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By Junzo Hino

Most of the waste that contains a small portion of copper is landfilled. The recycling process of copper from the waste, such as shredder residue, should be developed in order to save mineral resources and prevent environmental pollution. Shredder residue, generated from disposed automobiles and electric appliances, consists of many types of plastics, glasses and metals. The combustion heat of plastics is efficiently used for smelting in the recycling process that consists of melting and reduction. Because the waste contains numerous components the knowledge of the distribution behaviors of the main components is necessary to develop the recycling process. The distribution behaviors in the recycling process are evaluated by using the thermodynamic calculation program, HSC Chemistry. The calculation results are compared with the practical operation data of the recycling process and discussed.

Jan 1, 2003

Thirty six different commodities were recorded from 3708 mineral occurrences in the Atherton 1:250 000 Sheet area, mapped by personnel of the Queensland Department of Resource Industries. Tin, occurring in 56% of all mineral occurrences, is the most common, followed by copper, tungsten, silver, lead, gold, fluorite molybdenum, zinc and antimony. The densest area of mineral occurrences is the Herberton Mineral Field, one of the most intensively mined areas in the state.The majority of occurrences in the sheet area are fracture, fault or shear related vein or lenticular deposits, with subordinate types being pipe, skarn, endogreisen, disseminated and porphyry copper deposits. However the larger mines in the area are commonly of the subordinate types including the Red Dome gold-copper skarn, the Wolfram Camp and Bamford Hill tungsten- m olydbenum endogreisens, and the Vulcan pipe tin deposit. Significant gold prospects occur in quartz-antimony veins, breccia pipes and skarn deposits associated with rhyolitic porphyry dykes. A fluorite-gold association has been noted in several areas on the western side of the sheet.Mineralised fractures are predominantly oriented in a NNW direction which is the major trend in the Hodgkinson Province. Secondary N and NE directions are also present.

Jan 1, 1990

By R. S. Celmer

The distributions of cobalt, molybdenum, copper, and selenium between nickel matte and silica-saturated iron silicate slag have been determined in the region of the metallic saturation boundary, at 1523 K. Results are given as a function of the composition of the coexisting Fe-Ni alloy and the activity of iron in the system. Under strongly reducing conditions, these minor elements display a marked preferential accumulation in the sulphide phase. It is shown that the dissolution of cobalt and molybdenum in slag follows an oxidative mechanism, and distribution equilibria are correlated with the oxygen potential. From these data, the thermodynamic properties of cobalt in nickel matte are computed. Further, comparisons of minor element partitions are made between the nickel and copper matte smelting cases under metal saturation conditions.

Jan 1, 1988

By Hector Henao

To provide thermodynamic data for converting the nickel matte to liquid nickel, an experimental study was conducted in the phase equilibrium between the Ni-S alloy and the CaO-Ah03 based slag melted in a MgO crucible at 1873 K under controlled Pso2 of 10.1 kPa and pO;, in a range between 2.5x,IO,2 and 10.1 Pa by using CO-C02-S0Z gas mixtures. The content of nickel in the slag at POz of 10.1 Pa, above which solid NiO is expected to precipitate in the equilibrium state, was found to be 4.1 mass% and the contents of sulfur and oxygen in the nickel melt were 0.4 and 0.2 mass%, respectively. It was clarified that increase in the temperature reduces the solubility of nickel in the slag and the contents of sulfur and oxygen in the alloy. The distribution of minor elements such as gold, silver, copper, cobalt, iron, arsenic and antimony between the Ni-S alloy and the CaO-AI20) based slag was also studied. The distribution ratios of iron and cobalt, defined by (%X in slag)/[%X in alloy] where X is the minor element, are larger values than that of nickel, while those of copper, silver and antimony are similar to that of nickel. The distribution ratios of arsenic and gold are lower than that of nickel in the higher range of oxygen partial' pressure.

