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By Wilson B. Emery

The Hidden Dome gas field, situated in Washakie County, Wyoming, was discovered Sept. 26, 1917. Subsequently five additional gas wells were completed and a large reserve was developed. For a number of years this field completely supplied the domestic market at Basin and Greybull, as well as the refinery at the latter town, and it is still supplying gas in small amounts to this market. Production is obtained from the sands of the Frontier formation at depths ranging from 1000 to 1500 ft. The original rock pressure was 725 Ib. and initial production ranged from 4,000,000 to 28,000,000 cu. ft. per day per well. Porosity of the sand, determined from the size of the productive area and the amount of gas recovered, is over 18 per cent. Area and Management It is estimated that the productive area is about 640 acres. Its outline is indicated on Fig. 5, on which are also shown the locations of holes drilled on the structure and the area of unit operation. The unit area is owned by the Ohio Oil Co. and development and operation have been by this company. No productive well has been completed outside this area. The entire area was Government land filed on under the placer mining law. Results of Unit Operation With six producing wells, or an average of one to each 160 acres, the pool is completely developed. Location of the wells was made with respect to structural conditions plus the requirement that at least one well be drilled on each 160-acre placer claim. Perhaps a somewhat more uniform spacing of the wells might have been accomplished and one well eliminated, but it must be borne in mind that the holes, on account of their shallow depth, were not expensive and that the object was to develop as reliable a reserve as possible. There is no cause to suspect that these holes have not adequately drained the reservoir and there is every reason to think that any additional wells, which might have been drilled under diversified ownership and operation, would have been an economic waste. Unit operation by a competent company has not only resulted in the elimination of loss of gas through careless development and operation

Jan 1, 1930

By C. M. Young

THE safety lamp is the most common and convenient apparatus for detecting inflammable gases in mines, the presence of gas being shown by a blue flame, called the cap, if the wick has been lowered to suppress the luminous flame. The height of the cap increases with the proportion of gas and with the temperature of the lamp flame. Lamps of the Wolf type, the fuel of which is benzine, have a hotter flame than lamps in which vegetable oils are used, such as the Davy, and the Clanny, and are more sensitive than the latter and their many modifications. The Piehler alcohol lamp gives a still higher cap while the Clowes hydrogen lamp is most sensitive of all. While the effect of the temperature of the source of ignition is well known, the writer knows of no previous attempt to correlate the change of this temperature with change of the height of the cap produced. In order to determine the height of the cap at various temperatures, it was necessary to have a source of ignition the temperature of which could he accurately controlled over a considerable range. This condition was met by a coil of wire of high fusing point heated by an electric current controlled by a variable resistance. The use of a coil offered the further advantage of freedom from complications due to the flame of a burning fuel. Such a flame, being itself of variable height, would to some extent raise or lower the elevation of the base of the cap and therefore add to the difficulty of determining the height of the cap. Besides this, the presence of a small cap from the lamp fuel, commonly known as the "fuel cap, " would interfere with the observation of small gas caps. After some experiment, a coil was made of platinum wire, No. 26, diameter 0.016 in. The coil was 17/64 in. (6.746 mm.) in outside diameter and had eight full turns in a length of ½ in. (12.69 mm.). This was connected to an electric circuit through an adjustable resistance, as shown in

Jan 8, 1919

By Alberto Oalvez, Lucya Yunus, Pengfii Tan

"Laboratory flotation tests of slow cooled converter slag have showed that 92.5% copper recovery at the copper cut-off grade of 24 - 25 % can be achieved by using a 50:50 ratio of DSP330 and SIBX (sodium isobutyl xanthate) at the natural pH of 7 and with a grinding time of 18.5 minutes. 70ìéç is the P80 achieved at this grinding time. MIBC is the frother and the solid content of the flotation feed was 46%. In the plant trials, two types of collectors at two different feed particle sizes for both the normal and slow cooled slag were operated. The particle size was controlled by the feed rate. The P80 of 75 ìçé at a feed rate between 32 - 36 t/h were tested. The plant trials have demonstrated that the copper recovery in the milling and flotation process of the slow cooled slags was improved by 3%. IntroductionIt is proposed to float the slow cooled converter slag, in the auxiliary circuit of the copper concentrator at Mount Isa, by using the processing conditions identified from several laboratory flotation tests. Among these laboratory tests, one produced a copper recovery of 4 % higher than those achieved from a normal cooled slag with the same slag feed grade and the same copper content (24 - 26 %) in the concentrate. These test conditions were selected for further studies.Laboratory Test Work and Plant TrialsThere has been a lot of work conducted under laboratory and plant conditions [1]. However, the achieved results did not justify their total implementation in the Mount Isa Copper Concentrator. Initially, the lab trials were carried out with slag cooled 100% in air; then it was changed to combined cooling for 12 h with air and 2.5 days with water sprays. The reason for this change was the shortage of space when the slag was cooled 100% in air, as it takes several days to achieve safe temperatures for its removal. The San Manuel Copper Smelter has reported that their slag was left for air cooling in pits for 8 h and then was followed by water cooling for 2-3 days [2]"

