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By Petrus Christiaan Pistorius, Farzin Fatollahi-Fard

The production of synthetic rutile—a common starting material for most titanium production processes—from iron-rich titanium minerals such as pseudorutile and ilmenite is described. The process for “upgrading” the mineral to synthetic rutile is by carbothermal reduction of the mineral while immersed in a molten salt at high temperature, followed by magnetic separation of the reduced iron. A variety of factors are also investigated, such as particle size of the mineral, the type of mineral, and the molten salt used. The solubility of iron(III) oxide in different molten salts is also experimentally determined.

Jan 1, 2016

By G. K. Burgess

(New York Meeting, October, 1913.) 1. COOLING AND HEATING CURVES BY G. V. BURGESS AND J. J. CROWE. § 22. THE results published in Professor Howe's paper 10 of our determinations on the Ac3 and Ar3 points for a series of commercial carbon steels 11 containing manganese in varying proportion, represent the average temperatures found by taking several (4 or 5) heating and cooling curves. The accompanying curves, Figs. 6 and 7, are, for each steel, the first heating and cooling curves as obtained by' the inverse-rate method of Osmond, using a cylindrical chronograph sensitive to -0.1 sec. for recording .time. Simultaneous observations were also taken by the differential method with a platinum neutral and plotted by Rosenhain's derived differential method and gave substantially the same results, the curves having sensibly the same contours in both cases.12. The observations were taken in vacuo on cylinders 5/8 by 1 in. in length bored to center with a 1/8-in. hole to receive porcelain insulated thereto-couple, and inclosed in an out- and in-glazed Berlin porcelain tube heated electrically by, platinum foil wound on the tube. The vacuum was usually better than 0.1 mm. The heating and cooling of the furnace was automatically controlled by a salt-water rheostat with shaped electrodes, giving a uniform rate of heating and cooling.

Jan 6, 1913

By Qingguo Xue, Jingsong Wang, Yingli Liu, Guang Wang

In the dropping zone of blast furnace (BF), primary slag absorbing ash of pulverized coal and coke become to be intermediate slag. Due to viscosity and surface tension of slag and the pore between cokes, some slag remained in coke layer and affected the permeability of blast furnace. The flow behavior of slag with different basicity (0.55–1.10) and Al/Si (0.35–0.50) were studied. Meanwhile, the viscosity and surface tension of slag were calculated. The results showed that, with the increasing basicity of slag, surface tension increased and viscosity decreased. With the Al/Si increase, surface tension and viscosity increased. The smallest pore that all slag can pass through was 4.5 mm. However, the height between slag droplets and the bottom of crucible indicated that the ability of slag to pass through pore were weakened with the increasing basicity and Al/Si. Thus, slag which absorbed ash from fuel become difficult to pass through coke layer.

Mar 1, 2017

By H. M. Yang

Structural alteration of pyrophyllite during mechanical activation in a planetary mill was investigated by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Mechanochemical effect markedly promotes the decrease in reflection intensities with increasing the grinding time. Prolonged grinding causes the pyrophyllite to become the amorphous structure. It can be indicated that pyrophyllite is very susceptible to alteration by grinding. Crystal size (d006) of pyrophyllite appears to be a limit after 2h grinding. IR spectroscopy analysis shows a little alteration in the bands of pyrophyllite after mechanical activation. The results indicate that the ordered structure of pyrophyllite is destroyed and lattice deformation occurs. Porous silica was then successfully prepared via leaching the mechanically activated pyrophyllite. Pyrophyllite was first ground for 6 h. Ground samples were subsequently leached with 4 M hy-drochloric acid at 80 °C for 2 h to produce porous silica with specific surface area of 188.1 m2/g, total pore volume of 0.18 mL/g and average pore size of 3.9 nm from N2 adsorption analysis. Otherwise, the porous silica obtained from direct leaching of the original pyrophyllite only has a specific surface area of 4.3 m adsorption analysis. 2/g and total pore volume of 0.03 mL/g. It is inferred that grinding is favorable for the formation of microstructure pores. It offers a simple and convenient route for the preparation of porous materials from natural minerals.

