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By Pedro Boson Gambogi

Aços com microestrutura completamente perlítica são utilizados para fabricação de componentes submetidos a condições severas de carregamento mecânico frequentemente combinado com atrito. Estes aços têm desempenho mecânico afetado principalmente pelo espaçamento interlamelar da perlita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi demonstrar os benefícios do uso da Microscopia de Força Atômica para determinar o espaçamento interlamelar da perlita de um aço eutetóide laminado a quente. Para tal, imagens da microestrutura de amostras retiradas na direção longitudinal e transversal à laminação foram obtidas e processadas com auxílio de um Microscópio de Força Atômica. Como resultado, destaca-se o fato da técnica utilizada ter se mostrado uma ferramenta versátil para caracterização quantitativa do espaçamento interlamelar da perlita. Foi observado espalhamento dos valores medidos do espaçamento interlamelar principalmente influenciado pelas condições de resfriamento do aço durante a transformação austenita-perlita.

Aug 16, 2017

By Élida Gonçalves das Neves

Nos últimos anos as siderúrgicas têm investido na melhoria de seus processos e produtos buscando à produção de clean steels, onde menor nível inclusionário é almejado. Neste contexto foi objetivado neste trabalho, em um primeiro momento, realizar uma revisão bibliográfica afim de buscar um modelo que pudesse relacionar a composição química da escória com a capacidade da escória de remover de forma eficiente as inclusões, garantindo assim a limpidez de aços. A partir destes dados, buscou-se, como segundo objetivo, avaliar alguns resultados de escórias industriais e compará-los com o proposto pelo modelo. A viscosidade e molhabilidade foram os parâmetros de maior impacto neste estudo, sendo a viscosidade obtida através da termodinâmica computacional com o FactSage e a molhabilidade estimada a partir do modelo de Nakajima.

Jul 30, 2018

By Bruna Helena Malovini Loiola

O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados de têmpera a partir da temperatura de transformação da austenita para ferrita em um aço microligado seguido de revenido de 200 a 550°C. Foram avaliadas as fases presentes no equilíbrio termodinâmico em função da temperatura de formação para verificar quais fases foram solubilizadas nas condições de tratamento térmico. Após os tratamentos de têmpera e revenido, foram realizadas caracterizações microestruturais e de microdureza. Os resultados indicaram presença de ferrita poligonal em conjunto com constituintes displacivos como ferrita acicular, bainita e martensita em baixa fração volumétrica. Ambos os constituintes apresentaram variação de microdureza com o revenido e apresentaram envelhecimento na temperatura de 550°C. Este envelhecimento foi atribuído à precipitação de carbonetos tipos M7C3 e MC com base nas simulações termodinâmicas.

Oct 30, 2017

By G. S. Austin

Soil next to an abandoned smelter near Socorro, New Mexico, has the highest Pb concentration in the clay-size fraction, although this fraction accounted for only 1 to 3 wt. % of the soil. The depth of contamination was determined in areas relatively undisturbed since the smelter was abandoned about 98 years ago. Lead concentration drops to background levels below a depth of 3 inches. A mineralogical examination of the fine-size fraction of Pb-contaminated soils revealed an absence of crystalline Pb compounds. We conclude that Pb is present either as amorphous phases or adsorbed on the surfaces of soil particles. Yet, because of the alkalinity of the soil, the movement of Pb-bearing particles controls Pb mobility, not chemical transport in solution. Plant material from the site contained elevated Pb levels that increased as the amount of Pb in the soil increased. Of the types of material tested, rabbit bush showed the greatest increase of Pb levels. Lead levels were highest in rabbit bush roots, whereas levels in creosote were highest in foliage. Levels in cactus varied. The amount of Pb due to dust incorporated in plant tissue is almost negligible compared to the amount absorbed through the plant vascular system.

Jan 1, 1992

By Felipe da Silva Siqueira, Mariana Sizenando Lyrio, Aline Cristine Lemos Duarte, Weslley Luiz da Silva Assis, Harison da Silva Ventura, André Luiz Moraes Alves, Paulo Rangel Rios

A nucleação nos contornos de grão é um fenômeno muito recorrente em materiais metálicos. Essa situação foi tratada por diversos autores como Cahn e Rios e Villa, usando a abordagem de nucleação em planos e linhas aleatórias. Neste trabalho estudou-se a nucleação nos contornos do polígono de Poisson-Voronoi e de uma matriz hexagonal em 2-d com métodos analíticos e simulação computacional. Utilizou-se uma equação baseada no método de Cahn para nucleação nos contornos de grão. Para nucleação nos contornos do polígono de Voronoi a equação não mostrou adequação total com os resultados simulados para dois tipos diferentes de casos, já para os contornos da matriz hexagonal, notou-se que quanto maior a quantidade de pontos sorteados na matriz, mais os resultados simulados concordaram com a equação proposta.

