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By Gail F. Moulton

The production of petroleum in Illinois in 1928 was approximately 6,500,000 bbl., a decline of about 500,000 bbl. from the previous year and of about 1,500,000 bbl. from 1924. Production increased about 200,000 bbl. in Indiana to slightly less than 1,000,000 bbl. Production for 1929 is estimated at approximately 6,000,000 bbl. for Illinois and 1,000,000 bbl. for Indiana. Illinois Because production from most of the wells in the state has declined to a small daily average and the low prices for crude oil discouraged wildcatting, the number of wells drilled fell below that for any previous year since the development of commercially important production in the state. The Ohio Oil Co. discovered a pool of apparent commercial importance in southwestern Illinois near Dupo, in St. Clair County, and favorable showings of oil were encountered in a well in southeastern Illinois, near Harrisburg in Saline County. New production from the Dupo area is expected to check the rate of decline for the state. Thc following tablel summarizes field developments for 1927 and 1928 (for important detail by counties see notes at foot of table): 1027 1928 Completions........................................... 162 145a Initial production, bbl.................................. 2244 1840b Dry holes........................................,.... 66 58" Gas well completions................................... 13 8d 0111 wells abandoned.................................... 45" a Crawford, 44; Lawrence, 28; Wabash, 40. b Crawford, 501; Lawrence, 403; St. Clair, 165 (4 completions); Wahash, 668. o Crawford, 12; Wabash, 19. d Crawford, 6. b Lawrence, 21; Wabash, 15. The discovery well in the Dupo field in St. Clair County, produced about 150 bbl. per day from the Trenton lime at 660 ft. It is located in a northern extension of the Columbia-Waterloo anticline on which the Waterloo pool was developed in 1921. The best information on the.

Jan 1, 1929

By J. Parke Channing

THE growth of and profession depends on meeting and solving new problems. It is a continuous process. 'A period free from new, or hitherto unknown, questions will be a period of arrested development in the profession it affects. The present generation has witnessed a' mechanical development that has been truly marvelous: Almost every day marks the advent of a new, or the improvement of an old; process, method or machine. Wonders are now commonplace. The impossible is regularly accomplished. Yet, with all our progress in every realm of science and with our development in the engineering field, advances which have made possible the marvelous growth in industry, we have not made commensurate gains in methods affecting the human factor. Without the cooperation of the worker, we shall always fall short of our goal in a mechanical or statistical sense. If we do not make the individual members of the human family strong, healthy, happy, and ambitious for better things for themselves and their children, we will have failed utterly, for that is the real reason for our existence as men and the purpose of our organized effort as an engineering group. Thomas A. Edison

Jan 1, 1921

By AIME AIME

The Following List Comprises The Names Of Those Persons Elected As Members Or Associates, Who Accepted Election During May And June, 1908 MEMBERS. William H. Bainbridge Searchlight, Nev. William N. Brown, . Gainesville, Va. Willis S. Caypless, .. . . . . Denver, Colo. William B. Clark, Baltimore, Md.

Jan 7, 1908

Fred. T. Greene, Rossland, B. C. (communication to the Secretary): At the beginning of his gaper, Mr. Herzig refers to an article of mine in the Engineering and Mining Journal of January 27, 1900. I would like to add that the method de-

Jan 1, 1901

By Frederick N. Clark

These tests were made under the writer's supervision in the mining and metallurgical laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in the winter of 1888-89, by Mr. Robert C. Williams, of Marquette, Mich., assisted by Mr. J. B. Seager, of the

Jan 1, 1890

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS L E Young. Chairman -. Donald H McLaughlan, Vice-Chairman A B Kinzel Earle E Schumacher John R Suman FINANCE COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS Erle V Daveler, chairrnan Phillip Kraft Clyde E Weed

Jan 1, 1949

PRESIDENT BENJAMIN B. THAYER, NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS JAMES F. KEMP, NEW YORK, N. Y. CHARLES F. RAND, NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY J. JENNINGS, NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE, NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 1, 1917

John P Hammond '59, President T C Frick '58, Past President Basil Kantzer '60. President-elect George R Gray '58, Vice-President Earl M Kipp '58, Vice-President G M Stearns, Treasurer Joe B Alford, Executive Secretary 800 Fidelity Union Bldg Dallas, Texas