Jan 1, 2012

but, returning to South Africa, for the next two years he was assistant general manager of the Simmer Deep Gold Mining Co., at Johannesburg. In June, 1911, he returned to New Zealand as general manager and consulting engineer for the Consolidated Goldfields of New Zealand, at Reefton, which position he held at the time of his admission to the 1nstitute in 1914. Early in September, 1915, he left New Zealand for active service in France. Corporal Sheppard B. Gordy Sheppard B. Gordy, born in Ansonia, Conn., in 1889, graduated from the Sheffield Scientific School in 1910 and with the degree of E. M. in 1912. He entered the employ of the Braden Copper Co. immediately on his graduation and remained with this company four years, working up through the various grades to assistant foreman and foreman to one of the individual mines. The last year he was in its employ, he acted as general mine foreman. He was for a short time with the Chile Exploration Co. and then went with the Andes Exploration Co. (Anaconda) and remained with the latter, doing mine exploration and development work, until he sailed for home in June, 1918, to give a more personal and active service to his country in her need. He declined a tender of induction into an officers' training camp, at the urgent request of Professor McClelland supplemented by Mr. Potter, because they demonstrated to his satisfaction that he could give more valuable service to his country in helping out with the aircraft production. Being within the draft age, in order to carry out this plan, it was necessary for him to be called by his Local Board and sent to camp. This call came Aug. 26. Two weeks before that time he had gone to Dayton, Ohio, to begin the study of aircraft production, and was sent by the Dayton Board to Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio, where he died of pneumonia on Oct. 9. Lieutenant Thomas Clarence Gorman Thomas C. Gorman, a lieutenant in the Second Tunnelling Company of the Canadian Engineers, was killed in France on Mar. 18, 1918. He was resting in his sleeping hut and was in the act of writing a letter when a bursting shell killed him.

Jan 1, 1920

By Yasutaka Izumi, Tuneyoshi Funasaki, Keizou Miki, Makoto Kanai

INTRODUCTION The Tokyo metropolitan region, inclusive of the three neighboring prefectures (Kanagawa, Chiba and Saitama), has the highest concentration of population and industry in Japan; with an area of 13,500 km2 or only 3.6 percent of the national land, but a population of 31.8 million or 26 percent of the national total, and a Gross Regional Product (GRP) of146 trillion yen (US$1.33 trillion) or 36 percent of the overall GDP of Japan as of 1990. Tokyo Bay, embraced by the metropolitan region as shown in Figure 1 (a), (b), is open to the Pacific Ocean as a marine gateway and is ringed by large cities and coastal industrial zones together with port facilities, all constituting a concentration of prime importance for socio-economic activities. The Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway (TTB highway), which crosses Tokyo Bay and provides a direct transportation link between the west and east sides of the bay, has long been a sort of “dream-come-true” project in Japan. As shown in Figure 2, linked to the Tokyo Bay Shore Highway, Metropolitan Inter-city Expressway, Tokyo Outer Ring Road, Tateyama Express-way, and others, it will play an important role as an integral part of the regional highway network to help promote spatial redistribution and multi polarization of urban functions, thus strengthening cooperation between cities and restructuring the metropolitan region. The TTB Highway is a project of 15.1 km in length designed as a toll highway to cross the bay by tunnel and bridge, and will require ten years to complete at a total cost of more than 1,438 billion yen (US$13.077 billion). Following more than 20 years of feasibility and environmental assessment studies, construction of this giant offshore highway project commenced in May 1989 as the first large-scale highway project with private-sector participation under the prevailing Road Law in Japan, and is now steadily proceeding toward the goal of completion in fiscal1997. This report outlines the entire TTB Highway project, including the waterproofing measures against high water pressure and the rapid construction method applied in the construction of shield tunnel sections.