Jan 1, 2003

By Hector Henao

To provide thermodynamic data for converting the nickel matte to liquid nickel, an experimental study was conducted in the phase equilibrium between the Ni-S alloy and the CaO-Al2O3 based slag melted in a MgO crucible at 1873 K under controlled Pso2 of 10.1 kPa and Po2 in a range between 2.5x 10-and 10.1 Pa by using CO-CO2-SO2 gas mixtures. The content of nickel in the slag at Po, of 10.1 Pa, above which solid NiO is expected to precipitate in the equilibrium state, was found to be 4, I mass% and the contents of sulfur and oxygen in the nickel melt were 0.4 and 02 mass%, respectively. ft was clarified that increase in the temperature reduces the solubility of nickel in the slag and the contents of sulfur and oxygen in the alloy, The distribution of minor elements such as gold, silver, copper, cobalt, iron, arsenic and antimony between the Ni-S alloy and the CaO-Al2O3 based slag was also studied. The distribution ratios of iron and cobalt, defined by (%X in slag)/[%X in alloy] where X is the minor element, are larger values than that of nickel, while those of copper, silver and antimony are similar to that of nickel. The distribution ratios of arsenic and gold are lower than that of nickel in the higher range of oxygen partial pressure.

Jan 1, 2003

By Kimio Itagaki

The distribution ratios of Ag, Pb, As, Sb and Bi for the Cu2S-FeS or Ni3S2-FeS matte / FeOx SiO2, FeOx-SiO2-CaO or FeOx-CaO slag equilibration in a MgO crucible were determined experimentally at 1523~1573K under controlled partial pressures of S2 and O2 at given PSO2 of 10.1, 50.7 and 101.3 kPa (0.1, 0.5 and 1 atm) and be observed dependency of distribution ratio on the matte grade, SO2 pressure and slag basicity were analyzed on the basis of thermodynamics,

Jan 1, 2003

By Senlin Xie, Wanlin Wang, Lejun Zhou

"The innovative development of multiphase slag in hot-metal treatment has attracted considerable attention due to the reduction of CaO consumption and minimal environmental emission. In order to improve the efficiency of dephosphorization and to reutilize the waste-slag as an alternative source of phosphate ores, it is important to increase the distribution ratio of P2Os between the solid solution (2CaO· SiO2-3CaO· P2O 5) and liquid slag. An investigation was carried out to study the effects ofNa2O and B2O3 on the distribution ratio of P2Os, the results indicated that the increase ofNa2O would enhance the distribution ratio of P2Os with the formation of solid solution (2CaO·SiO2-Na2O·2CaO·P2Os), while B2O3 has the opposite function, and changes the morphology of solid solution. The study would provide an instructive way for the design of multiphase slag and re-utilization of waste-slag.IntroductionIn order to meet the increasing demand for high quality low-phosphorus steel, it requires a high efficient hot metal dephosphorization process. The current slag system for hot metal treatment contains large amount of solid CaO dispersed in liquid slag, which introduced a large amount of CaO consumption due to its low solubility, especially when CaF2 was restricted due to the environmental concerns. Therefore, new refming method to improve the utilization efficiency of CaO by using a solid/liquid coexisting multiphase slag was proposed, and the studies regarding to solid solution formation mechanism, mass transfer behavior of phosphorus and the phase relationship for multi-phase slag have been conducted. [1-6]Normally, hot metal dephosphorization slag consists of CaO--SiOz-FeO--P2O 5, and it has been approved that 2CaO·SiO2 forms a solid solution with 3CaO·P2Os at the hot metal treatment temperature over a wide range of compositions. [7] Kitamura et al [8] pointed out that the (2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O 5) solid solution plays an important role in dephosphorization, and it has been regarded as an absorbents for phosphorus to lower the phosphorus content in liquid phase, which makes it more capable for future dephosphorization. l Besides, the multiphase slag has the potential to be recycled as a source of phosphorus, if the (2CaO· SiO2-3CaO· P2O 5) solid solution could contain high phosphorus content, and it can be separated from FeiO matrix 8hase due to the large difference of their magnetic properties under the strong magnetic field. [10, 11]"

