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By Qingchun Yu, Bin Yang, Yong Deng, Heng Xiong, Fei Wang, Minxiu Chen

"Metal aluminum produced by non-electrolysis process received much attention due to its lower energy consumption. In this paper, carbothermic reduction and carbothermic-chlorination of alumina in normal pressure and vacuum were studied. The products were examined by means of XRD, EDS and SEM. During the carbothermic reduction process using carbon reductant in normal pressure, no metal aluminum was found. However, when coal was used as reductant, a mixture containing metallic aluminum, A14C3, and silicon was obtained, but metallic aluminum couldn't be separated from the mixture. During the carbothermic-chlorination process in vacuum, Al404C and Al4C3 were produced by the reaction between alumina and carbon, and Al Ch gas reacted with Al404C and Al4C3 to produce Al Cl gas. Metallic aluminum was produced due to the disproportionation of A!Cl gas and condensed on the collecting plate. Meanwhile, the initial temperature of carbothermic reduction of alumina reduced in vacuum compared with that in normal pressure.IntroductionIndustrial production of primary aluminum is carried out in alumina cell by the so-called Hall- Heroult process, necessitating the use of very high currents of low voltage. The alumina from which metallic aluminum is gained must be chemically pure, otherwise impure metal results. The main drawbacks of the electrolytic production are its very high energy consumption, the release ofperfluorocarbons, and the high specific C02 emissions [1]. During the past years, there were a lot of attempts to produce metallic aluminum by carbothermic reduction of A1203 [2, 3]. Cox [4] determined the vapor pressure over the A1203-C system and performed X-ray diffraction analysis of condensed products. It was demonstrated that an increase in the carbon content in the system leaded to the sequence of transitions: A1203~Al404C~A1zoc~A14C3 ~AI [5]. In any carbothermic reduction process for aluminum, extremely high temperatures (2000 °C ) were required [6]. In spite of considerable effort, the carbothermic reduction of alumina to aluminum remains a formidable technical challenge, due to the high temperatures required, and to the formation of aluminum carbide and oxycarbide byproducts [7]."

Jan 1, 2013

By Qingchun Yu, Bin Yang, Yong Deng, Heng Xiong, Fei Wang, Minxiu Chen

"Metal aluminum produced by non-electrolysis process received much attention due to its lower energy consumption. In this paper, carbothermic reduction and carbothermic-chlorination of alumina in normal pressure and vacuum were studied. The products were examined by means of XRD, EDS and SEM. During the carbothermic reduction process using carbon reductant in normal pressure, no metal aluminum was found. However, when coal was used as reductant, a mixture containing metallic aluminum, A14C3, and silicon was obtained, but metallic aluminum couldn't be separated from the mixture. During the carbothermic-chlorination process in vacuum, Al404C and Al4C3 were produced by the reaction between alumina and carbon, and Al Ch gas reacted with Al404C and Al4C3 to produce Al Cl gas. Metallic aluminum was produced due to the disproportionation of A!Cl gas and condensed on the collecting plate. Meanwhile, the initial temperature of carbothermic reduction of alumina reduced in vacuum compared with that in normal pressure.IntroductionIndustrial production of primary aluminum is carried out in alumina cell by the so-called Hall- Heroult process, necessitating the use of very high currents of low voltage. The alumina from which metallic aluminum is gained must be chemically pure, otherwise impure metal results. The main drawbacks of the electrolytic production are its very high energy consumption, the release ofperfluorocarbons, and the high specific C02 emissions [1]. During the past years, there were a lot of attempts to produce metallic aluminum by carbothermic reduction of A1203 [2, 3]. Cox [4] determined the vapor pressure over the A1203-C system and performed X-ray diffraction analysis of condensed products. It was demonstrated that an increase in the carbon content in the system leaded to the sequence of transitions: A1203~Al404C~A1zoc~A14C3 ~AI [5]. In any carbothermic reduction process for aluminum, extremely high temperatures (2000 °C ) were required [6]. In spite of considerable effort, the carbothermic reduction of alumina to aluminum remains a formidable technical challenge, due to the high temperatures required, and to the formation of aluminum carbide and oxycarbide byproducts [7]."