Nov 13, 2019

By Maria José Santos Lima

Neste trabalho a estrutura cristalina do carbeto de tântalo (TaC), que é um material extremamente duro, com elevado ponto de fusão e elevada estabilidade química, foi analisada por difração de raios- X e pelo método Rietiveld.Para isto, o carbeto de tântalo foi obtido a partir do precursor tris(oxalato)oxitantalato de amônio hidratado, através de reação gás-sólido e sólido-sólido a baixa temperatura (1000°C) e curto tempo de reação, e foi caracterizado através de Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Refinamento Rietveld e Micróscopia Eletronica de Varredura (MEV). Através das analises de DRX e do refinamento Reitiveld para o TaC com S= 1,1584, observou-se a formação do carbeto de tântalo puro com estrutura cúbica e tamanho médio de cristalitos na ordem de 12,9 nanômetros.

Aug 16, 2017

By Niander Aguiar Cerqueira

A construção civil é um setor de extremo impacto na economia brasileira, tanto em termos de empregos quanto no consumo de matérias-primas e geração de resíduos. Resíduos de Construção Civil (RCC) representam uma grande parte da massa total de rejeitos sólidos em médias e grandes cidades. Neste trabalho, um estudo foi realizado para produzir concreto com substituição de areia por RCC, em diferentes porcentagens, a fim de reduzir, reciclar e reutilizar esta grande quantidade de rejeitos da indústria da construção civil. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as propriedades mecânicas de concreto estrutural com substituição total e parcial (25%, 50%, 75% e 100% de substituição de areia). Os resultados do teste de compressão indicaram boa qualidade para os concretos com substituição em massa de até 75% de RCC.

Oct 30, 2017

By María Justiniani

Además de los pasivos ambientales mineros que a la fecha oscilan entre los 6900 y 70001 a nivel nacional, existen otras unidades mineras que corren el riesgo de quedar abandonadas o ser paralizadas de forma definitiva, incrementando el patrimonio minero inactivo. Al respecto, su falta de atención, su gestión deficiente y los escenarios limitados que existen para su tratamiento, comprometen seriamente el desarrollo sostenible que se exige para todas las actividades y etapas vinculadas a la minería. En ese escenario, se deben evaluar otras alternativas que permitan un mejor aprovechamiento de dicho patrimonio, que sostenga equilibradamente el desarrollo económico, la protección ambiental y la promoción social.

Sep 29, 2023

By J. A. Woolf, E. S. Leaver, N. K. Karchmer

"In the cyanidation of silver ore, the need of oxygen is well recognized. Various methods have been introduced for supplying the oxygen. In usual practice, air is the source of oxygen and the methods of application are mechanical.This article gives the results of touts made to show the rate of dissolution of silver from each of the common silver minerals in cyanide solution, under conditions similar to those used in the practical recovery of silver from its ores. The effect of oxygen in aiding the dissolution of the silver from each mineral is also shown by a comparison of the methods of supplying the oxygen. Oxidation by preliminary roasting (500°C.) of each mineral sample gives the maximum extraction of the silver by treatment with cyanide.Each silver mineral5 used in these experiments was as pure as could be obtained from the mineral dealer. In their natural occurrence, silver minerals are not usually free from mineral impurities. They are usually closely associated with other minerals often forming, a complex mixture. The form of crystallization, the proportions, and properties of the diluent that incases or has been dispersed with the silver mineral may decidedly affect the dissolution rate of the silver from each mineral. While the following results should aid in the cyanidation of silver ores, each ore should be studied from the basis of the form and condition of the silver that is to be recovered.All the tests reported in this article were made on synthetic samples, prepared by mixing the particular silver mineral with clean sea sand. Each mineral was ground in an agate mortar to pass 100-mesh before mixing with the sand which had previously been ground in a porcelain pebble mill to 100-mesh. Such proportions of each mineral and the sand were used as to give a head assay of approximately 20 ounces of silver per ton to the synthetic sample.Agitation was carried on in stoppered bottles approximately one-third full of pulp, method apparently supplied all the atmospheric oxygen that would be taken up by the solution under usual conditions, because tests conducted in open bottles did not show increased recovery,"

Jan 1, 1931

By M. B. Shongwe, G. Freemantle, M. Botha, S. Brill, J. D. Steenkamp

During steelmaking, one important factor for production efficiency is the free opening of the ladle nozzle during continuous casting. Free opening occurs when the well filler sand and the steel flow freely when the slide gate is opened. Well filler sands are used for the slide gate of a ladle to separate the slide gate refractory and the molten steel. The well filler sand is partially sintered by the heat of the molten metal, which can result in the ladle nozzle failing to open if the sand is not sintered to an appropriate extent. It is therefore of great importance that the sintering behaviour of well filler sand is understood. We studied the effect of the well filler sand chemistry on its sintering properties. Samples of well filler sand with various chemical compositions were sintered in a high-temperature chamber furnace. Quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES), and wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS) by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) were used to analyse the various well filler sand mixes. Points of analysis were indicated on backscattered electron (BSE) micrographs. Quantitative element mapping was undertaken by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Thermodynamic calculations in FactSage predicted the percentage liquid phase present for the various well filler sand compositions at equilibrium conditions. The results of this work show that the degree of sintering of chromite-silica well filler sand depends strongly on the silica content. The amount of liquid phase formed increases with increasing silica content.