Jan 1, 2014

By E Jak, G Khartcyzov, M Shevchenko

The increasing complexity of ore resources and recycled materials in the feed of pyrometallurgical processes present a technical challenge to the metallurgical engineers working on maximising the recovery of the valuable elements and minimising the environmental impact of the processes. To address this challenge, the availability of computational tools that can predict the mass and energy balance in complex systems is required. Then the accurate description of phase equilibria in the complex multicomponent systems describing the chemistry of the pyrometallurgical processes becomes critical for the correct implementation of the indicated tools and facing the outlined industrial challenges. In the present study the distribution of selected elements (Pb, Zn, Fe, As, Sn, Sb, Bi and Ni) between oxide liquid and metal in the ‘CuO0.5’-CaO-AlO1.5 system in equilibrium with Cu metal at 1400°C (liquidus of CaAl2O4) was experimentally studied using the equilibration and quenching technique followed by the electron probe X-ray microanalysis of the resulted samples. The study covered a wide range of effective p(O2) over the system from 10-11 to 10-3.5 (corresponding to formation of immiscible CuO0.5-rich slag). To avoid loss of volatile elements (Pb, Zn, As, Sn, Sb and Bi), a correlation between ‘CuO0.5’ in oxide liquid and p(O2) in open system was obtained first, followed by studying the volatile elements distribution in closed conditions (Al2O3 crucible sealed in SiO2 ampoule), where ‘CuO0.5’ concentration was used as a marker to evaluate the effective p(O2) over the system. The experimental results were then used for the optimisation of the thermodynamic model parameters of the system as part of the integrated experimental and self-consisting thermodynamic modelling research program of phase equilibria in the Cu-Pb-Zn-Fe-Ca-Si-Al-Mg-O-S-(As, Sn, Sb, Bi, Ag, Au, Ni, Cr, Co and Na) gas/oxide liquid/matte/speiss/metal/solids system.

Jun 19, 2024

By James C. Barker

Near Rainbow Mountain in the east-central Alaska Range an ultramafic complex forms a sill-like intrusion composed of dismembered bodies exposed along the south side of the Denali Fault and Broxson Gulch Thrust. The complex comprises dunite and peridotite with lesser gabbro, which together exhibit poorly defined, steeply-dipping compositional layering. The complex hosts four types of copper-nickel occurrences which have characteristic platinum-group elements (PGE), gold, and cobalt distributions. Three of the occurrence-types are considered to have formed as a result of primary mineral segregations which developed during intrusion of the complex. The fourth type of copper-nickel occurrence formed as a result of post-magmatic hydrothermal fluids at intrusive contacts. Scanning electron microscope examination indicates that PGE occur as micron-size telluride and arsenide minerals.

Jan 1, 1987

By John G. Groppo, James C. Hower, Cortland F. Eble, Rick Q. Honaker, Alireza Valian, Stephen F. Greb

Coal and coal combustion byproducts are potential candidates for alternative resources of REEs (rare earth elements). The Illinois Basin is a major coal-producing district in the USA, but little work is available on speciation of REEs in the basin’s coals. In this study, a total number of 382 samples from known locations in the Illinois Basin coal beds were acquired, analyzed for their REE contents, and investigated for any spatial trends or chemical correlations. This study includes Springfield, Herrin, and Baker coal beds—the most heavily mined coals in the basin. An average coal ash from the basin contains 320 ppm REE, with Baker being the highest (407 ppm on average). However, the distribution of REEs in the coal beds was laterally and vertically heterogeneous. A number of trends were found in the REE variations. The most important trend was the relationships of the REE concentrations and fractionations with the distance from the syndepositional sandstones. The total REE concentrations were higher in the proximity of the sandstones, likely due to the increased deposition of detrital material. This increase was the most significant in Springfield coal (90%) and least in Baker (6%). Those coal samples from the Springfield and Herrin coal beds distal from the syndepositional sandstones had a heavy to light REE ratio (H/L ratio) of 0.40 on average, whereas in proximal locations, the ratio was dropped to an average of 0.30. This trend was not significant in the Baker coal bed. In general, higher mineral matter in the coals was associated with higher REEs. In coal preparation plants, refuse rocks can have up to 360 ppmREE. However, the ashes of the cleanest coals had higher REE levels. Such ashes also have a higher ratio of heavy to light REEs. The highest REE concentrations were found in the claystones and the shales associated with the coal beds. Since the naturally occurring calcite, quartz, and pyrite samples were depleted in REEs, an association of REEs with the clay minerals can be suggested.

