in the open flow of 204,900,000 cu. ft. per day. The gas production for the year was 670,435,112,000 CU. ft., and the total gas removed from thc ground during

Jan 1, 1941

ALEXANDER BRYDEN Alexander Bryden, clean of engineers in the anthracite mining field, and a member of the pioneer Pittston family, was claimed by death Wednesday, September 26, 1917. The announcement was not a surprise, as he had been in a critical condition for several days. Mr. Bryden had been in failing health for a year past, but his indomitable will kept him at his accustomed duties until quite recently. Two weeks before his death he attended the regular weekly meeting of the Board of Directors of the Miners' Savings Bank in Pittston, Pa. At that time he apparently felt that his end was fast approaching, as he bade farewell to his associates on the bank board. Until a few days before the end, he continued to give attention to business matters at his home, in preparation for the end, which he met unflinchingly. In the passing of Mr. Bryden, northeastern Pennsylvania loses one of the best-known mining engineers, and the community, a man who, throughout his long life, was actively interested in its social welfare and business prosperity. He was for many years prominent in the management of the mining operations of the Pennsylvania Coal Co., and at the time of his death held the position of consulting engineer of the Pennsylvania and Hillside Coal. Companies.

Jan 12, 1917

By Milton F. Goodrich

The idea of using water-only cyclones to scalp clean coal from the feed to other devices has recently been gaining in popularity.l,2,6 An indication of this popularity is that water- only cyclone scalping is already employed in a few commercial plants. Water-only cyclones scalp the feed to a heavy media vessel in the Warwick plant,3 to Deister tables in the Rowland plant,4 and to a heavy media cyclone circuit in the Amherst Coal Company's McGregor plant.5 Despite this trend, we found surprisingly little information in the literature on the performance of water-only cyclone scalping. Therefore, we undertook a study of its technical merits, limiting our investigation to a water-only cyclone scalper in conjunction with heavy-media cyclones. We felt this to be a reasonable combination of equipment, since both processes operate well on the same size coal. First, we developed simple mathematical relationships revealing general characteristics of the system. Next, we compared the clean coal yield and quality obtainable by the system on four different coals with that obtainable by heavy-media cyclone circuit alone and water-only cyclones middlings recirculation circuit alone. This was done by using computer program to simulate the operation of the three systems. Finally, we considered the effect that implementation of the system would have on a typical preparation plant circuit.

Jan 10, 1978

By R. W. Smith

It is well known that certain silicates such as the feldspars and beryl can be readily floated from quartz at a low pH value using a long chain cationic collector in the presence of a fluoride.1-3 However, the mechanism whereby the fluoride activates feldspars and beryl is not known. Indeed, only a few authors have even speculated about possible mechanisms.1,3,4 As a first approach to the problem, it is perhaps best to look closely at the interesting character of hydrofluoric acid and how it dissolves silica and silicic acid. Hydrofluoric acid, unlike hydrochloric acid, is a weak acid with a dissociation constant of about 3.53 x 10-4 at 25°C.5 The reason for the weak acidic character of HF lies in the very small size of the fluoride ion.6 The pKa value is 3.45 which means that at pH 3.45 half the HF is present in molecular form and half in ionic form. The anion present is probably HF2.-6 At pH values below the pKa value, molecular concentration increases rapidly at the expense of the HF2- anion. It is known that HF readily attacks glass, silicates, quartz and silicic acid. The equation usually cited pertaining to the first step in HF attack of silica is6-'

Jan 1, 1965

TULSA SECTION At the smoker concluding the two day meeting of the Tulsa section of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Tulsa, Okla., Feb. 26, 1919, Dr. Willis T. Lee, the new head of the Geological Department of the University of Oklahoma, was introduced to the assembled geologists and mining engineers. Dr. Lee requested that the geologists and engineers who were making a specialty of petroleum geology assist him in giving a good course in practical oil geology in the Geological Department of the University. After a motion offering the services of all present in giving lectures on their special subjects had been adopted, Dr. Perrine of Hutchinson, Kans., named the geologists who were pledged to give lectures in Dr. Lee's course. The students in geology at Norman are assured of the latest information regarding practical work in petroleum geology and will have the inspiration derived from contact with men who are actually at work upon the problems which they are studying. Dr. Lee and President Brooks of the University are to be congratulated upon the introduction of this .method of instruction. The plan thus put into operation is similar to the graduate system of coaching in athletics followed at many of the large universities; what is good for instruction in athletics should also prove good for instruction in applied geology.

