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By C. H. Mathewson

CHARACTER OF THE WORK IN HAND IN planning the present experiments, we have made a particular effort to secure that adjustment of working conditions which would render the forthcoming tests most serviceable by way of indicating the comparative properties of the three different commercial grades of copper used. More specifically, we have endeavored to obtain certain definite information with respect to the relative behavior under test of ordinary electrolytic copper and furnace-refined lake copper containing (a) a moderate percentage of arsenic and (b) a rather large percentage of arsenic, in addition to the usual content of silver and other impurities. These comparisons were made systematic and comprehensive by testing throughout a series of (eight) reductions running from 0 to 70 per cent. in the case of cold-rolled metal, and throughout a series of (15) temperatures running from 100° C. to 1,000° C. in the case of annealed metal. In other words, a survey of properties similar to that made by Grard,1 in the case of electrolytic copper, was here repeated (with modifications) and extended to two other commercial varieties of copper.

Jan 7, 1916

By Hjalmar Sjögren

Introduction.............767 Group I. The Ores of the Archean Crystalline Schists.... 770 Distribution............. 770 The Rocks.............770 Structures............772 The Rocks of Norrbotten..774 The Ores.............775 Type A. Apatite.Ores..........776 Type B. Mixed Hematite and Magnetite..777 Type C. Quartz-Banded Ores....777 Type D. The "Skarn" .Ores l..778 Type E. Limestone-Ores,..779 The Origin. of the Ore-Deposits......... 779 Arguments against the Sedimentation Theory,... 780 Concentration and Transformation within the Deep-Seated (Ana-morphic) Zone........783 The Chemical Changes.......784 Transformations in the Surface.Zone....789 The Graingesberg and Norrbotten Deposits,.....791 Analogous Deposits........794 Group II. The Ores of the Porphyries (Keratophyres) ... 796 Kiirunavaara. Luossavaara and TuoIlavaara....797 The Syenite.........799 The Porphyry of the, Foot. Wal1 .....799 The Porphyry of the Hanging-Wal1 ....799 The Ores.........800 The Forms and Dimensions of the Ore-Bodies ..802 Contact-Zones........803 The Genesis of the Deposits .......804 Mertainen and Painirova.......806 Ekatrömsberg..........808 Analogous Deposits,........808 Group 111. Magmatic Seregations in Basic Eruptives,... 809 Taberg in Smaland,.........811 Segregations in Diabase Younger than the Dala Sandstone, . 814 Iron-Ore in Nepheline. Syenite.......815 Ekersund and Soggendal in Norway......816

Jan 1, 1908

By Walter R. Crane

PAGE I. Apparatus and Methods.......... 406 1. The Magnetic Circuit...........406 2. Apparatus Employed in the Traction-Method...... 406 a. The Coils............409 b. The Pole-Pieces..........409 3. Methods of Testing Fields Produced by Different Pole.Pices.. ..409 c. Testing with a Search.Coil........410 d. Testing with Iron-Filings and Glass Tube.. .. .410 4. General Forma of Pole-Pieces.........411 e. Flat Poles............411 f. Conical Poles........... 411 g. Spherical Poles...........411 h. Chisel-Edged (Chamfered) Poles.......412 II. Magnetic Fields...........412 5. Methods of Testinq for Magnetic Permeability...... 421 i. The Rod-Method..........423 j. Method Employed in These Experiments......424 k. Difference in the Results of the Two Methods..... 425 l. The Traction-Method.........427 m. Effect of Loosening the Charge.......430 n Corrections...........432 6. Theory.............433 o. Effect of Varying Weight on Tractive Force..... 434 p. Effect of Varying Pole-Distance.......436 q. Effect of Varying Magnetization.......436 T. Effect of Varying Size.. .......437 a. Summary,........... 441 III. The Relative Magnetic Permeability of Various Minerals,. 443 The form and strength of magnetic fields have attracted much attention. especially in connection with the designing of dynamo-electric machinery—an art which has been revolution-

Jan 1, 1902

By Alfred Boyles

THE experiments described below are a continuation of work on the graphitization of cast iron conducted as part of the program of funda-mental research at Battelle Memorial Institute. In previous work it was found that melting in hydrogen increased the amount of eutectic and in others i produced al marked changes in the size of the graphite flakes. These effects seemed to be III sulphur and manganese present in the material studied. Iron-carbon- respond silicon alloys did same manner as mg cast iron and there was no evidence to show that hydrogen was able to stabilize the carbide in such alloys unless additions of sulphur were made. The two alloys examined contained about 2 per cent of FIG. 1.-APPARATUS FOR MELTING UNDER PRESSURE. silicon. The present paper is con- A, inlet for gas. cerned with alloys of lower silicon B, outlet for evacuation. content and describes the structural C, power lead. D thermocouple changes produced by melting in E, plug for access to furnace. various atmospheres at pressures F, crucible. ranging from a partial vacuum up to 300 lb. per sq. inch.