Jan 1, 1957

PRESIDENTS L. D. RICKETTS, NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS BENJAMIN B. THAYER, NEW YORK, N. Y. WILLIAM L. SAUNDERS, NEW YORK, N. Y FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY J. JENNINGS, NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE, NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 1, 1917

United Engineering Trustees, Inc. H. G. MOULTON, 40 A. L. QUENEAU, '38 ALBERT ROBERTS, '39 The Engineering Foundation GEORGE D. BARRON, '40 A. L. QUENEAU, '38 Engineering Societies Library Board H. K. MASTERS, '38' A. B. PARSONS, Ex-officio F. F. SHARPLESS, '37

Jan 1, 1936

By Harry R. Hall

THE proposition to make pig-iron from magnetic concentrates and cobbed ore with charcoal-fuel weighing from 12 to 20 lb. per bushel is, on the face of it, not inviting; but the successful work that has been done under these adverse conditions warrants a permanent record in our Transactions, especially as it furnishes a comparison with, coke blast-furnace practice under similar conditions. The record of the furnace-practice is briefly summarized as follows:-The charcoal was made of hemlock, pine, spruce, balsam, maple, beech and birch woods. All the concentrates containing from 62 to 65 per cent. of iron would pass in. screen, of which about 34 per cent.. would pass an 80-mesh sieve. The cobbed ore, varying in composition from 32 to 47 per cent. metallic iron and from 23 to 32 per cent. of. silica, would pass through a I-in. ring, of which about 25 per cent. would pass a 1/8 in. screen. The furnace was blown in October 20,1903, with charcoal which was supposed to weigh when dry 18 lb. to the bushel. Some charcoal similar to this was stored in the stock-house for about a year and was then found to weigh 12 lb. per bushel. During the first 10 days of the blast, the furnace produced 362 tons of pig-iron, using 200 bushels of charcoal per ton of iron. From November 1st to 12th, the volume of the blast was increased gradually from 2,808 to 5,460 cu. ft. per minute, with practically no increase of output. The silicon-content of the resultant pig-iron averaged 0.75 per cent., with sulphur about 0.035 per cent. A supply of freshly-burned dry charcoal was then used which increased the silicon-content and lowered

Sep 1, 1905

By C. E. LAWAL

WITH the object of adapting high-school vocational courses to the industrial needs of the community, a few high-school officials in West -Virginia working with the School of Mines of the State university decided to try an innovation this year. The purpose of this experiment was to teach coal mining in two high schools situated in mining communities. We thought that if a course in coal mining would be included in the list of optional courses offered in the high school, it might interest some of the boys, and if the course were properly taught it would undoubtedly be of inestimable value to those boys who later decided to take up mining work as their vocation. This coal-mining course was started last September in the Berwind and Gary high schools in West Virginia. The high-school officials in their conferences with' us decided that we should work up the outline of this course and they would assign the science teachers of the schools as instructors, with ,the understanding that we would help 'these instructors with this work. We consented to all this and submitted -an outline to the school officials which they are following this year.

Jan 1, 1929

By John V. Beall

Let's start at the beginning, Mr. Turner. Where and when were you born? In Lansing, Mich., on July 31, 1880. And what was your education? I went to the University of Michigan, where I got an A.B. degree in 1902; then to the Michigan College of Mines at Houghton, graduating from there in 1904 with a B.S. and an E.M. What was your first job in the mining industry, Mr. Turner, and what were you paid? In the summer of 1902, 1 was a field assistant for the U. S. Geological Survey in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, working under Israel C. Russell, professor of geology at the University of Michigan, who incidentally, had just returned from an expedition to study the effects of the eruption of Mt. Pelee, on Martinique. I was paid $60 a month and found; in addition to doing geologic and hydrographic work, I cooked many of the meals for a party of four, and wrangled four horses. I slept for four months under the stars, without a tent.