Jan 1, 1997

By D. E. Healy

In 1989, an autogenous grinding task force was formed to study potential autogenous grinding circuits to replace the existing semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) at the National Steel Pellet Plant in Keewatin, MN. Pilot plant test work, performed by the Hanna Research Center (HRC), indicated that fully autogenous grinding with pebble extraction and crushing could be incorporated into the existing circuits. In 1990, one of the existing 10 grinding mills was converted for an in-plant test incorporating pebble crushing. Full-scale test work were conducted in 1990 and 1991. They verified the pilot plant projections with primary mill throughputs from the fully autogenous circuit using pebble crushing being greater than throughput of the existing SAG mill circuits. The plant produces 5 Mt/a (4.9 million ltpy) of iron ore pellets from 17.6 Mt (17.3 million It) of crude taconite. Crude ore is single-stage crushed by gyratory crushers. Primary grinding is performed by 10 semi-autogenous wet grinding mills. Secondary grinding is performed by five ball mills. Induration is with an Allis Chalmers grate-kiln pelletizing system. The primary grinding circuit consists of 108.2-m-diam x 5.5-m long (27 ft-diam x 18-ft) SAG mills. The mills are charged with 127 mm-diam (5 in.diam) steel grinding balls at from 3% to 5% by volume. Ball consumption rate is about 0.55 kg/t (1.25 lbs/lt) of crude ore feed to the mill. Each SAG mill is powered by two 2.6 MW (3500 hp) motors drawing 5450 kW (7300 hp) at 76% of critical speed. The mills are grate discharge with 16 mm (0.6 in.) slotted grate openings when new. The mill discharge is sized on a trommel screen having 4.5 mm (0.2 in.) openings. The plus 4.5 mm (+0.2 in.) oversize material is returned to the discharge end of the mill by a reverse screw auger located in the center of the trommel. The -4.5 mm (-0.2 in.) trommel screen undersize is pumped to magnetic cobbers.

Jan 1, 1992

By Florian Aurelian, Mihai Popescu

"It will be tested four types of “geochemical barriers”. All those mixtures were contacted with mine waters containing uranium, radium and heavy metals. The loading capacity was determined. The optimum mixture was determined and its efficiency was tested within an uranium areal, where the activity was stopped. It was determined the possibility to recover the radioactive elements and the heavy metals from the investigated barriers.IntroductionThe paper presents the results concerning the performances of some “geochemical barriers” used for the decontamination of mine waters from uranium mining sites, which were tested in lab and in situ.ExperimentalThe research activity was carried out in lab and on the site.In the lab a module was constructed in order to follow up the uptake capacity of the “permeable reactive geochemical barriers” used to remove the radiolelements from the contaminated waters originated from the uranium mining industry. The barriers, which were used, are made of cheap natural materials, which can be easily got (wood chips, peat coal, sawdust, iron span, steel and zeolitic tuff). The following types of barriers were tested:•, 1st barrier: peat coal, sawdust, zeolite on weight ratio of 1/1/1;•, 2nd barrier: bentonite, sand, wood chips, peat coal on weight ratio of 1/1/1/1;•, 3rd barrier: iron span, steel, sawdust, peat coal on weight ratio of 2/1/1;•, 4th barrier: iron span, steel, sand, firry wood chips on weight ratio of 1/1/1.Lab researches concerning the uranium uptake capacity of the above described “reactive barriers” pointed out that the 3rd mixture (iron span, steel, sawdust, peat coal on a ratio of 2/1/1) didn’t reach the maximum uranium uptake capacity not even after eleven contact stages (the uptake capacity being of 70.6 mg U/ kg of mixture) and the mixture of peat coal, sawdust and zeolite has an uranium uptake capacity of 26.6 mg U/kg of mixture and becomes saturated after four contact stages.Each one of the components involved in physical-chemical processes of sorption, reduction and precipitation, will determine the diminution of uranium and other metals contents upstream the permeable reactive barrier."

Jan 1, 2008

but, returning to South Africa, for the next two years he was assistant general manager of the Simmer Deep Gold Mining Co., at Johannesburg. In June, 1911, he returned to New Zealand as general manager and consulting engineer for the Consolidated Goldfields of New Zealand, at Reefton, which position he held at the time of his admission to the Institute in 1914. Early in September, 1915, he left New Zealand for active service in France. Corporal Sheppard B. Gordy Sheppard B. Gordy, born in Ansonia, Conn., in 1889, graduated from the Sheffield Scientific School in 1910 and with the degree of E. M. in 1912. He entered the employ of the Braden Copper Co. immediately on his graduation and remained with this company four years, working up through the various grades to assistant foreman and foreman to one of the individual mines. The last year he was in its employ, he acted as general mine foreman. He was for a short time with the Chile Exploration Co. and then went with the Andes Exploration Co. (Anaconda) and remained with the latter, doing mine exploration and development work, until he sailed for home in June, 1918, to give a more personal and active service to his country in her need. He declined a tender of induction into an officers' training camp, at the urgent request of Professor McClelland supplemented by Mr. Potter, because they demonstrated to his satisfaction that he could give more valuable service to his country in helping out with the aircraft production. Being within the draft age, in order to carry out this plan, it was necessary for him to be called by his Local Board and sent to camp. This call came Aug. 26. Two weeks before that time he had gone to Dayton, Ohio, to begin the study of aircraft production, and was sent by the Dayton Board to Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio, where he died of pneumonia on Oct. 9. Lieutenant Thomas Clarence Gorman Thomas C. Gorman, a lieutenant in the Second Tunnelling Company of the Canadian Engineers, was killed in France on Mar. 18, 1918. He was resting in his sleeping hut and was in the act of writing a letter when a bursting shell killed him.