Jan 6, 1919

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION TO OCTOBER, 1904 Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page 1 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?71 1 3 2 Bethlehem, Pa August, ?71 1 10 3 Troy, N Y November, ?71 1 13 4 Philadelphia, Pa February, ?72 1 17 5 New York, N Y May, ?72 1 20 6 Pittsburg, Pa October, ?72 1 25 7 Boston, Mass February, ?73 1 28 8 Philadelphia, Pa May, ?73 2 3 9 Easton, Pa October, ?73 2 7 10 New York, N Y February, ?74 211 11 St Louis, Mo May, ?74 3 3 12 Hazleton, Pa October, ?74 3 8 13 New Haven, Conn February, ?75 3 15 14 Dover, N J May, ?75 4 3 15 Cleveland, 0 October, ?75 4 9 16 Washington, D C February, ?76 4 18 17 Philadelphia, Pat June, ?76, 5 3 18 Philadelphia, Pa October, ?76 5 9 19 New York, N Y February, ?77 5 27 20 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?77 6 3 21 Amenia, N Y October, ?77 6 10 22 Philadelphia, Pa. May, ?78 6 18 23 Chattanooga, Tenn May ?78 7 3 24 Lake George, N.Y. Oct. ?78 7 25 Baltimore, Md. Feb. ?79 7 26 Pittsburgh Pa, May ?79 8 28 Montreal, Canada Sept, ?79 8

Jan 1, 1923

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa' May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Y Nov., '71.. 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y.' May, '72.. 1 8. Pittsburgh, Pa Oct., '72.. 1 7. Boston, Maas Feb., '73.. 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa." May, '73.. 2 9. Easton, Pa Oct., '73.. 2 10. New York, N. Y Feb.. '74.. 2 11. St. Louis, Mo.* May, '74.. 3 12. Hazleton, Pa Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn Feb., '75.. 3 14. Dover, N. J. ? May, '75.. 4 15. Cleveland, 0 Oct., '75.. 4 16. Washington, D. C Feb., '76.. 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa.} June, '76.. 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa Oct., '76.. 5 19. New York, N. Y Feb., '77.. 5 20. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. ? May, '77.. 8 21. Amenia, N. Y Oct., '77, . 6 22. Philadelphia, Pa Feb., '78:. 6 23. Chattanooga, Tenn.*...May, '78'.. 7 24. Lake George, N. Y Oct., '78.. 7 25. Baltimore, Md.* Feb., '79.. 7 26. Pittsburgh, Pa Mayo '79.. 8 27. Montreal, Canada Sept., '79., 8 28, New York, N. Y.? Feb., 'SO.. 8 29. Lake Superior, Mich. ..Aug., '80.. 9 30. Philadelphia, Pa.' Feb., '81.. 9 31. Staunton, Va May, '81..10 32. Harrisburg, Pa Oct., '81..10 33. Washington, D. C.? ....Feb., '82..10 34. Denver, Colo Aug., '82..11