Jan 1, 2014

By Susana Marraccini Giampietri Lebrão, Guilherme Wolf Lebrão, Viviane Tavares de Moraes, Amanda de Andrade Prioli

indústria de móveis gera cerca de 19.255.000 m³/ano de resíduos de madeira com potencial para reciclagem de materiais. Este projeto tem com o objetivo minimizar a destinação final de resíduos de Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) através do desenvolvimento de um novo laminado de MDF reprocessado. Para tanto fez-se a coleta de MDF cru produzidos por corte a laser, em seguida o material foi triturado em moinho de facas e quarteado. O resíduo de MDF triturado foi misturado com resina poliéster nas proporções de 1 para 3 de resina poliéster em peso. A partir da formulação foi feito um laminado de 3 a 4 mm de espessura, onde também foi desenvolvido corpos de prova para a realização de ensaios mecânicos, tais como ensaio de tração, flexão e impacto, para determinação das propriedades do novo laminado. Os resultados esperados são a identificação das proporções ideais entre resina e MDF triturado e a resistência a impacto, tração e flexão determinadas pelos ensaios mecânicos.

Oct 12, 2019

By Albert H. Clough

The West Lynn Canal subarea of the Juneau Mining District (JMD) is defined by Lynn Canal on the east, Davidson Glacier to the north, Icy Strait to the south and the Glacier Bay National Park Boundary to the west (figs. C-l and C-2). This area extends along the main-land west of Juneau (across Lynn Canal) northerly, to approximately 20 miles south of the city of Haines. The only roads in the area are relatively new logging roads at the southern end constructed to support a U.S. Forest Service timber sale. There is also local road access near the community of Excursion Inlet. Access to the remainder of the region is either by boat, aircraft, or 'foot. Helicopters provide the only time effective access to all but the coastal parts of the West Lynn Canal subarea. Coastal areas may be reached by small boat or float aircraft. There is an unimproved dirt airstrip just north of the mouth of the Endicott River. This airstrip is suitable for use by light aircraft. The subarea lies within the Tongass National Forest and is managed by the Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service. Approximately two-thirds of the forest lands are open to mineral entry under the current Tongass Land Management plan. The remaining forest lands comprise the Endicott River Wilderness area, which is closed to mineral entry. Private lands within the study area are sparse, with scattered homestead tracts along the coastal regions and in the Excursion Inlet area. Sealaska (Southeast Alaska Regional Native Corporation) also has land selections in the southern Chilkat Range. Tidal and submerged lands are owned by the State of Alaska.

Jan 1, 2012

By Douglas Batista Mazzinghy

O projeto Minas-Rio iniciou as suas operações no final de 2014 e se encontra na fase de ramp-up buscando a capacidade nominal. O circuito de cominuição inclui três prensas de rolos em circuito aberto com o objetivo de criar micro fissuras no minério e assim reduzir o consumo energético da etapa seguinte, o circuito de moagem de bolas. Este tipo de fluxograma, com prensa de rolos (circuito aberto) seguido de moagem de bolas (circuito fechado), é conhecido como circuito híbrido. A literatura apresenta este circuito híbrido como o de maior eficiência energética. A maior preocupação com relação as prensas de rolos aplicada aos minérios de ferro é a geração excessiva de finos que poderiam elevar o perda de material na etapa de deslamagem, anterior a etapa de concentração por flotação. Os resultados obtidos através de amostragem das prensas mostraram que não houve geração excessiva de finos. Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados iniciais da operação das prensas de rolos.

Aug 16, 2017

By R. E. Ricksecker, W. M. Baldwin, R. McC. Baker

INTRODUCTION THE development of residual stress in strip during rolling has not been systematically studied. A few scattered papers1-3 mention the existence of residual stresses in rolled strip or touch upon some of their consequences,4 but there is no report of experimental studies in the literature describing the effect of roll diameter, strip thickness, reduction per pass, metal or metal temper on the magnitude of residual stresses developed in strip. A knowledge of the effect of these factors is of utmost importance since the present trend in some mills to roll thicker castings brings the rolling operation directly into that set of conditions which, as will be brought out in the present paper, can develop residual stresses of a high order of magnitude. Fundamentally, residual stresses are developed when a metal is inhomogeneously unloaded from a plastic stress state. A quantitative treatment of the problem requires a reasonably complete understanding of both the plastic stress state existing in the metal during deformation and the elastic stress state that would exist in the metal if the metal deformed as a perfectly elastic body. Our knowledge of either state during rolling is so meager that we can make no more than certain limited predictions. The external stress state* operating between the roll and the metal consists of compressive stresses acting almost perpendicularly to the strip surface but vary [ ] ing in intensity both across the width of the strip and along the length of contact between the roll and the strip. An example of such a stress distribution is shown in Fig I. The nature of the internal stress state, produced by this distribution, is not known. Various investigators,5-7 however, have felt that a qualitative similarity must exist between the internal stress state so produced and that produced in a wide strip that is compressed between two flat-nosed punches. In the latter case the external stress state is represented by a uniformly distributed compressive stress acting perpendicularly over the face of the tool. The elastic internal stress state in this case is complex-the principal stresses showing