Jan 1, 2013

By H. -U. Lim, C. -H. Kim

The sixth underground pumped powerhouse cavern is under construction now in Korea. For the stability analysis of the five underground powerhouses, finite element method was used. For this analysis, in-situ rock stresses were measured by overcoring method and horizontal to vertical stress ratio was calculated 1.07-1.32 at four sites. Rock mass strength and elasticity were assumed from intact rock properties. The ratio of elasticity of rock mass was 0.16-0.55 of intact rock core elasticity. In general, elasto-plasticity with Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion was applied and the input cohesion and internal friction angle were approximately 0.12-0.22, 0.6-0.87 of intact rock strength parameters, respectively. Der sechste Untergrund-gepumpt-Powerhouse-Cavern ist jetzt im Bau in Korea. Für die vergan-gene Stabilitätsanalyse des fünf unterirdischen Powerhouses in Gebrauch wurde ein begrenztess Elementsmethode benutzt. Für die Analyse wurden In-Situ Felsenspannungen von overcoring Methode gemessen und Horizontale zu senkrechtem Spannungsverhältnis waren als 1.07-1.32 an vier Stellen kalkuliert. Felsenmassenkraft und Elastizität wurden von unversehrtem Felsenei-gentümern angenommen. Das Verhältnis der Elastizität von Felsenmasse war 0.16-0.55 von un-versehrter Felsenkernelastizität. Im allgemeinen wurde Elasto-Plasticity mit Ausfallskriterium des Mohr-Coulombs verwendet. Die Eingabebindekraft und die innere Reibungswinkel waren unge-fähr 0.12-0.22, 0.6-0.87 von unversehrtem Felsenkraftsparametern, jeweilig. En Coree, la sixieme centrale souterraine de la pompe d'accumulation dans la caverne est en construction. La methode d'element fini a ete utilisee pour analyser la stabilite de cinq dernieres centrales en service. Dans cette analyse, la reaction de la roche sur place etait mesuree par la methode d'overcoring et celle du rapport horizontal-vertical etait calculee de 1.07-1.32 en quatre places. L'intensite et l'elasticite de la masse de roche ont ete estimees de la roche intacte. Quant a l'elastic-ite, sa masse de roche etait 0.16-0.55 fois que celle de la roche intacte. En general, elasto-plasticite avec le critere de defaut Mohr-Coulomb etait utilisee et sa cohesion d'energie et son angle de friction interieure etaient supposees respectivement 0.12-0.22, 0.6-0.87 fois que la parametre de l'intensite de roche intacte.

Jan 1, 2003

By Carla Lupi

Zinc electrowinning from sulfate solutions is the traditional industrial method to produce SHG zinc. Over the past few years several efforts have been done to improve process efficiency in order to reach high productivity with low energy requirement. The latter aim can be pursued both by means of a hard purification of the electrolyte and reducing the anodic voltage. This work is a comparative study of the results obtained in several previous researches on zinc electrowinning from both sulfate and chloride solutions. Zinc electrowinning tests on industrial sulfate solution have been carried out by using Pb alloy anodes and by adding organic depolarizers such as ethanol, acetic acid or ethylene glycol. Experiments on chloride solutions, obtained by purification of zinc exhausted electrolyte, have been performed by using DSA anodes and by testing the effect of additives such as TEACI and TBAC\. Comparing the best results obtained with the two methods it can be highlighted that a high quality zinc is electrowon in both cases with comparable energy requirements.

Jan 1, 2000

By Carroll Forbes

INTRODUCTION MANY different shapes of drill bits are in use with hammer drills, but little definite information is available whereby to judge which one of these shapes is the best. The following investigation was undertaken in order to determine what effect, if any, the shape of the cutting edge has on the cutting speed and wearing qualities of drill bits. The bits tested were those in common use, namely, the 4-point or cross bit, the 6-point bit, the Z bit and the "Carr" bit. The rock in which the tests were made was the red granite from southeast Missouri. It is a coarse crystalline granite containing an unusually large amount of quartz and is extremely hard, and on account of its uniform texture is admirably adapted to this work. While tests in other rocks might show somewhat different results, nevertheless it is the opinion of the authors that the relative cutting quality inherent in the shape of the bits would be the same in all rocks. Other qualities, such as mudding freely, freedom from fitchering, etc., might make one bit more desirable than another in softer rocks. DESCRIPTION OF BITS TESTED The 4-point bits were the usual shaped bits commonly made on the Leyner sharpener with 14° taper on the wings and a 90° angle between cutting edges. Some tests were run at 85 lb. pressure with a 4-point bit made with a 5° taper on the wings. This was made by using the Carr bit die. The 6-point bits were the usual shaped hits made on, the Leyner sharpener. The Carr bits were made with a 5° taper and an angle of 100° between cutting edges.