Jul 20, 2020

By Louis D. Huntoon

SHORTLY after publication of the article in the July, 1924, issue Of MINING AND METALLURGY, entitled "Canada as a Gold Producer," requests were received to determine the ownership of production. Advices have also been received that considerable discussion has taken place on the same questions both in Canada and Great Britain. The author is indebted to R. H. Coates, Dominion Statistician, and George C. Bateman, Secretary, Ontario Mining Association, for the following figures and takes this opportunity of expressing his appreciation. There have been no statistics compiled as to ownership of production. Statistics were compiled as of Dec. 31, 1921 relative to the distribution of stocks, bonds and "other securi¬ties" in industrials, agriculture excepted, throughout the Dominion, and "distribution of ownership of securities issued by mining companies incorporated and operating in Ontario" for the same year. Stock registration does not necessarily represent actual ownership' as large blocks may be endorsed and not transferred; neither does registration actually represent production. When the charts are studied individually and collectively one cannot help but be impressed with the fact .that in the mineral industry of Ontario and the Dominion at large, Canadian registration predominates, the United States registration is about half that of Canada, and Great Britain is about half that of the United States. When the nickel-copper industry is excepted the British registration falls to a very low percentage. Since Dec. 31, 1921, British capital has commenced to flow into mining enterprises in Ontario and it has been already rewarded by the discovery of valuable ore deposits.

Jan 1, 1925

By W. C. Bagby

The Dee disseminated gold deposit is the northernmost mine in the Carlin gold belt. We analyzed soil samples £ran undisturbed areas overlying the deposit to determine the usefulness of soil geochemistry in identifying ore zones. The depth of sampling ranged from 12 to 14 inches, depending on soil development. The -80 mesh fraction was analyzed by atomic absorption for Au, As, Sb, Hg, and T1 and by semiquantitative spectrographic analysis for Ag. Highly anomalous Au, Kg, As, Ag, and Sb are most closely associated with ore zones whereas T1 is more broadly dispersed. Hg is the only element that identifies deep ore.

Jan 1, 1984

By N. Choi

The distribution behavior of selenium and tellurium in nickel sulfide smelting was investigated in the temperature range of 1250-1300 °C under an inert gas atmosphere and various oxygen partial pressures. The distribution coefficients of selenium and tellurium between nickel-copper-iron matte and silica-saturated iron silicate slag were detennined in terms of matte and slag compositions, temperature, and oxygen partial pressure. The effect of slag additives such as CaO, MgO, and Ah03 on the distribution coefficients of those elements was also investigated. It was observed that the distribution coefficients of selenium and tellurium increased with increasing matte grade and temperature. The solubility of selenium and tellurium in the slag decreased with increasing the partial pressure of oxygen within the range investigated in this study. The distribution coefficients of selenium and tellurium increased with the amount of CaO and MgO. Tellurium distribution coefficients also increased by the addition of Ah03. Meanwhile, the addition of Alz03 decreased the distribution coefficients of selenium at high matte grade.

Jan 1, 1996

Distribution of Settling Velocity of Irregular Particles and its Effect on Jig Separation Efficiency

Sep 13, 2010

By Alexander Hauck, Dimitri Jung, Uli Leiste

This paper describes results from small scale tests conducted to determine the distribution of impulse on target plates when subjected to loading due to the detonation of a buried mine. The tests were conducted with saturated sand, dry sand, and water as the loading media. Tests were conducted for flat plates and for plates with angled bottoms. Previous testing has shown that angled bottoms can reduce the total vertical impulse delivered to the vehicle significantly. Different stand off distances were investigated as well as loading of the targets both on center and off center. It is very important to know not only the total impulse delivered by a detonating charge but also how this impulse is distributed over the bottom of the vehicle. A complete understanding of specific impulse will permit those parts of the vehicle, taking the greatest amount of loading, to be sized properly. Experimental results were compared to analytical expressions provided by Westine and Tremblay.