Jan 1, 1948

By L. R. Jackson

THE idea presented in this paper is that the capacity of a metal for plastic flow before rupture is dependent on the type of stress system applied-that is, the absolute magnitude of the stresses are unimportant provided that they are large enough to produce continued flow; the important factor is the "type" of stress system. A term called the "triaxial stress ratio" is defined in such a way that this ratio can be used to characterize the "type" of system. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section discusses means of representing the effect of complex stresses on plastic flow and defines "triaxial stress ratio"; the second section discusses various methods of' obtaining complex stress distribution. The third section gives some experimental results showing the effect of types of complex stress on the capacity of various metals for flow. An appendix discusses some details on methods of obtaining complex stresses. I. REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX STRESS SYSTEMS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PLASTIC FLOW Representation of Stresses It is convenient to have a consistent system of notation that will allow the representation of the entire range of complex stresses from hydrostatic compression to hydrostatic tension on plastic flow in a single diagram. Such a system is provided by making use of the fact that any complex stress system can be resolved into a hydrostatic tension or compression and a pure shear. Consider a stress system having the principal stresses [S1 S2 5 S3]. This system can be resolved into a new system consisting of the three components [ ] and three pure shears. If Sm is positive, the net stress effect is hydrostatic tension; if it is negative, the effect is hydrostatic compression. In order to produce a systematic notation, a quantity that will be referred to as the "triaxial ratio" will be defined by the equation [ ] Sm is given by Eq. I and S1 is the absolute magnitude of the largest principal stress without regard to sign. Table I lists the triaxial ratios for various common systems. [ ] Representation of Strains Strains will be plotted as "true" strains according to the system proposed by Ludwik.1

Jan 1, 1944

By Marcelo Ferreira Martins, Sandro Luís Zahner, Daniel de Paula Ferreira, Celso Dias Barão, Leandro Martins Pereira

O EOF é um forno básico a oxigênio caracterizado pelo conceito de pré-aquecimento da carga sólida baseado na energia da corrida anterior. Mesmo com um sistema supervisório, a operação era totalmente manual. O trabalho consistiu no desenvolvimento e implantação de modelos matemáticos, objetivando atingir a temperatura e composição química programada para vazamento. O sistema de equações consideram todas as entradas metálicas com as respectivas composições químicas e define a quantidade necessária de energético ou refrigerante, além da adição de cales conforme a basicidade e teor de MgO objetivados na escória. O desenvolvimento passou inicialmente por um conhecimento profundo do processo, dada a excelência e originalidade do forno EOF, que é diferente dos demais convertedores a oxigênio. A seguir, foram definidos padrões e práticas operacionais que garantissem a reprodutibilidade do processo, para, finalmente, permitir o cálculo através de modelos matemáticos. Com a automação do processo foram conseguidos expressivos ganhos de produtividade, redução no consumo de materiais, aumento do rendimento metálico e menor consumo de refratários.

Oct 1, 2019

By Valter Félix Júnior Carvalho

A operação de um porto de minério é um campo fértil para boas práticas em integração de sistemas. Por tratar um produto normalmente sem alteração de características ao longo do processo, é possível analisar essa integração exclusivamente sob a ótica dos sistemas envolvidos. Dada a quantidade de sistemas independentes e complexos, o estabelecimento de interfaces se torna um fator essencial para o sucesso do projeto. Por outro lado, a necessidade de persistência de informações consolidadas, como informações de rotas e de planos de carregamento, torna interessante o uso de Sistemas de Bancos de Dados (SGBD) e sistemas legados. A integração de todos os sistemas necessários num projeto conciso com um fluxo de informações completo e eficiente também exige um gerenciamento vertical, que possa cuidar do acoplamento de todos os níveis de forma eficiente. Nesse mesmo caminho, o desenvolvimento coordenado com metodologias que permitem a interdisciplinaridade é essencial para complementar a tarefa da gestão, trazendo a preocupação com uma integração eficiente para o nível de desenvolvimento.