Jan 1, 1949

By G. K. Manning, C. H. Lorig

TWO metallurgical tools have acquired wide use within the past several years as a means of studying the transformation characteristics of steel. One is a technique used first by Bain and Davenport for determining the transformation characteristics of a steel at constant temperature; the second is the end-quench hardenability test. Constant-temperature transformation curves like those of Bain and Davenport have done much to rationalize the metallography of steel; however, in commercial practices, constant-temperature transformation is seldom encountered, therefore only rarely can such curves be directly applied. The real reason for the determination of such curves lies in the fact that they provide a way of thinking about transformation that is both convenient and productive. The end-quench hardenability test is a more practical means of studying transformation, for, by correlating positions on the hardenability bar with shapes of different masses, an almost direct application of the results can be made. Unfortunately, the end-quench test, though practical, can do very little toward improving the metallurgists' way of thinking about transformation. These two metallurgical tools, dealing with precisely the same phenomenon, should be very closely associated in metallurgists' minds. Actually, they are frequently pushed into separate mental corners and considered as being more or less distinct and unrelated. The reason for this is that no strong connecting link between them has been developed. An attempt is sometimes made to relate these two tools by projecting the critical cooling rate on the isothermal transformation plot as illustrated in Fig. I. The critical cooling rate is considered as a constant rate-though in practical applications, cooling rates are never constant—and this constant cooling rate is given uniform significance from the Ae temperature down to the temperature of initial transformation. A little thought indicates the errors of such a procedure. Certainly the time interval spent just below point A of Fig. I cannot be as effective in promoting nucleation as is the time interval spent just above point B. Yet the procedure represented in Fig. I considers all the time spent between temperatures A and B to be just as effective in promoting nucleation as though all the time were spent at temperature B. Furthermore, change the shape of the isothermal curve between points B and C in any way desired, and the required critical cooling rate is not changed one iota. This cannot possibly be true. Such a way of thinking about critical cooling rates not only is incapable of giving any results that are quantitatively satisfactory but is likely to give very misleading qualitative results.

Jan 1, 1947

By G. K. Manning, C. H. Lorig

TWO metallurgical tools have acquired wide use within the past several years as a means of studying the transformation characteristics of steel. One is a technique used first by Bain and Davenport for determining the transformation characteristics of a steel at constant temperature; the second is the end-quench hardenability test. Constant-temperature transformation curves like those of Bain and Davenport have done much to rationalize the metallography of steel; however, in commercial practices, constant-temperature transformation is seldom encountered, therefore only rarely can such curves be directly applied. The real reason for the determination of such curves lies in the fact that they provide a way of thinking about transformation that is both convenient and productive. The end-quench hardenability test is a more practical means of studying transformation, for, by correlating positions on the hardenability bar with shapes of different masses, an almost direct application of the results can be made. Unfortunately, the end-quench test, though practical, can do very little toward improving the metallurgists' way of thinking about transformation. These two metallurgical tools, dealing with precisely the same phenomenon, should be very closely associated in metallurgists' minds. Actually, they are frequently pushed into separate mental corners and considered as being more or less distinct and unrelated. The reason for this is that no strong connecting link between them has been developed. An attempt is sometimes made to relate these two tools by projecting the critical cooling rate on the isothermal transformation plot as illustrated in Fig. I. The critical cooling rate is considered as a constant rate-though in practical applications, cooling rates are never constant—and this constant cooling rate is given uniform significance from the Ae temperature down to the temperature of initial transformation. A little thought indicates the errors of such a procedure. Certainly the time interval spent just below point A of Fig. I cannot be as effective in promoting nucleation as is the time interval spent just above point B. Yet the procedure represented in Fig. I considers all the time spent between temperatures A and B to be just as effective in promoting nucleation as though all the time were spent at temperature B. Furthermore, change the shape of the isothermal curve between points B and C in any way desired, and the required critical cooling rate is not changed one iota. This cannot possibly be true. Such a way of thinking about critical cooling rates not only is incapable of giving any results that are quantitatively satisfactory but is likely to give very misleading qualitative results.