Jan 1, 1928

By H. B. Menardi

THE history, geology, ore deposits and current mining operations of the Huitzuco district have been described by C. W. Vaupell1 and the current mill operations by David Segura.2 This paper completes the story of Huitzuco with a description of the reduction of the flotation concentrates. The predominant ore mineral in the Huitzuco deposit is livingstonite, a rare, mercury-antimony sulphide (HgS.2Sb2S3). Other associated minerals include cinnabar, stibnite and elemental sulphur. The gangue is largely limestone and gypsum. Former operators mined a selected grade of ore, from which the mercury was recovered by an expensive, inefficient operation. A consid-erable tonnage of rejects and fills, carrying mercury and antimony, was left in the mine. In order to recover both mercury and antimony from these fills and also from newly developed ore, a combination method has been developed, by means of which the livingstonite is concentrated by flotation and the flotation concentrates subsequently reduced to metallic mercury and antimony. An essential part of the flotation treatment, as developed by Segura, is the use of copper sulphate as an activating agent. A typical analysis of concentrates now being produced at the property is as follows: Hg, 7.73 per cent; Sb, 26.40; Fe, 1.20; S, 29.68; CaO, 11.50; MgO, 7.25; Si02, 1.63; A1203, 0.65.

Jan 1, 1939

By T. W. Beck

Roof bolter occupations in underground coal mines continue to experience overexposure to respirable dust. One potential source of dust in roof bolting operations is the exhaust from the roof bolter dust collection system. A wet exhaust conditioner (water box) has been developed to reduce dust emissions from the exhaust of the vacuum dust collection system on roof bolting machines. The exhaust conditioner consists of a muffler chamber and a water chamber with four internal partitions to direct airflow over the surface of the water. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health conducted a series of laboratory tests to assess the respirable dust capture ability of this device as compared to the standard exhaust muffler. To determine the dust collection efficiency, both devices were placed in the exhaust stream of a simulated roof bolter dust collection system. Gravimetric samplers were operated upstream and downstream of the exhaust conditioner and muffler to evaluate the ability to capture both respirable coal and limestone dust. Researchers observed a 41 % reduction in dust concentrations for the water exhaust conditioner in the laboratory configuration. Significant levels of dust deposition in the sampling chambers may have contributed to this effective capture rate.

Jan 1, 2012

By William F. Boericke

THE Christy Creek clay mine of the General Refractories Co., in the Olive Hill District, ranks with the most important producers in the north-eastern Kentucky fire clay field, both from production of high-grade flint clay, as well as unusual extent and thickness of deposit. The property is but one of a number controlled by the General Refractories Co. in this district, but is given first consideration among them by the operating staff. Its total area is over 5000 acres, owned in fee or by lease of clay mining rights, and although mining operations have been in progress for over five years, scarcely one per cent of the ground has been worked as yet. The mine is near the southwestern end of the clay field, which extends in a belt 12 miles wide and 55 miles long, in a southwestern direction from Kenova, W. Va., which, as the name indicates, is at the junction of Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia. Olive Hill, where there is one of the l1Ulin plants of the General Refractories Co., and to which the clay from the mine is shipped, is about 26 miles distant from the mine. Connection is made with the Chesapeake & Ohio R. R. by a spur line . 8 miles in length, owned and operated by the company.

Jan 1, 1929

By JAMES BRADLEY

THE Spanish mine is in Nevada County, California, 21 miles northeast of Nevada City by road, and 3 miles north of the town of Washington. The mill and surface buildings are on Poorman's Creek at an ele¬vation of 3,000 ft. About 35 men are employed at the property, which is producing 50 tons of ore per day. Electric power, purchased from the Pacific Gas and Electric Co., is brought in from Alleghany, seven miles away. In the early days the mine was operated by F. W. and P. R. Bradley. Between 1883 and 1899 the production was approximately $900,0)0 in gold. The ore treated during; that time yielded an average of 60 cents per ton and was mined and milled at a profit. The surface, oxidized, ore deposit was 30 to 100 ft. wide and was mined by the glory-hole method. The milling-plant at first consisted of a Blake crusher an-1 a small Huntington mill; later three large Huntington mills were added to the plant. In 1893 a new mill was built at a lower adit- It consisted of 10 stamps and four Huntington mills. The gold was secured by amalgamation, the recovery being about 50 per rent.