Aug 16, 2017

By Flávio James Humberto Tommasini Vieira Ramos

O estudo teve como objetivo a produção de corpos de prova de nanocompósitos baseados em uma matriz polimérica de polietileno de ultra alto peso molecular (UHMWPE) com carga de carbeto de boro dispersas, nas proporções de 0,0625%; 0,125%; 0,25%; 0,5%; 1% e 2%, respectivamente. As respectivas misturas entre os materiais, polímero e carga inorgânica, foram moldadas em prensa hidráulica quente à partir do estado fundido da matriz polimérica. A caracterização dos nanocompósitos com as cargas sem tratamento foi realizada pelas análises de difração de raio-x (DRX) e calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), o que possibilitou a identificação dos planos cristalográficos característicos dos materiais, o grau de cristalinidade da matriz orgânica e suas respectivas temperaturas de fusão. As microestruturas dos materiais, morfologia da carga e adesão interfacial foram observadas através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (FEGSEM). Através desse estudo foi possível o sugerir o comportamento do polímero com cargas de carbeto de boro dispersas em diversas proporções.

Oct 30, 2017

By Karinne Fernanda Menezes de Freitas

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a soldabilidade do aço da classe API 5L X80 de fabricação nacional quanto ao trincamento pelo hidrogênio. Para isto, o aço foi soldado pelo processo arame tubular usando como metal de adição o arame AWS E110-MC com 1,6 mm de diâmetro e como gás de proteção a mistura 75% Argônio+25%CO2. Foram adotados quatro níveis de energia de soldagem, 0,7 kJ/mm, 1,10kJ/mm, 1,60 kJ/mm e 2,00 kJ/mm e o ensaio de soldabilidade utilizado foi o WIC. Para as quatro energia de soldagem foi constatada a presença de trincas que iniciavam na região de grãos grosseiros da ZTA (RGGZTA) e se pronunciavam para a zona fundida (ZF). A ZTA apresentou um comportamento microestrutural com presença de bainita e a ZF com predominância de ferrita acicular. A microdureza na ZF foi superior em relação às demais regiões.

Aug 8, 2018

By Amauri Garcia, Noé Cheung, André dos Santos Barros, Clarissa Barros da Cruz

Embora a resistência ao desgaste seja geralmente a principal propriedade avaliada decorrente da adição de terceiros elementos em ligas Al-Sn, não somente os fenômenos tribológicos são responsáveis pela deterioração gradual das peças, mas também os fenômenos relacionados à corrosão. Dessa forma, o presente estudo objetiva analisar o efeito de características microestruturais formadas durante a solidificação transiente da liga Al-9%Sn-5%Zn na resistência à corrosão em solução 0,06M NaCl investigada por polarização potenciodinâmica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. Foi observada uma morfologia microestrutural caracterizada por dendritas da fase α-Al com concentrações de Zn tanto na matriz dendrítica quanto em regiões ricas em Sn localizadas nos contornos interdendríticos. A evolução dos espaçamentos dendríticos primários (λ1) também foi correlacionada com parâmetros térmicos de solidificação. Finalmente, constatou-se que a amostra com microestrutura mais grosseira, ou seja, λ1 = 89,6 μm, apresentou comparativamente menor densidade de corrente de corrosão e maior resistência à polarização.

Oct 1, 2019

By A D. Turnbull

In Canada, although some research on extraction metallurgy is carried out by the universities and by government, the primary responsibility for the research necessary to the mining industry rests on the industry it-self. Automation is coming more slowly to the mining industry than to others, partly because of the problems of instrumentation. Operations research methods are, however, coming into use. Some new developments in the extraction of aluminum, in iron and steel, in pyrometallurgy and in pressure leaching of nickel, copper, zinc and lead are briefly outlined. Mention is made of uranium and the reactive metals. The importance of the by-product metals, notably antimony, bismuth, gallium, germanium, indium and tellurium, in the development of the electronics industry is also mentioned. The trend toward co-operative research by groups of producers, to develop markets for their products, is noted. In conclusion, there are a greater number of trained scientists, as well as larger amounts of scientific knowledge, available to the mineral industry than ever before, and, if properly used, this will result in great benefits to the industry and to Canada.