Jan 1, 1939

By G. Herget, O. Garg

Trends will continue towards more automated, and sometimes larger mining and haulage equipment to reduce pit development and haulage costs. To save labour costs, larger capitalization of open pits is required and pit design and stripping ratios have to be firmed up at a very early stage of mine planning. Bench failures will assume a greater importance with larger equipment and at present we have only a limited capability of predicting stable slopes in complex structural geological settings. Deep open pits will pose particular problems in regard to high toe and floor stresses. This will require the development of more efficient systems for rock mass exploration and an improvement of our predictive capability in regard to pit slope stability and appropriate management of ground- water and materials. To meet the challenge, we have to improve: a) Analytical tools to assess slope stability in structurally complex settings as found in large open pits; b) Core orientation methods during diamond drilling operations; c) Geophysical logging methods to obtain geotechnical and structural geological information for large volumes of rock; and d) Geotechnical data handling systems to define mechanical properties

Jan 1, 1983

By R. W. Raymond

The death of Professor Blake removes the oldest of American economic geologists and mining engineers, and deprives this Institute of one of its earliest and most illustrious members. To many of us it brings a personal loss also, the loss of a friend. William Phipps Blake was born June 21, 1826, in New York City. His father, Elihu Blake, was a surgeon-dentist of eminence, a direct descendant of William -Blake, who settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony about 1630. He was prs pared for college at private schools in New York, and entered the Sheffield School of Yale, where he was graduated as Ph.B. in the chemical course, class of 1852, the first graduating-class of the institution. In the same year he became chemist and mineralogist of the New Jersey Zinc Co., and chemist of chemical works at Baltimore, Md. In 1853, he started the Department of Mineralogy of the World's Fair at New York City. In 1854, 1855 and 1856, he was mineralogist and geologist of the United States Pacific Railroad Surveys of Willianlson, Pope, and Whipple, and for the War Department at

Jan 1, 1911

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period June 10, 1919, to July 10, 1919. ANDERSON, JOHN EDWARD, Min. Engr., Lehigh Valley Coal Co., 121 N. Laurel St., Hazleton, Pa. BENBOW, B. L., Mgr., Cleveland Wire Division, National Lamp Works, General Electric Co., 1770 E. 45th St., Cleveland, Ohio. BLAIR, CHARLES S., Geol., Tennessee Coal, Iron & R. R. Co., Birmingham, Ala. BOLAND, FRED L., Chief Draftsman, Mine Dept., Chile Exploration Co., Chuquicamata, Chile, South America. COLLIER, OTTO L., Civil & Min. Engr., Secretary, Ernest M. Merrill Engrg. Co., Mullens, Wyoming Co., W. Va. DELAMATER, GEORGE RICHMOND, Asst. Supt:, By-product. Coke Oven Dept., Steelton Plant, Bethlehem Steel Co., Steelton, Pa. DOELL, WILLIAM R Chief Engr., Mahuomen Iron .Co., Crosby, Minn. ENDO, SHINZO 365 Komagome Shimmeicho, Hongo, Tokio, Japan. EVANS, CHARLES E., Chief Draftsman, American Smelt. & Refin. Co., Murray, Utah. FISCHER, OSCAR A 62S First National Bank Bldg., Denver, Colo. FISHER, GEORGE KINGSBURY, Met. Engr 47 Baker St., Saranac Lake, N. Y. FRAZEE, VERNE, Min. Engr Moweaqua, Ill. FURNICHI, ROKUZO, Supt. of Min. Dept., Besshi Copper Mine, Baron Sumitomo Co. Ehime Japan