Jan 1, 2010

By R. Hogg, T. F. Dumm

"A procedure for evaluating the size/specific gravity distribution of ultrafine coal and the distributions of sulfur and ash with respect to particle size and specific gravity is described. The procedure is essentially an extension of the conventional coal washability technique in which special precautions are taken to ensure particle dispersion in the heavy organic liquids, centrifuges are used to obtain adequate separation rates, and micromesh sieves are used for size separation at fine sizes. An example of the application of this technique to the evaluation of the extent of liberation of sulfur and ash in a coal sample ground to 90Z passing 200 mesh (74 um) is described.INTRODUCTIONIn order to determine the potential for deep cleaning of coal by fine grinding to liberate sulfur and ash-forming minerals, it is necessary to obtain data on the distributions of these species by size and specific gravity. In conventional coal processing operations, this information is obtained by means of a standard ""washability"" analysis. Attempts to extend this procedure to ultrafine coal, however, have generally been unsatisfactory and have often led to unreliable and inconsistent results [11. The present authors have described a modified washability procedure in which cumulative specific gravity fractionation is combined with sub-sieve size analysis (by laser diffraction/light scattering) to determine the particle size/specific gravity distribution of ultrafine coal [2]. Unfortunately, because this technique does not involve separation of the individual fractions, only limited information can be obtained on the specific distributions of sulfur and ash.The objective of the work described in this paper was to develop and evaluate a procedure for size and specific gravity fractionation of ultrafine coal and to use conventional analyses for sulfur and ash to determine their relative distribution in the coal. The procedure is essentially a simple extension of the standard washability analysis [3] but incorporating special precautions for treating ultrafine particles.EXPERIMENTAL Material The material used in the development and evaluation of the ultrafine coal fractionation procedure was a medium volatile bituminous coal from the Lower Kittanning seam. A sample of the coal (nominally - 1/4 inch), obtained from the Penn State Coal Data Base, was ground to 90% passing 200 mesh by the following two-stage grinding procedure: About 2 kg of the as-received coal were ground to about 30Z passing 200 mesh in a Model 4-E Quakertown mill (""coffee grinder""). About 1 kg of this product was then ground to about 90Z passing 200 mesh in a Holmes Model 300 Pulverizer."

Jan 1, 1989

By Frank W. Harris

THE strength of hard drawn copper wire is a question of considerable importance to both manufacturer and consumer. Unlike steel and alloy wires, in which strength is governed by both chemical and physical considerations, the high conductivity required for copper wire in the electrical industry generally precludes the possibility of obtaining tensile strength through the use of alloys. Consequently, this strength is largely a matter of the physical structure, and all factors known to affect this structure, such as rolling temperature, die contours, lubricants, drawing speeds, etc., are matters of prime importance. The experiments described here have been carried out during the past year at the Baltimore plant of the American Smelting & Refining Co., in connection with a general investigation of some of the questions mentioned above, with the object of studying the physical structure of hard drawn copper wire and the influence of certain factors on that structure. The work has been of an exploratory nature, rather than comprehensive, but it was thought that the results might prove of sufficient general interest to warrant their publication. The bulk of the hard drawn copper wire used in places where strength is an important factor is manufactured to strict specification, based usually in the United States on that of the American Society for Testing Materials (B-1-23). This specification calls for almost as high a value of tensile strength, consistent with elongation, as it is possible practically to obtain, and only physically perfect material can be relied on to meet such a specification. Obvious defects, such as laminations produced through fins in the original rods or brittleness due to overdrawing, are usually recognized and need only passing reference. Laminations can be detected by twisting and untwisting the wire several times; they will show up on the surface in the form of fins. Fig. 1 shows a very bad example of this defect. The wire may be perfectly smooth before twisting but when such laminations are present they will readily show up under this treatment. This trouble is caused by similar defects in the original rod produced by overfills in rolling. Fig. 2 shows the cross-section of the rod from which the wire in Fig. 1 was drawn.