Jan 1, 1920

THE first session was held in the rooms of the American Philosophical Society, on Tuesday evening, February 26th. The President, Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, called the meeting to order, and after a few introductory remarks concerning the importance of theoretical and speculative science, which often involves principles of the highest economic value, and, more than all that, serves to enlarge our conceptions of the universe, and ennoble us, by the cultivation which it affords to our most exalted faculties, proceeded to discuss some points in the chemistry of the atmosphere. It is known that there is in the crust of the earth a great amount of oxidized carbon, not only in the shape of coal, but also in the graphite or plumbago of the crystalline rocks, in the various bituminous shales or pyroschists, which are found in all succeeding rock-formations, and also in the forms of bitumen and petroleum. All the analogies of nature lead us to conclude that these various carbonaceous substances have had an organic origin, and have been generated by the deoxidation of carbonic acid, a process effected by the growing plant, and attended with the liberation of oxygen. He showed that the carbon of a layer of coal covering the whole earth's surface to the thickness of one meter, would, in its production from carbonic dioxide, liberate an amount of oxygen equal to that now present in our atmosphere. But bituminous coal contains also a large amount of hydrogen, derived from the deoxidation of water, which implies the liberation of a farther portion of oxygen. The amount from this latter source would equal, for the various coals and asphalts, from one-eighth to one-fourth, and, for the petroleums, one-half of that set free in the deoxidation of the carbon which these hydrocarbonaceous bodies contain. From what we know of the composition of the stratified rocks, it is probable that they include an amount of deoxidized carbon and hydrogen many times greater than that contained in a layer of coal one meter in thickness, and, consequently, that the disengaged oxygen in past ages must have far exceeded that now present in our atmosphere. To this must be added

Jan 1, 1878

By E. H. Wells, A. Andreas

New Mexico retained its position as the sixth largest oil-producing state for the year 1937 with a total production of 38,484,630 bbl. This was an increase of 11,680,184 bbl. over the 1936 production of 26,804,446 bbl., or a gain of 43 per cent. The production for Lea County during 1937 was 35,961,056 bbl.; for Eddy County, 2,136,251 bbl.; and for northwestern New Mexico (San Juan and McKinley Counties), 387,323 bbl. The average daily non-marginal well allowable for Lea County on Jan. 1, 1937, was 92 bbl.; at the close of the year it was 67 bbl. The average daily pipe-line runs were less than the allocations of the New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission, but slightly in excess of the state allowables recommended by the United States Bureau of Mines. The average daily production for the year was 105,437 barrels. The total number of completions in the state was 742, of which 638 were oil wells; 19 hydrocarbon gas wells; 5 carbon dioxide gas wells and 80 dry holes. Of the dry holes, 46 were in proven fields. Of these 46 dry holes, 13 were in the Artesia-Grayburg-Jackson-Maljamar area, Eddy County, two in the Getty Extension field, Eddy County, 11 in the Red Mountain field, McKinley County, three in the Rattlesnake field, San Juan County, and nine in the Aztec-Bloomfield area, San Juan County. There were only eight dry holes in the proven fields in Lea County. Southeastern New Mexico Lea County.—The Monument field was the largest producing field in Lea County, with 10,945,788 bbl., closely followed by the Eunice field with 10,927,929 bbl. The Hobbs field, formerly the largest producing field in Lea County, was relegated to third .place, with 7,292,522 barrels. Drjlling during the year closed the gap between the northern part of the Eunice field and the southern part of the Monument field. The wells in this area were relatively small, because of decreased porosity in the lime. The greatest activity in Lea County was in the Monument pool, with 199 completions, 197 being oil wells, one a gas well and one a dry hole.