Jan 8, 1919

By Robert U. King, John W. Vanderwilt

THE Climax molybdenite deposit in Lake County 100 miles southwest of Denver is located in the central part of the mineral belt extending north-easterly across the state. Principal geographic features and geology are shown on Fig. 1. The first period of molybdenite mining, which began in 1918, ended in April 1919 because of limited demand and a price drop to about 724 per lb. During this time the ore came from the Leal level and surface outcrops at a higher elevation. Rate of mining was 250 tpd and several million tons of ore averaging 0.7 pct molybdenite were developed. Since April 1924, when the second period* began, Climax Molybdenum Co. has been the only operating company. Production in 1924 was 400 tpd and finding ore was a continual problem. When the White tunnel was extended, however, further ore was encountered. The orebody was thought to be tabular until 1926, when B. S. Butler recognized the relation of the developed ore on the Leal and White levels to a central area of fine-grained hydrothermal quartz, and by 1929 diamond drilling had blocked out indicated ore reserves in excess of 100 million tons.

Jan 1, 1955

By J. J. Gilman

IT is well established that dislocations exist in crystals and account for crystal plasticity.' However, the origins of the dislocations are not clear. Among the means by which dislocations might originate are: a) through crystal growth accidents, b) by the collapse of condensed sheets of vacancies, or c) by stress-induced nucleation. Theoretical calculations' have indicated that the last means should require very high stresses in order to operate. The purpose of this paper is to show that the stresses around the tips of cracks are large enough to nucleate large numbers of dislocation loops. Specifically, it will be shown that (100) cleavage cracks in LiF crystals nucleate dislocations in regions of the crystals where dislocations did not exist previously. It is believed that the use of LiF for this investigation does not restrict the significance of the 1 results. In fact, it is believed that this complements and extends previous papers by the same author which dealt with metal crystals.10,14 The dislocations were detected by means of the etching techniques that were described in a previous paper by Gilman and Johnston.3 In that paper it

Jan 1, 1958

LIEUTENANT MARTIN F. BOWLES Martin F. Bowles, born Apr. 25, 1893, at Bonne Terre, Mo., and graduated from the Neodesha, Kans., High School, had finished all but one month of a four-year course in metallurgical engineering at the Missouri School of Mines, Rolla, Mo., when on May 12, 1917, he entered LIEUTENANT MARTIN F. BOWLES. the first Officers' Training Camp at Fort Riley, Kans. At the close of the training period, he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant and as¬signed to Co. B, 355th Infantry, 89th Division, and stationed at Camp Funston. He left this camp with his company on May 21, 1918, and sailed from an eastern port on June 4, arriving in England on June 15, 1918. After a short stay at a rest camp there, he proceeded to France. On August 14, he wrote that he was with Battalion Headquarters as Scout Officer, 1st Battalion, 355th Infantry, 89th Division. The last letter received from him, dated September 2, was written in his dugout and contained the following: "Here it is 2.45A. M. Sitting in a dugout

Jan 1, 1919

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who registered at Institute headquarters during the period May 10 to June 10: Rene de Sallier, New York, N. Y. Karl Koelle, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. H. S. Chamberlain, Chattanooga, Tenn. W. A. Wilson, Salt Lake City, Utah. F. R. Pretyman, Oyster Bay, N. Y. P. E. Barbour, Candor, N. C. R. Eustice, South Australia. R. C. Blanchard, London, England. F. C. Darby, South Australia. S. K. Tong, Shanghai, China. Grant H. Tod, Livermore, Cal. W. T. Burns, Great Falls, Mont. J. Murray Clark, Toronto, Canada. F. W. Bacorn, Butte, Mont. J. H. Adams, Birmingham, Ala. H. B. Pulsifer, Chicago, 111. A. Faison Dixon, Encontrador, Venezuela. Dwight E. Woodbridge, Duluth, Minn. C. W. Merrill, San Francisco, Cal. Heinrich Ries, Ithaca, N. Y. Francis Church Lincoln, Boston, Mass. H. L. Slosson, San Francisco, Cal. Frank R. Corwin has severed his connection with the Arizona Copper Co., Clifton, Ariz., and is now shift superintendent at the smelting plant of the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Co.. Douglas. Ariz.