Jan 1, 1931

Jan 1, 1959

By AIME

IN the parlance of Hollywood, it was a super-colossal meeting. In the more restrained language of engineers, the Institute's 75th Anniversary Celebration attracted the largest crowd ever; was the longest Annual Meeting ever held, occupying a full week; had more important papers, more important people, more of an international flavor, and more glamour than ever before. And in the minds of those who came to the big city from the wide open spaces, one other record should be mentioned: for those not on an expense account, it was the most expensive affair ever staged by the Institute! To state the attendance down to the last digit for a meeting such as this is impossible. The total names registered on cards, plus those who attended the Annual Banquet but were not otherwise registered, came to 3149. But a few were registered twice, and probably a still larger few did not register at all, but just dropped in for a session or two in which they were interested. It would appear that 3200 would be about as close an estimate of attendance as could be made, and that is some 300 more than came to the biggest Annual Meeting of the past-in 1944. A considerable number of members brought their wives, but most were delegates at large.

Jan 1, 1947

By Rztssell H. Bennett

A SURVEY of the Mesabi Range iron-ore industry demonstrates that a satisfactory degree of technical progress has been achieved in the last fifteen years. This advance has not been made over a uniform front, but, by salients and bays, according to the different initial positions, economic and technical, of the component producing companies. The producers endowed with rich ore have in general, because of natural advantages, progressed more slowly than their neighbors with leaner properties. The advance has been made step by step all along the line -blasting, loading, hauling and concentrating-and without the benefit of radical innovation. There have been, for instance, no such parallel discoveries in iron ore as leaching and flotation in copper. The much lower unit price of iron operates, of course, to bar the application of these and other practices developed for the higher-priced metals. There exists, however, a radically new concentration process whose technology is well worked out and which may become economically operative in the not too distant future; this, as so often happens in engineering advance, because of recent developments in an entirely unrelated field. First, however, let me devote a paragraph or two to the more important economies effected in mining.

Jan 1, 1932

By George A. Roberts, Arthur H. Grobe

H. H. Hausner (Sylvania Electric Products Inc., Bayside, N. Y.)—I tested the 18-8 stainless steel powder described by Grobe and Roberts and the results were excellent. The powder was compacted and sintered in purified hydrogen to a very low density (approximately 20 pct and more porosity). Where the other powders show very little ductility when sintered to such a low density, the described stainless steel was surprisingly high in ductility. I would appreciate it if the authors could give us some data on a similar powder but without silicon and also data on 430 stainless steel powder. H. S. Kalish (Sylvania Electric Products lnc., Bay-side, N. Y.)—I should like to verify the excellent results obtained by Grobe and Roberts with their pre-alloyed stainless steel powder. It seems to me, however, that their data are conservative and that even better densities and higher tensile strength can be obtained with these powders by the selection of proper particle size fractions. The accompanying data were obtained by sintering compacts pressed from the powder made by Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co. to 0.8 in. in diam about % in. high in a cylindrical double action die without the use of lubricant. The compacts were sintered for 1 hr at 2370°F in hydrogen purified by passing it through a Deoxo unit (palladium catalyst) and a Lectrodryer. Even the density obtained using the as-received (—100 mesh) compacted at 40 tsi was quite high as was the hardness. This indicates that by increasing the sintering temperature slightly above 2350°F the coining and subsequent secondary sintering operation can be avoided. With the — 325 mesh fraction, however, very much higher density can be obtained and a high hardness. I have no tensile data to present, but I feel that it is not too optimistic to expect. that unusually high tensile strengths and good ductility can be obtained in this sintered material on the basis of the density and hardness data. The sintered stainless steel made by the above-described methods came out of the furnace very bright and clean. The purified hydrogen atmosphere is important in sintering stainless steel to reduce the oxide present in the powder. The result of such a sintering is good densification and good ductility of the sintered product. G. A. Roberts (authors' reply)—We are greatly indebted to Messrs. Hausner and Kalish for their discussions of our paper. Their encouraging remarks are greatly appreciated and their confirmatory data will do much to add to the value of the paper. At the present time it is impossible to provide complete data on a similar stainless steel powder without silicon, but we do know that, in general, the properties are slightly inferior. Data on such a powder and on other stainless steel types are to be published in the near future.

Jan 1, 1952