Feb 2, 2022

By Roswell W. Prouty

As part of a general plan for control and economic utilization of the waters of the Missouri River Basin as well as development of its inherent power resources, the Corps of Engineers of the United States Army has under construction a rolled earth dam near the site of old Fort Randall in South Dakota. The dam is in Charles Mix and Gregory Counties on the Missouri River at a point about 922 miles above its mouth. It is approximately 125 air-line miles southeast of Pierre and 55 miles southwest of Mitchell, S. Dak. The storage reservoir to be formed by the dam will extend upstream for 150 miles and, at maximum operating pool level, will cover an area of some 107,000 acres. It will have a storage capacity of 6.2 million acre feat.

Jun 1, 1949

By André Nogueira

A etapa de flotação convencional do Concentrador 2 ocorre em um circuito com 13 tanques de flotação que recebem o produto dos ciclones limpadores (-0,15mm +0,030mm). O concentrado desta etapa contribui com aproximadamente 80% do volume de produção do concentrador. A necessidade da implantação do sistema de controle avançado de processos (SCAP) advém da alta heterogeneidade na alimentação do concentrador, uma vez que a Samarco não conta com pilha de homogeneização. O objetivo principal do projeto foi maximizar a recuperação metálica da flotação convencional e reduzir a variabilidade do teor de sílica no concentrado final. Aliado ao sistema de análise de imagem de espuma e ao analisador de sílica online, a ferramenta demostrou que, além de atingir os objetivos esperados, trouxe estabilização ao processo e padronização da operação.

Aug 16, 2017

By Philip C. Good

Preliminary studies showed that direct hydrolysis of H2SiF6 to SiO2 and HF at elevated temperatures was subject to many mechanical difficulties, and that corrosion of construction materials was a serious problem. Elimination of SiO2 from the HF product was generally poor. An alternative procedure, hydrolysis of lime-neutralized H2SiF6 by steam at 950° to 1,100° C, yielded a product very low in SiO2. Condensates containing up to 300 g/1 HF were prepared.

Jan 1, 1968

By W. P. Campbell

THE investigation herein described had its beginning in the chemical laboratory of the Department of the Interior, Calgary. After the transfer of the natural resources to the Province of Alberta in 1930, the laboratory was closed and the investigation discontinued, but in 1933, with the permission of the Director of the Mines Branch, the work was again taken up and brought to completion. OBJECT OF THE INVESTIGATION The object of the investigation as originally planned may be stated as follows : (1) To determine the chemical composition of the limestone formation underlying Turner Valley gas field. (2) To identify 'beds' in the limestone, if such existed, with definitecharacteristics which would mark them from immediately overlying and underlying measures. (3) To relate information acquired on the composition of the limestone to the occurrence of oil and gas in the particular section examined. Definite information was lacking as to the exact chemical composition of the limestone and of its variations in composition at various depths. The formation was generally referred to in the field as the 'dolomitic' limestone, but the depth to which the dolomitized zone extended and the degree to which the limestone generally had become dolomitized were not known. Jn the drilling and logging of wells, the recognition of suitable 'markers' in the various formations is a matter of some importance. Markers are generally relatively small but widespread members of a formation, which have some characteristic property, of colour, composition, or form, by which they may be identified, and with them, consequently, the formation of which they form a part. In the formations above the limestone in Turner Valley, a number of well defined and easily recognized markers are known to geologists, drillers, and others interested in the field. Many of these markers Hand out in sharp contrast to adjoining measures and are therefore easily recognized; in others, the contrast is less sharp, with consequent difficulty in identification.

Jan 1, 1937

By Minna Rämä

Iron containing leach residues like jarosite and goethite from electrolytic zinc production contain many valuable metals and harmful substances. These metals and substances should be removed in order to obtain an acceptable, stable and reusable product, and maximize economic feasibility as well as minimize environmental footprint. In this work, the processing of jarosite leach residue was studied in laboratory scale experiments under oxidizing and reducing conditions at high temperatures. First, the pretreated material was melted and oxidized to produce a melt of metal oxides. Second, the oxide melt was reduced in CO–CO2 atmosphere. Target after the reduction step was to obtain a clean slag and a liquid metal or speiss phase that collects the valuable metals, such as silver. The kinetics of the thermal processing were studied for determining optimal times and conditions for the aforementioned process steps. The preliminary results show that the process is thermodynamically feasible, and the desired phases can be obtained in the experimental conditions investigated.