Jan 7, 1914

By J. M. Avasthi

The DOE-funded (Contract No. DE-ACO3-77ET13108) Gulf Research & Development Co. (GR&DC) field tests of underground coal gasification in steeply dipping beds (UCG/SDB) were conducted in the North Knobs area, located 12.8 km (8 miles) west of Rawlins, WY. The site has a gently rolling, sparsely vegetated, semidesert terrain on the transition zone between a broad, flat basin (Great Divide Basin) to the west and the subdued mountains of the Rawlins uplift to the east. A comprehensive geotechnical program (Ahner et al., 1980) was essential to successfully complete the test program. Emphasis of the program was the subsurface characterization of the site and consisted of mapping, drilling and logging, core analyses, and hydrologic tests. The samples of lithologic units over- and underlying the G coal seam were tested in the laboratory for their modulus and strength. This program provided the required data necessary for designing surface facilities, input for permits, and ensuring correct placement of the process modules. The two UCG tests at the Rawlins site were conducted in the nominally 6.7 m (22 ft) thick G coal seam (rank-subbituminous B), dipping at 63°.

Jan 1, 1984

By W. M. Courtis

SINCE many accounts of Silver Islet Mine, in Lake Superior, have already been published, it is supposed that the members of the Institute are familiar with the location and character of the mine. To many, however, a more detailed account of the ore and manner of treatment will, perhaps, not be without interest. The extraordinary richness of Silver Islet ores, and the difficulty of obtaining correct assays, induced the company to erect smelting works of its own. Accordingly, ground was broken at Wyandotte, Mich., early in the spring of 1871, and the work was pressed on with indomitable energy by Captain E. B. Ward of Detroit, as president, and Mr. Thomas MacFarlane, the discoverer of Silver Islet, as superintendent of the works, so that by July 1st the works were so far completed that smelting could be commenced. The intention was to work Western ores with those from Lake Superior, since the latter contain but a small amount of lead. Hence the capacity of the works is much larger than is needed for the present yield of the mine. The planned process for treatment was smelt-

Jan 1, 1874

By William M. Courtis

Since many accounts of Silver Islet Mine, in Lake Superior, have already been published, it is supposed that the members of the Institute are familiar with the location and character of the mine. To many, however, a more detailed account of the ore and manner of treatment will, perhaps, not be without interest. The extraordinary richness of Silver Islet ores, and the difficulty of obtaining correct assays, induced the company to erect smelting works of its own. Accordingly, ground was broken at Wyandotte; Mich., early in the spring of 1871, and the work was pressed on with indomitable energy by Captain E. B. Ward of Detroit, as president, and Mr. Thomas MacFarlane, the discoverer of Silver Islet, as superintendent of the works, so that by July 1st the works were so far completed that smelting could be commenced. The intention was to work Western ores with those from Lake Superior, since the latter contain but a small amount of lead. Hence the capacity of the works is much larger than is needed for the present yield of the mine. The planned process for treatment was smelt-

By J. J. K. Daemen, C. Fairhurst

Introduction The stress field around a supported tunnel can be considered as being composed of: i) the virgin (pre-mining) stress in the rock ii) the (elastic) change in this stress field caused by creating the opening iii) the (time-dependent ) change in the stress field produced by (i) and (ii) as a section of the rock breaks up iv) the (time-dependent) influence of the stress build-up in the support. Several authors have examined the conditions necessary to produce static equilibrium between the support, the rock, and the regional (in-situ) stress field. The analysis used by Labasse (1) is typical. Consider a circular tunnel radius R in a hydrostatic stress field (P), and a radial pressure pi exerted by the support. According to Labasse, the radius ‘b’ to which the rock will break* for a given support pressure, pi, can be calculated from: - the equilibrium equation: [ ] As a zone of broken rock develops around the opening, the stress circle for a point on the elastic-broken rock boundary moves to the right in the Mohr diagram until the radial stress in the broken zone s equal to the radial stress in the elastic zone.

Jan 1, 1971

By F. L. Sizer

SOME old-time views which have recently come into my possession have inspired me to record that part of the early history of Leadville, Color- ado, with which I am familiar, the years 1878 to 1882, in the hope that others will add to what is here mentioned. My first appearance in Leadville was in June, 1878, immediately after graduation from the University of Michigan, and I found a congenial and lively crowd of young men, already there. The old log hotel, at the corner of Pine and State streets, housed some distinguished guests in the summer and fall of 1878. It was my good fortune there to make the acquaintance of James B. Grant, afterwards Governor of Colorado, in July of that year, when we were both glad of the accommodation afforded by cots in the second floor loft of the hostelry presided over by Herman Hibschle. Grant was then building his smelter and our associates were Eddy and James, August R. Meyer, and Berdell and Witherell. The Grand Hotel-Harris and Walsh, pro- prietors-was the first-class hotel of the place; but in a very few months there were many competitors.