Jan 1, 1928

By Frank Harris

THE strength of hard drawn copper wire is a question of considerable importance to both manufacturer and consumer. Unlike steel and alloy wires, in which strength is governed by both chemical and physical considerations, the high conductivity required for copper wire in the electrical industry generally precludes the possibility of obtaining tensile strength through the use of alloys. Consequently, this strength is largely a matter of the physical structure, and all factors known to affect this structure, such as rolling temperature, die contours, lubricants, drawing speeds, etc., are matters of prime importance. The experiments described here have been carried out during the past year at the Baltimore plant of the American Smelting & Refining Co., in connection with a general investigation of some of the questions mentioned above, with the object of studying the physical structure of hard drawn copper, wire and the influence of certain factors on that structure. The work has been of an exploratory nature, rather than comprehensive, but it was thought that the results might prove of sufficient general interest to warrant their publication. The bulk of the hard drawn copper wire used in places where strength is an important factor is manufactured to strict specification, based usually in the United States on that of the American Society for Testing Materials (B-1-23). This specification calls for almost as high a value of tensile strength; consistent with elongation, as it is possible practically to obtain, and only physically perfect material can be relied on to meet such a specification. Obvious defects, such as laminations produced through fins in the original rods or brittleness due to overdrawing, are usually recognized and need only passing reference. Laminations can be detected by twisting and untwisting the wire several times; they will show up on the surface in the form of fins. Fig. 1 shows a very bad example of this defect. The wire may be perfectly smooth before twisting but when such laminations are present they will readily show up under this treatment. This trouble is caused by similar defects in the original rod produced by overfills in rolling. Fig. 2 shows the cross-section of the rod from which the wire in Fig.1 was drawn.

Jan 1, 1928

By T. Tsutsumi, S. Kukino

"During the diametrical compression test, the tensile stress generated near the loading plate is influenced by the contact area between the loading plates and specimen. However, very few studies have determined the contact area. Theoretical or analytical models have shown that for an orthotropic material (i.e., with material properties that differ along each of three mutually orthogonal twofold axes), the maximum tensile stress is generated at the center of disk when the angle of the principal material direction to the loading direction is close to ?/4. The maximum value is almost constant, regardless of the contact area. Conversely, the maximum tensile stress is generated near the loading plate when the angle between the principal material direction and loading direction is small. The maximum value decreases as the contact area increases. Therefore, in the latter case, the influence of the contact area on tensile strength measurement of is significant.In previous studies, the distribution of stresses applied on the loading plate is assumed to be a uniform load. In reality, the applied stress is highest at the center of loading plate and seems to decrease with distance from center. The applied load disappears at the edge of loading plates. In this study, in order to satisfy this boundary condition on the loading plate, the cosine curve is adopted as the distribution of load applied on the loading plates in a theoretical model of the diametrical compression test. Furthermore, the elastic solution using boundary conditions shown in this study is used to obtain the tensile stress distributions on the loading axis for an orthotropic circular plane. These distributions are compared with empirical results obtained under uniform loading with a loading plate or concentrated loading in previous studies."

Jan 1, 2015

By M. Brozek

The particle settling velocity is the argument of separation in such processes as classification and enrichment in jigs. It characterizes material forwarded to the separation process and belongs to the so-called complex arguments because it is the function of particle density and size. i.e. the function of two simple arguments. The affiliation to a given subset is determined by the values of two mag-nitudes and the distribution of such argument in a sample is the function of distributions of particle density and size. The paper will present a method of determining the distribution of settling velocity in the sample of spherical particles for the turbulent particle motion in which the settling velocity is expressed by the Newton formula. Because it depends on density and size of particle which are random variable of certain distributions, the settling velocity is a random variable. Applying theorems of probability, concerning distributions of function of random variables, the authors will present general formula of probability density function of settling velocity for the turbulent motion and particularly calculate probability density function for Weibull?s forms of frequency functions of particle size and density. Distribution of settling velocity will calculate numerically and perform in graphical form.

Jan 1, 2014