Jan 1, 1938

By G. Bhat, J. F. Libsch

A STUDY of the kinetics of embrittlement in engineering alloy steels during tempering has indicated that the presence of alloying elements may define two distinct regions of embrittlement: 1) at 800° to 1000 °F, termed low temperature embrittle-ment, and 2) in the temperature range 1150 ° to 1250°F, termed high temperature embrittlement.13 It has been suggested that embrittlement in each region may be due to a different mechanism. At intermediate temperatures and extended times the course of embrittlement may be influenced by the superposition of the embrittlement occurring in the two regions. Furthermore, low temperature embrittlement has been known to decrease as the temperature is raised slightly above the maximum embrittlement range.' Jaffe and BuffumV ave presented data for a Ni-Cr steel illustrating the removal of the em-brittlement occurring at 932°F by reheating to 1250°F for an hour. Their data further shows that embrittlement proceeds continuously with increased time at 1250°F, becoming pronounced at long times. They interpreted this behavior as a retrogression phenomenon involving the solution of the small nuclei of precipitate formed at 932°F as the temperature was increased, and reprecipitation of larger nuclei stable at 1250°F, with the reoccurrence of embrittlement. It appears desirable to reconsider this explanation in the light of the two regions of embrittlement proposed by the authors1 for some alloy steels. In addition, it appears desirable to determine any influence of a preconditioning treatment in each temperature range upon subsequent development of low and high temperature embrittlement. It is thus the object of this investigation to study the characteristics of the two modes of embrittlement proposed in a commercial Ni-Cr alloy steel (AISI 3140). Experimental Details Material—The material used in this investigation was commercial AISI 3140 steel bar stock, received as % in. hot-rolled rounds. The steel analysis was as follows (in percentages): C, 0.39; Mn, 0.79; Si, 0.30; S, 0.028; P, 0.015; Ni, 1.26; and Cr, 0.77. Material Processing and Heat Treatment—The bar stock was first ground to 0.430 in. squares and cut into specimens 23/4 in. long. These specimens were austenitized at 1650°F for 1 hr and oil

Jan 1, 1958

The first session was held in the rooms of the American Philosophical Society, on Tuesday evening, February 26th. The President, Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, called the meeting to order, and after a few introductory remarks concerning the importance of theoretical and speculative science, which often involves principles of the highest economic value, and, more than all that, serves to enlarge our conceptions of the universe, and ennoble us, by the cultivation which it affords to our most exalted faculties, proceeded to discuss some points in the chemistry of the atmosphere. It is known that there is in the crust of the earth a great amount of oxidized carbon, not only in the shape of coal, but also in the graphite or plunlbago of the crystalline rocks, in the various bituminous shales or pyroschists, which are found in all succeeding rock-formations, and also in the forms of bitumen and petroleum. All the analogies of nature lead us to conclude that these various carbonaceous substances have had an organic origin, and have been generated by the deoxidation of carbonic acid, a process effected by the growing plant, and attended with the liberation of oxygen. He showed that the carbon of a layer of coal covering the whole earth's surface to the thickness of one meter, would, in its production from carbonic dioxide, liberate an amount of oxygen equal to that now present in our atmosphere. But bituminous coal contains also a large amount of hydrogen, derived from the deoxidation of water, which implies the liberation of a farther portion of oxygen. The amount from this latter source would equal, for the various coals and asphalts, from one-eighth to one-fourth, and, for the petroleums, onehalf of that set free in the deoxidation of the carbon which these hydrocarbonaceous bodies contain. From what we know of the composition of the stratified rocks, it is probable that they include an amount of deoxidized carbon and hydrogen many times greater than that contained in a layer of coal one meter in thickness, and, consequently, that the disengaged oxygen in past ages must have far exceeded that now present in our atmosphere. To this must be added