Jan 1, 1924

The suggestions of the members of the Institute are very much desired by the Committee on Nominations prior to deciding upon its nominations to fill the places of those officers who retire early in 1917. The Committee must make its final report to the Board of Directors early in October. The members are, therefore, asked to send in promptly their suggestions for Directors as well as for Vice-Presidents and President. The Committee hopes to hear from a large number of the members. The officers to be elected at the annual meeting in February, 1917, are: One officer, known as Director and President. Two officers, known as Director and Vice-President. Five officers, known as Director. The attention of members is called to Articles V and VII of the Constitution, and to By-Law XIII, which reads as follows: "The geographical districts to be considered by the Committee on Nominations shall be as follows, until otherwise ordered by the Board. District No. 1. New England, New York, and New Jersey, excepting New York City and district, which is provided for in the Constitution. (N. B.-New York City and district is designated District 0.) District No. 2: Pennsylvania.

Jan 6, 1916

The International Mining Convention held in Nelson, B; C., May 17 , to 19, was attended by nearly 500 delegates, of whom about 100 were from Spokane, 150 from the Slocan district, and the others from different points in Canada and the United States. Arrangements were in charge of the Nelson, Slocan and Eastern British Columbia Mining Men's Club, under the direction of Secretary Fred A. Starkey, assisted by the City of Nelson, Associated Boards of Trade of Eastern British Columbia and Nelson Board of Trade. The Columbia Section of the American Institute of Mining Engineers; cooperating with the Western Branch of the Canadian Mining Institute, provided the technical program, under the management of Secretary E. Jacobs, of Victoria, and Secretary L. K. Armstrong, of Spokane. Three technical sessions were held, at which the following were read: Difficulties of the Electrolytic Zinc Process, by Thomas French. Sketch of the Geology and Ore Deposits of Nelson and Kootenay Region, by Arthur Lake's. Advantages of Local Organization of National Societies, by W. H. Linney. Review of Kootenay Mining, by Bruce White. Milling of Partially Oxidized Ores, by S. S. Fowler.

Jan 7, 1917

By Irwin Roman

IN a previous paper,1 a method was suggested for determining the depth to a bed in the simple case of a uniform overlying layer of constant thickness. The main purpose of the present paper is to show how a slight modification of that method has been used to interpret specific data obtained in the upper peninsula of Michigan by the staff of the Depart- FIG. 1.-THE TECTONIC CONFIGURATION. ment of Mathematics and Physics of the Michigan College of Mining and Technology. The method of Tagg2 has also been used on the same data, thus furnishing a comparison of the e two methods, as well as a method of using the two methods jointly. The method of measuring the apparent resistivity is that suggested by Wenner,3 and illustrated in Fig. 1. A current I enters the earth at the positive pole C and leaves it at the negative pole D. The potential V of the high electrode A, with respect to the low electrode B is measured by suitable means. The separation of the collinear points in the order shown, DBAC, is 1, the same. for each interval.

Jan 1, 1934

After months of negotiations, the U. S. has agreed to buy between 6000 and 7000 long tons of Bolivian tin now stockpiled at Peruvian and Chilean ports, at $1.175 per lb, f.o.b. South American Ports. Harry A. McDonald of the Reconstruction Finance Corp. signed the contract with Victor Andrade, Bolivian ambassador. The Mercantile Metals and Ore Corp., of New York City, acted as the agent of Bolivia's Banco Minero in negotiating the deal. The contract is a short term one. Throughout the talks, the U. S. refused to make a long term agreement because of the possibility that Bolivia will soon nationalize its mines. The Bolivians desired to sell the U. S. 18,000 tons during a one-year pact. The price agreed upon is roughly the same as with Malayan producers. In the meantime, American Smelting & Refining Co., signed over control of its operations to the Bolivian Government. The formal act of leasing the mines to the Bolivian Government follows the announcement last July by the company that it was closing operations because of high costs. Contract terms were not disclosed.

Jan 1, 1952