Jan 1, 1963

By Clyde E. Williams

DESPITE the confusion resulting from the depression and the beginnings of recovery, important progress in all branches of iron and steel metallurgy has been accomplished during the year 1933. Research work has been intensive and highly technical, with increasing attention paid to fundamentals. Plant application of research developments has been rapid. Highly specialized laboratory methods were used for the study of iron-ore concentration methods. More attention has been given by the blast-furnace operator to the sizing of ore and the elimination of fines from the charge by the use of sinter. Combustion in the open-hearth has been placed under better control and the insulation of open-hearth furnaces has spread rapidly, with resultant higher fuel efficiency and better control of the melting and refining operations. Control of iron oxide content in the slag and the determination of iron oxide and other inclusions in steel received great attention during the year.

Jan 1, 1934

By F. E. Spencer

Calculated equilibrium data are presented for three phases in the flue gas stream from a hypothetical open cycle MHD generator. A typical coal is "burned" with 1.0 gram-mole K2O seed per kilogram coal and with 101 percent of stoichiometric air. Tables of composition and the overt thermodynamic properties, enthalpy and entropy, are given for the temperatures 2200 (-100) 1100 kelvins, pressures 1.0 and 1.5 atmospheres, and slag rejection figures of 90 and 75 percent.

Jan 1, 1973

By L. C. Graton

The federal taxes on incomes and excess profits are of course heavy. In 1917, the value of the mineral production of the United States was a little in excess of $5,000,000,000. The total of federal taxes for that year, for the mineral producing companies, as computed by themselves, amounts, according to tentative compilations, to about $207,000,000, and the total for the comprehensive group of mineral and metal industries to about $766,000,000, which figures represent respectively 9.5 per cent. and 35.1 per cent. of the total tax paid by all corporations. Because of greater complexities in applying the revenue laws to mineral properties than to most other industries, opportunity is afforded for wide differences of view. The taxes indicated above, therefore, are not final and may conceivably be very materially increased. For 1918, the taxes are expected to be still greater, but no compilations are yet available. Taxes at a high rate are to continue indefinitely. The subject is clearly of gravest import to the mining industry in particular. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, who is charged by law with the administration and collection of the taxes, is determined that these functions shall be performed in a just and businesslike way. Fairness and finality are to be the chief objectives. In view of the peculiar conditions that attach to the tax program as applied to mines and other wasting industries, like oil, gas, and timber, the Commissioner has resorted to professional advice and assistance by manning a Sub-division of Natural Resources with competent engineers, brought in from the several industries, into whose hands he has placed for solution the technical questions involved. These engineers have a two-fold duty: (1) to devote to the solution of these problems their own knowledge and experience; (2) through their acquaintance with their respective industries, and with the men engaged in those industries, to focus upon these problems, by conferences and otherwise, the best opinion of the country. The principal object of this paper is to acquaint the mining profession with the attitude of the

Jan 1, 1923

Jan 1, 2008

By L. C. Graton

The federal taxes on incomes and excess profits are of course heavy. In 1917, the value of the mineral production of the United States was a little in excess of $5,000,000,000. The total of federal taxes for that year, for the mineral producing companies, as computed by themselves, amounts, according to tentative compilations, to about $207,000,000, and the total for the comprehensive group of mineral and metal industries to about $766,000,000, which figures represent respectively 9.5 per cent. and 35.1 per cent. of the total tax paid by all corporations. Because of greater complexities in applying the revenue laws to mineral properties than to most other industries, opportunity is afforded for wide differences of view. The taxes indicated above, therefore, are not final and may conceivably be very materially increased. For 1918, the taxes are expected to be still greater, but no compilations are yet available. Taxes at a high rate are to continue indefinitely. The subject is clearly of gravest import to the mining industry in particular. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, who is charged by law with the administration and collection of the taxes, is determined that these functions shall be performed in a just and businesslike way. Fairness and finality are to be the chief objectives. In view of the peculiar conditions that attach to the tax program as applied to mines and other wasting industries, like oil, gas, and timber, the Commissioner has resorted to professional advice and assistance by manning a Sub-division of Natural Resources with competent engineers, brought in from the several industries, into whose hands he has placed for solution the technical questions involved. These engineers have a two-fold duty: (1) to devote to the solution of these problems their own knowledge and experience; (2) through their acquaintance with their respective industries, and with the men engaged in those industries, to focus upon these problems, by conferences and otherwise, the best opinion of the country. The principal object of this paper is to acquaint the mining profession with the attitude of the

Jan 1, 1923