Jan 1, 1879

By J. French Robinson

A review of production in the Eastern District for 1930 is necessarily brief. Drilling operations were curtailed, due to economic conditions, which in turn reduced production. However, in spite of these conditions, there have been a few outstanding developments which surpass any of recent years. The development of a field in Chautauqua and Cattaraugus counties, New York, has been rapid and probably reached its peak of production in 1930. The gas in this field comes from the White Medina Sand (Silurian), at an average depth of 2600 ft. Some of the wells had an open flow of 20,000,000 cu. ft. of gas per day,' with an original rock pressure of 965 pounds2 per square inch. Another area developed during 1930 was the Tyrone field, in Tyrone Township, Schuyler County, New York. This field was discovered 2nd is practically controlled by the Belmont Quadrangle Drilling Corpn. of New York. The production is from the Oriskany Sand (Devonian), which is found at an average depth of 2100 ft. The field covers approximately 2000 acres, and to date has 14 producing gas wells. The largest well had an open flow of 15,000,000 cu. ft. and an original rock pressure of 740 Ib. The gas from this field is impregnated with sulfur, and requires washing before it is marketed. Because little is known of the Oriskany Sand, a brief description may be of interest. This sand outcrops at Oriskany Falls, New York, and has a thickness of 10 to 12 ft. Its texture is coarse grained, it is composed mostly of quartz and is a regularly bedded sandstone. At Yauger's Wood, in Cayuga County, New York, it is exposed and shows a thickness of 26 feet. The discovery of the Tyrone field led to much prospecting in the New York and the northern part of Pennsylvania, and as a result of this search, the Allegany Gas Co. struck a large gas well in Farmington Township, Tioga County, Pennsylvania, which created considerable excitement through the Eastern District. The gas was encountered at a depth of 4010 ft., and tested 20,000,000 cu. ft. open flow, with a shut-in pressure

Jan 1, 1931

By Robert G. Lundquist

REAM (for Rapid Excavation And Mining) is a method of rock fragmentation by high-velocity projectile impact developed by Physics International Company. This paper reports the results of field testing over the last two years. The success of the method is based on the fact that the amount of rock broken per shot scales nonlinearly with projectile impact energy. Thus, high energy impact yields spectacularly low specific energies for rock breakage. The field work reported used 90- and 105-mm military guns to accelerate 8-1/2 and 10-pound concrete and steel projectiles to velocities of 5000 to 5500 fps. All tests were performed in a competent 25,000 psi granodiorite at Hope Valley, California. During the first year of field testing 26 feet of 13-foot-diameter tunnel were produced with the 105-mm gun. The first 20 feet of this tunnel were line-drilled to aid in producing a stable portal. During the second year the tunnel was extended an additional 29 feet using the 90-mm gun. The 55-foot tunnel was produced by 590 shots. Between 1-1/4 and 1-1/2 tons of granite were broken by each shot. A silenced 90-mm gun was placed underground and the tunnel portal closed with a steel barrier. Overpressures of less than 1 psi were measured on the inside of the barrier, corresponding to an impulse noise of about 170 db. The muck produced was similar to drill and blast muck. Overbreak and ground support problems appeared to be less than with drill and blast. The contour of the tunnel was easily controlled using the 90-mm gun; the tests were also conducted using a 57-mm gun for trimming. Projections indicate that advance rates with REAM will be three to seven times faster than drill and blast, at less than two-thirds the cost. This is based on the development of a fully integrated continuous system and an inexpensive propellant giving a total expendables cost of less than $3 per shot. Other applications of the REAM technology are found in secondary breakage for open pit mining, in drilling large diameter holes, and in underground mining for longwall mining, overhand stoping, and raising.

Jan 1, 1974

By C. F. Willis

The problem of the curtailment of forces in large numbers does not often come to employment departments and is, therefore, a problem that many departments are not prepared to handle intelligently. Those companies that are able to measure the individual efficiency of each man would probably lay off men according to their individual ability, irrespective of dependents, citizenship, or other considerations. During the war when labor was scarce, the business of the employment manager in industry was hiring men and carefully placing them where they were best fitted to work. The careful selection of employees had developed to a considerable extent before the war, and was becoming a recognized science. In the last few months, however, the cancelation of copper contracts, the accumulation of large stocks, the necessary curtailment of production because the copper could not be sold, and the lack of any immediate prospects of' the copper market opening, have led to a universal reduction of forces, and the problem that industry now confronts is that of discharging rather than employing. The problem has been aggravated by the cancellation of contracts in many war industries with the consequent turning loose of hundreds of thousands of men, a great amount of unemployment, and the return of the soldiers and sailors. The problem has now become one of reduction of working force with the least hardship and the least injustice, and yet caring for the soldiers, sailors, and marines who have been in the service of the government for nearly 2 years, and are now returning to their pre-war positions. The Copper Queen Branch of the Phelps Dodge Corpn., operating at Bisbee, Arb., found it necessary, like all of the other copper companies of the country, to reduce its force materially. In making this reduction it was, after due consideration, decided to classify employees with respect to dependents, length of service, and citizenship. The question of individual efficiency or workmanship was not considered. Copper produced to sell at 26 c. a lb. has been selling at under 15 c., and very little copper is being sold at all. Practically every copper producer in the country has enormous stocks on hand, and it would be profitable,