By Wei Luo

Nickeliferous laterites were characterized by particle size analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermal analysis. Results showed that the laterites consist mainly of nickel-substituted lizardite with cobble-like morphology and traces amounts of magnetite and phlogopite. As fluoride ions can react with silicon in the lizardite crystal structure and form metal-fluoride complexes, as well as increase the equilibrium constant of the lizardite dissolution in acid solution dramatically, the addition of minor fluoride salts (0.2wt.% NaF) gave a markedly enhanced metal extraction rate (Ni 81.7% and Co 52.3%) under the experi-mental conditions of particle size d50= 25 µm, 10% (v/v) H2SO4, reaction time 2 h, reaction temperature 90°C, liquid-to-solid ratio 3 mL g-1 and stirring at 500 rpm compared with H2SO4 alone (Ni 69.6% and Co 30.8%).

Jan 1, 2010

By W. K. Choi

Using electrochemical techniques it was demonstrated that bioleaching of gold from refractory pyritic ores is a complex phenomenon. Many intermediate electrochemical reactions were found to be involved in the oxidation of pyrite, using cyclic voltammetry and carbon paste-pyrite containing electrode. Furthermore, the oxidation process was controlled by solid-state diffusion as suggested by chronoamperometric and chronopotentiometric measurements. Using the Sand's approach, the activation energy of solid-state diffusion was found to be = 22.4 kJ. After bioleaching, 96% gold was extracted from the leach resi¬due with a thiourea solution in 1 hour. A generalized model for the mechanism of pyrite oxidation has been presented.

Jan 1, 1990

By Harry Perry

By 1980, the free world's need for economic sources of energy is expected to double. As a result, there will be a tremendous potential for all energy sources working together to supply the demand. For coal to continue its dominant role as a low-cost energy source, means must be found for it to meet the challenge of nuclear power and to overcome obstacles placed on its use by air and water pollution regulations. As the more limited reserves of gas and oil diminish, economic ways are also required for converting coal to synthetic liquid and gaseous fuels, and to chemicals, thus resulting in optimum utility of the most abundant low-cost fuel resource. The means for accomplishing these ends can only come about by a vigorous research and development program. Successful efforts by industry and government working together, both in America and abroad, will assure the continued use of coal to meet the world's energy demands. This paper discusses the emerging patterns of energy sources throughout the world and the role that research and development on coal will play in supplying future energy requirements.

Jan 1, 1967

By Tilman M. M.

The effects of substituting cobalt for nickel on the acid corrosion resistance of two types of austenitic stainless steel were determined. Cobalt substitutions to a maximum 2.2 weight-percent were made in types 302 and 309 stainless steels. Total immersion corrosion tests were made in 10 volume-percent hydrochloric acid, and boiling-acid tests were conducted in 65 weight-percent nitric acid and in undiluted glacial acetic acid. For modified type 309 in acetic acid, corrosion rates decreased for additions greater than 0.57 weight-percent cobalt. Corrosion rates increased as cobalt was increased up to about 1 weight percent for modified type 302 in nitric and hydrochloric acids and for modified type 309 in nitric acid, but these rates decreased with a further increase in cobalt content. A gradual increase in corrosion rates with increasing cobalt content was shown for type 302 in acetic acid and for type 309 in hydrochloric acid. Cobalt substitutions in larger amounts (above a ratio of 8 Ni to 1 Co) may increase the corrosion resistance of the austenitic stainless steels.

Jan 1, 1965

The Rio Tinto Iron Ore group currently estimates grade attributes for mineral resources using ordinary kriging (OK). OK produces a smoothed globally unbiased estimate, but does not capture local variability, which can have significant impact on mine planning and scheduling. The dimensions and the multivariate nature of iron ore deposits make point simulations of whole deposits impractical. With a direct block simulation method the size and speed limitations of point simulations can potentially be overcome, resulting in a viable method for capturing local variability and for providing risk measures into the mine plan and schedules. Some iron ore deposits are highly folded (post mineralisation) and require preprocessing using an unfolding algorithm to properly define the continuity parameters and directions of anisotropy before simulation can proceed. Block co-simulation proceeds in unfolded space and since mine planning require a block-model with regular block-sizes; a regular block-model is unfolded first. This paper discusses a block co-simulation approach that can be used to simulate the irregular blocks resulting from the unfolding process. A section of an iron ore deposit is used for testing the block co-simulation algorithm and the simulation results are compared against the Isatis direct block simulation method. Available blasthole data is also used to validate the behaviour of the block co-simulation algorithm.

Sep 26, 2011