Jan 1, 1947

By Henry P. Ehrlinger, James C. Bradbury

Tripoli is a naturally occurring, very finely divided form of silica found chiefly in some midwestern and southeastern states and used commercially as fillers and abrasives. Definitions Tripoli is a microcrystalline, finely particulate, more or less friable form of silica that appears to be the product of leaching of siliceous limestone or calcareous chert. The term was originally applied to a deposit near Seneca, Mo., that resembled material of that name found near Tripoli in North Africa (Hovey, 1894). The two deposits were subsequently found to have different physical characteristics -the North African tripoli, now called tripolite, is a diatomite, composed of the siliceous skeletons of microscopic marine plants called diatoms, and the Missouri tripoli contains no diatom remains; the term tripoli, however, continued to be used for the Missouri material and is now applied in a general way to most silica deposits similar to it in characteristics and geologic origin. In commercial trade tripoli is commonly understood to designate material from the Missouri-Oklahoma field; silica from southern Illinois, the other major producing area, is referred to commercially as amorphous silica. Each term, however, may be used commercially for material, regardless of place of origin, that has the characteristics or uses commonly ascribed to the material from one or the other major producing area. For example, in the commodity price listings, Engineering and Mining Journal routinely lists under Tripoli, prices "f.0.b. Elco, III." and "f.0.b. Seneca, Mo., and Rogers, Ark.," and under Silica, amorphous, prices "f .o.b. Ill.," and "f .o.b. Dierks, Ark." Amorphous silica, the commercial designation given to southern Illinois tripoli, is, like the term tripoli, a misnomer. Mineralogically, the southern Illinois deposits are composed of microcrystalline quartz, and no amorphous material has been detected during X-ray and scanning electron microscope investigations (Leamnson, Thomas, and Ehrlinger, 1969; Thomas et al., 1970). Soft silica is another term that has been applied to Illinois and Tennessee tripoli, presumably to distinguish it from the more compact Missouri material. It has also been used in the ceramic trade to distinguish tripoli from "hard" silica, or silica flour, produced by pulverizing silica sand (Heinz, 1937). Rottenstone, produced commercially in Pennsylvania, is similar to tripoli in that a major constituent is finely particulate silica, and its uses are much the same as those of tripoli- as abrasives and fillers. The origin of rottenstone also is similar to that of tripoli-decomposition of a siliceous sedimentary rock. The parent rock is defined as a siliceous limestone (Gary, McAfee, and Wolf, 1972; Thrush, 1968) or as shale (personal communication). Heinz (1937) quotes a brief statement describ-

Jan 1, 1975

Safety Factor Characteristic Curves. Their Application to Mine Hoisting Ropes. (Paper by W. A. Boyer, Transactions AIME, 199, 989; Mining Engineering, October 1954. Discussion by B. E. Grant.) ............................................................................................................................. 1101 The Use of Wooden Rock Bolts in the Day Mines. (Paper by Rollin Farmin and Carville E. Sparks, Transactions AIME, 196, 922; Mining Engineering, September 1953. Discussion by Edward Thomas.) ................................................................................................................................. 1101 An Analysis of Mine Opening Failure by Means of Models. (Paper by Bernard York and John J. Reed, Transactions AIME, 196, 705; Mining Engineering, July 1953. Discussion by J. P. Zannaras.) ... 1102 B — Minerals Beneficiation Flotation and the Gibbs Adsorption Equation. (Paper by P. L. de Bruyn, J. Th. Overbeek, and R. Schuhmann, Jr., Transactions AIME, 199, 519; Mining Engineering, May 1954. Discussions by W. E. Ewers and Masayoshi Wada.)........................................................................................... 1103 Manganese Upgrading at Three Kids Mine, Nevada. (Paper by S. J. McCarroll, Transactions AIME, 199, 289; Mining Engineering, March 1954. Discussion by J. Bruce Clemmer, J. B. Rosenbaum, and C. H. Schack.)............................................................................................................. 1105 A Physical Explanation of the Empirical Laws of Comminution. (Paper by D. R. Walker and M. C. Shaw, Transactions AIME, 199, 313; Mining Engineering, March 1954. Discussions by Dimitri Kececioglu, George B. Clark, and Fred C. Bond.) ......................................................... 1106 F — Coal Underground Electrocarbonization of Coal and Related Hydrocarbons. (Paper by T. C. Cheasley, J. D. Forrester, and Erich Sarapuu, Transactions AIME, 199, 908; Mining Engineering, September 1954. Discussions by John G. Tripp and James L. Elder.)....................................................... 1108 Longwall Mining and Mechanization, with Special Reference to Nova Scotia. (Paper by Frank Doxey, Transactions AIME, 199, 701; Mining Engineering, July 1954. Discussion by Louis A. Turnbull.) ........................................................................................................................................ 1109 Cleaning Various Coals in a Drum-Type Dense-Medium Pilot Plant. (Paper by M. R. Geer, W. A. Olds, and H. F. Yancey, Transactions AIME, 196, 696; Mining Engineering, July 1953. Discussion by John Griff en.)................................................................................................................................. 1110 Frontiers in Heat Extraction from the Combustion Gases of Coal. (Paper by Elmer R. Kaiser, Transactions AIME, 199, 304; Mining Engineering, March 1954. Discussion by G. A. Vissac.) ............ 1112 Exploration of the Oaxaca Coal Fields in Southern Mexico. (Paper by Luis Toron and Salvador Cortes-Obregon, Transactions AIME, 199, 505; Mining Engineering, May 1954. Discussion by John D. Price.).................................................................................................................. 1113 H — Industrial Minerals Alkali Reactivity of Natural Aggregates in Western United States. (Paper by William Y. Holland and Roger H. Cook, Transactions AIME, 196, 991; Mining Engineering, October 1953. Discussions by Dexter H. Reynolds and W. L. Merritt.) ......................................................... 1114 Characteristics of Titaniferous Concentrates. (Paper by L. E. Lynd, H. Sigurdson, C. H. North, and W. W. Anderson, Transactions AIME, 199, 818; Mining Engineering, August 1954. Discussion by D. R. Grantham.)........................................................................................................................ 1116