Jan 1, 1920

By David Keys

THE object of this investigation was to determine with a vertical magnetic variometer the extent of the titaniferous ore deposit that occurs not far from Ivry in Terrebonne County, Quebec, about 70 miles north of Montreal. The Ivry mine, on lots 37 and 38 of range V, Beres-ford township, Quebec, is one of the largest and most accessible to transportation of the deposits of ilmenite in Quebec. The ore consists of an aggregate of ilmenite anhedra serving as host for numerous fine plaques of hematite. No magnetite is known from any occurrence near this lot, and in this way the deposit differs from many others that contain a large percentage of magnetite with the ilmenite. The deposit at Ivry thus has much lower magnetic susceptibility than those containing abun-dant magnetite, and a sensitive magnetometer was necessary for the work, although a body of magnetite with ilmenite about a mile from the Ivry mine was successfully prospected with a dip needle. The principal orebody is exposed in a quarry known as the Ivry mine, from which about 16,000 tons of ore have been shipped. Small exposures of ilmenite isolated by drift serve to show the presence at the surface of some of the bodies indicated by the magnetometer,- but most of the hill is covered with glacial till and second growth hardwood. At the lower levels the till gives place to fluvioglacial sands and gravels from which the forest has been cleared. The increasing thickness of the sand and gravel as the hill descends makes the tracing outward of the deposits from the rocky knob of anorthosite a difficult matter. Within the orebodies too, some masses of anorthosite persist, which may account for some local irregularities. Fig. 1 is a photomicrograph, taken by reflected light, of a typical specimen of the ore. The dark patches are hematite and the light parts are ilmenite. No trace of magnetite was found. Fig. 2 is a photo-micrograph of a thin section of the country rock showing the texture of the anorthosite. The mean of four analyses quoted by Robinson1 is: titanium, 19.26 per cent; iron 45:41 per cent.

Jan 1, 1936

By Ronald D. Hill, Elmore C. Grim

Coal-haul and mine access roads are defined as any road constructed, improved or used by the operator (except public roads) that ends at the pit or bench. These roads constitute approximately 10% of the total area directly disturbed by the surface mining operation(l). In some cases, the land disturbed by haul roads exceeds the area included in the mining operation. Studies (2 and 3) of the U. S. Forest Service in eastern Kentucky show that typical contour mining roads exhibit poor alignment, excessive grades, insufficient strength and durability, and poor drainage. Mine roads in other Appalachian- States, particularly where contour mining is practiced, appear much the same as those in Kentucky. Access roads(4) were also found to be a large source of sediment. It is possible that of the sediment that finds its way into the streams as much (or even more) originates from the haul roads as from the mining operation. Most roads are built as cheaply as possible, and good road-building design and practice are ignored. Maintenance schedules are generally inadequate, and upon completion of mining, haul roads are usually abandoned, with little or no attempt made to bed them down(5 ) . Such roads deteriorate very rapidly (Figure 68). Area mining, which is practiced in flat to gently rolling terrain, presents fewer haul road related environmental problems. These roads through necessity are generally well engineered because of the heavy equipment using them, such as 240 ton (217 metric ton) haul trucks. They must have wide beds, good alignment, and adequate drainage to permit coal haulers to run at top speed during all seasons of the year. Excessive dust can be a public nuisance and a driving hazard, and it is hard on equipment. Calcium chloride and sodium chloride have proven to be effective materials for controlling dust. Two applications during the summer when the ground surface is moist at the rate of 1/2 pound per square yard (.26 kilograms per square meter) (3 1 have been suggested. Th4 most common procedure is to keep the roads wet by using water trucks. Sediment that reaches the streams can be traced to one or more of the following five basic phases of haul-road life:

Jan 1, 1974

By Fred C. Turin, Jasinder S. Jaspal, Alan G. Mayton, William J. Wiehagen

This report describes serious injuries occurring to bulldozer operators working at U.S. coal, metal, and nonmetal mines. The period covered is 1988-97. The data were collected by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). A total of 873 injury records are examined. These injuries resulted in 18 fatalities and 31,866 lost workdays. All of these injuries occurred to dozer operators while they were doing common production tasks. An injury classification system was developed to code the narrative information that describes the circumstances surrounding the injuries. Injury records are categorized by activity (task being done), incident result (what apparently happened to the dozer), and operator impact (how the operator was injured). Where information is available, contributing factors are identified. This classification system supplemented the standard injury/illness data classification system compiled by MSHA. The results of the study indicate that, from 1993 to 1997, the number of serious injuries to dozer operators declined by 30%. The reduction in serious injuries was accompanied by a decrease in days lost due to injury. Although the number of reported injuries has decreased, dozer operators being jolted and jarred accounts for the largest percentage (70% of the incidents) and severity (75% of the workdays lost) of serious injuries while operating the equipment. Vertical jars (while backing up the dozer) resulting in injury to the operator accounted for a sizable percentage of jolting and jarring injuries. Working near an edge carries significant risk for fatal injuries. Of 116 incidents where the dozer fell over an edge, rolled over, or fell into a hidden void, 14 (12%) resulted in fatal injuries. In cases where the dozer operator either jumped or was thrown out of the cab in a fall over or rollover, 7 out of 26 were killed. Overall, 80% of the fatalities occurred while working near an edge or hidden void or on a steep slope. Further reductions in injury risk will require more widespread use of seatbelts, field and laboratory research interventions to better assess the effect of alternative engineering (e.g., seat and seat suspension) designs to dampen or isolate the effects of shock and vibration, and continued focus on hazard awareness, recognition, and response.

Jan 4, 2001

THE Executive Board of The American Engineering Council met in Pittsburgh, May 26 and 27. Its actions on the licensing of engineers and on the Employment Bureau are printed at length elsewhere in this issue. The board announced plans purposing the solution of the national problems of water power and forestry, upon which "the industrial development of the nation and the standard of living of future generations largely depends. The whole Federal water-power situation is in so critical a condition that immediate constructive action by the Government to conserve the public interests, involving vast consequences of economic and Federal policy, is necessary. After a long discussion during which the water-power problem as it affects Government reorganization was reviewed and Henry Ford's Muscle Shoal's plan was discussed, the board decided to lay the entire question before President Harding. A national movement to conserve the nation's forests, in which engineers, the U. S. Forestry Service, the forestry services of the states, universities and technical schools, and other groups such as the farmers, the railroads, and lumbermen, shall pool their efforts, was set in motion by the engineers. The work will be in charge of a Reforestation Committee of the Council, headed by Charles H. MacDowell of Chicago. Mov-ing picture interests will be asked to aid. The board pledged its support to President Harding in his plan for Government reorganization. In adopting the report of its Committee on Public Affairs, headed by J. Parke Channing of New York, the Executive Board of the council determined, in the event of the failure of the President's efforts to bring about greater economy and ffieciency in national affairs by regrouping of Federal functions, to press independ-ently a nation-wide movement for the establishment of a Department of Public Works. Progress in a national survey of the two-shift day in American industries was reported by the Council's Committee on Work Periods in Continuous Industries. This survey, called the most extensive of its kind ever made, has been in progress for more than a year; and purposes an exposition of industrial conditions which shall form a basis for establishing the relative merits of three shifts of eight hours each and two shifts of twelve hours each.

Jan 7, 1922

By David B. Reger

Extensive drilling for gas and increased pipe-line building were the major petroleum activities in West Virginia during 1937. According to the West Virginia Department of Mines, 1034 permits to drill were issued. A running account of operations from trade journals and other reports shows that 1041 wells were drilled, resulting in 193 oil wells with 1238 bbl. of daily production; 680 gas wells with 1,048,057,000 cu. ft. of daily open flow; and 168 dry holes. The new oil-well average is 6.4 bbl. per well per day; the gas-well average is 1,541,260 cu. ft. per well per day; the ratio of dry holes to completions is 16.13 per cent. Very little attempt was made to develop new supplies of oil. Because of the continued low price, operators evidently considered it good business to leave oil in the ground rather than to produce it at a loss or on a small profit basis. The principal oil wells completed, by counties, are: Calhoun, 16; Clay, 10; Pleasants, 17; Ritchie, 42; Roane, 16; Tyler, 13; Wetzel, 11; Wirt, 14; Wood, 13. The leading counties in gas, with the number of successful wells in each, are: Boone, 54; Braxton, 31; Cabell, 48; Calhoun, 46; Gilmer, 82; Kanawha, 134; Lincoln, 44; Ritchie, 56; and Wayne, 26. General State of the Industry In Table 1 will be found an approximate summary of oil and gas territory and reserves, oil and gas production and number of oil and gas wells. The amount of land under lease is an approximation, because the exact figures are not available through any public or private agency. The proved land and reserves represent the opinion of the writer. The oil production for 1937 is subject to revision, and the gas production for the same year is only an estimate, based on demand and supply. The number of oil and gas wells now active is also an approximation, based on previous studies, and revised for completions and abandonments. Principal, Areas of Activity In Boone County, 62 wells were drilled in various localities, resulting in 4 oil wells and 54 gas wells with 18,170,000 cu. ft. of new production.

Jan 1, 1938