Jan 1, 1955

By G. K. Manning, C. H. Lorig

Two metallurgical tools have acquired wide use within the past several years as a means of studying the transformation characteristics of steel. One is a technique used first by Bain and Davenport for determining the transformation characteristics of a steel at constant temperature; the second is the end-quench hardenability test. Constant-temperature transformation curves like those of Bain and Davenport have done much to rationalize the metal¬lography of steel; however, in commercial practices, constant-temperature transformation is seldom encountered, therefore only rarely can such curves be directly applied. The real reason for the determination of such curves lies, in the fact that they provide a way of thinking about transformation that is both convenient and productive. The end-quench hardenability test is a more practical means of studying transformation, for, by correlating positions on the hardenability bar with shapes of different masses, an almost direct application of the results can be made. Unfortunately, the end-quench test, though practical, can do very little toward improving the metallurgists' way of thinking about transformation. These two metallurgical tools, dealing with precisely the same phenomenon, should be very closely associated in metallurgists' minds. Actually, they are frequently pushed into separate mental corners and considered as being more or less distinct and unrelated. The reason for this is that no strong connecting link between them has been developed. An attempt is sometimes made to relate these two tools by projecting the critical cooling rate on the isothermal transformation plot as illustrated in Fig. I. The critical cooling rate is considered as a constant rate-though in practical applications, cooling rates are never constant-and this constant cooling rate is given uniform significance from the Ae temperature down to the temperature of initial transformation. A little thought indicates the errors of such a procedure. Certainly the time interval spent just below point A of Fig. I cannot be as effective in promoting nucleation as is the time interval spent just above point B. Yet the procedure represented in Fig. I considers all the time spent between temperatures A and B to be just as effective in promoting nucleation as though all the time were spent at temperature B. Furthermore, change the shape of the isothermal curve between points B and C in any way desired, and the required critical cooling rate is not changed one iota. This cannot possibly be true. Such a way of thinking about critical cooling rates not only is incapable of giving any results that are quantitatively satisfactory but is likely to give very misleading qualitative results.

Jan 1, 1946

By J. M. Dahl, L. H. Van Vlack

STAFF: Editor, Gerhard Derge Associate Editor, Paul G. Shewman Carnegie lnstitute of Technology Schenley Park Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213 Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmerski Production Editor, Otto T. Johnson THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: Jack H. Scoff, President; Richard C. Cole, Post-President; Harold B. Emerick, President-Elect; Ralph L. Hennebach, Treasurer; Robert W. Shearman, Secretary; Donald A. Parks, Assistant Secretary; Leslie S. Wilcoxson, Assistant Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: R. E. Lund, Chairman; T. E. Dancy, H. B. Emerick, P. R. Gouwens, R. E. Grace, J. H. Jackson, H. H. Johnson, A. E. Lee, Jr., R. R. Nosh, R. D. Pehlke, and Paul Queneau. Review and selection of monuscripts is under the supervision of the following Publications Committees: Extractive Metollurgy Division: R. E. Grace, Chairman; G. M. Bell, D. W. Bridges, J. M. Cigon, G. W. Healy, T. A. Henrie, R. D. Holli-day, C. E. O'Neill, C. S. Sami s, A. W. Schlech-ten, and Charles Shull . Iron and Steel Division: R. D. Pehlke, Chairman; T. P. Floridis, Arnulf Muon, G. R. St. Pierre, E. T. Tuckdogon, L. H.Von Vlack, and J. M. Uys. Institute of Metals Division: H. H. Johnson, Jr., Chairman; J. B. Clark, Vice Chairman; M. R. Achter, G. F. Bolling, J. O. Brittain, G. P. Conard, II, L. A. Girifolco. G. T. Hahn, J.P. Hirth, L. Himmel, G. T. Horne, George Krauss, C. F. Leitton, Jr., J. D. Livingston, R. D. Monning, H. M. Otte, S. V. Radcliffe, R. E. Reed-Hill, H. C. Rogers, O. Sherby, M. T. Simnod, G. R. Speich, E. A. Steigerwold, R. A. Swolin, W. A. Tiller, W. R. Upthegrove, J. B. Wagner, Jr., Derek Walton, H. W. Weart, W. W. Webb, and D. WiIsdorf. Published monthly by the American lnstitute of Mining, Metollurgicol, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., 345 East 47th Street, New York, N. Y. 10017. Telephone PLAZA 2-6800. Subscription $30 per year for non-AIME members in United States and North, South, and Central America; $32, foreign; $7.50 for AlME members. Single copies, $6.00, single copies foreign, $6.50. The AlME is not responsible for any statement mode or opinion expressed in its publications . . . Copyright 1965 by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. . . . Registered cable address, AlME New York . . . Indexed in Engineering Index, lndustrial Arts Index, and Chemical Abstracts . . Second class postage paid at New York, N. Y., and Ann Arbor, Mich. Volume 233, Number 1.

Jan 1, 1965

By J. A. Herrick Nashua

IN this country steel made in a Siemens furnace or Bessemer converter, is generally tapped into a ladle or shoe, and then drawn through an aperture in its base into the various moulds. In order to regulate the flow of the molten mass a refractory valve is arranged at the aperture. A plumbago nozzle is fixed firmly in this aperture, and a stopper of like material is fitted to it, making a socket valve. In order to raise and depress this stopper at will, a rod is fastened-to it, extending through, the metal and over the brim of the ladle, where it is bent back in a half circle and secured in a slide. This slide plays vertically in a frame, permanently fastened to the outside of the ladle, and is moved by a lever having as a fulcrum a pin fixed in this frame, one end, of the lever being temporarily fixed to the slide, and the other end being moved by hand. Reference being had to the drawing (see Plate 1, Fig. 1), E is the nozzle, D is the stopper, A is the rod, protected as hereinafter described, C is the cast-iron framework, B is the wrought-iron slide, B' is the offset into which the rod, A, enters, and is secured in the usual manner by a key, a. Section J, K, shows the manner of hanging the lever. J is a pin attached to the slide by which the end of the lever raises the slide, B. J is the fulcrum fastened to the frame, C. K (Fig. 1) is a hand-nut fastening the slide, B, to the frame, C, at will. Fig. 2 is a side elevation of ladle, showing the outside working of the parts above described. It is the common practice to protect the rod, A, by a coating of clay and fire-sand, kneaded to the right consistency and applied to the rod, and then thoroughly dried. Just before casting, the plumbago stopper, D, is heated at its extremity to redness separate from the ladle and, at the moment of pouring, is placed in the ladle and slide, and adjusted as well as practicable. Some very serious defects ensue, causing much trouble and vexation as well as actual loss. The fire-clay coating in drying becomes cracked and seamy, and at its best is more or less loose on the rod. The hot metal sometimes cuts

Jan 1, 1879