Jan 8, 1917

By William J. Scott

In the last two years, C-CORE has developed a new seabed sampler directed specifically at obtaining samples from hard or compacted bottoms such as are typical of marine placer deposits. Samples are required for appraisal of concentrations of saleable commodities, and for determination of levels of biological indicators in the deposits. Recently C-CORE and the University of Victoria have been comparing the performance of the Scott/C-CORE sampler with that of the Van Veen sampler often used for biological sampling. Initial trials of the Scott/C-CORE sampler in 1992 at the WestGold mining site, Nome, Alaska, were described by Jewitt et al. at the 1993 UMI. Since that time the sampler has been modified to prevent overfilling, and to limit turbulent flow of water across the top of the sampler buckets when the sampler is recovered with partly-open buckets. The modifications included shoes to prevent sampler overfill, and flexible rubber shielding over top and sides of the sampler to prevent water circulation. Samples have been taken with both samplers in two field areas, one at Pine Cove, Baie Verte, Newfoundland, and the other near Long Pond in Conception Bay on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland. In each area multiple samples were taken with both sampler types, and the samples processed immediately to establish the types and quantities of marine organisms that were present. Species identification is expected to be complete by late August.

Jan 1, 1994

By William J. Scott

In the last two years, C-CORE has developed a new seabed sampler directed specifically at obtaining samples from hard or compacted bottoms such as are typical of marine placer deposits. Samples are required for appraisal of concentrations of saleable commodities, and for determination of levels of biological indicators in the deposits. Recently C-CORE and the University of Victoria have been comparing the performance of the Scott/C-CORE sampler with that of the Van Veen sampler often used for biological sampling. Initial trials of the Scott/C-CORE sampler in 1992 at the WestGold mining site, Nome, Alaska, were described by Jewitt et al. at the 1993 UMI. Since that time the sampler has been modified to prevent overfilling, and to limit turbulent flow of water across the top of the sampler buckets when the sampler is recovered with partly-open buckets. The modifications included shoes to prevent sampler overfill, and flexible rubber shielding over top and sides of the sampler to prevent water circulation. Samples have been taken with both samplers in two field areas, one at Pine Cove, Baie Verte, Newfoundland, and the other near Long Pond in Conception Bay on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland. In each area multiple samples were taken with both sampler types, and the samples processed immediately to establish the types and quantities of marine organisms that were present. Species identification is expected to be complete by late August.

Jan 1, 1994

By K. Duckworth

"Comparative tests of the conventional Turam survey configuration and an alternative configuration called the Tx-parallel configuration were conducted at the McClean uranium deposit in northern Saskatchewan. Both configurations detected the known conductors at the site but the alternative configuration demonstrated its particular effectiveness in the reconnaissance role. This effectiveness results from the fact that the length of Tx-parallel traversesis controlled only by the length ofthe transmitter and not by its power. In addition, the field strength along a Tx-parallel traverse is uniform unless the traverse approaches the end of the transmitter. This freedom from a strong gradient of the primary field along a Tx-parallel traverse eliminates the gradient-induced anomaly shifts which are common in conventional Turam operations. The locations of each of the McClean conductors, that were obtained from the Tx-parallel profiles, werein better agreement with the locations known from drilling than were the locations obtained from the conventional profiles. However, the conventional profiles gave better estimates of the conductance of the targets.The results obtained over the McClean conductors indicate that current gathering has a strong influence on Tx-parallel results with consequent unpredictable influence on depth and conductance estimates. However, the depth estimates obtained from the Tx-parallel data appear to be in good agreement with the known depth of the McClean south conductor. The Txparallel results provide shallow estimates of the depth of the McClean north conductor which suggest that the fracture zone above the graphitic conductor is a significant conductor as was also suggested by earlier VLF surveys.Comparison with the wide range of published geophysical test surveys for the McClean site showed that apart from the work required to lay the transmitter, the Tx-parallel mode of operation of a Turam exploration system is operationally very similar to a moving source Slingram type of survey. At the McClean test site, it provided the same depth of exploration as a conventionally deployed fixed loop transmitter."

Jan 1, 1988

By S. S. Clarke

ABOUT two years ago some of my friends were discussing the amount of drill-steel breakage that was permissible or not excessive, per month, per rock ton, per ton of steel or any unit of measure or output that would give a comparison between different kinds of drill steel. No one seemed to know what life to expect of steel, or what percentage of breakage might be termed excessive. In fact there were no operating data available to guide one in selecting the best steel for our mines, nor could any ideas or information be secured from the steel manufacturers. One was merely told that so and so used their steel and it was very satisfactory; or else one was given a highly technical lecture on their specific heat-treatment. Any estimates on expected breakage were just guesses, ranging from a fraction of a per cent to as high as ten per cent per month.

Jan 1, 1933

By K. B. Chaudhurl

The thermodynamics of the reactions taking place are examined with the aid of equilibrium diagrams for the Pb-O-S system. Based on investigations of chemical, mineralogical and differential-thermo analyses of intermediate products of different desulphuration degrees, an attempt is made to explain the mechanisms of the reactions in the smelting shaft of the KIVCET furnace. The differences between this and other direct lead smelting processes are demonstrated by these thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. Proceeding from these results, the practicability of direct lead smelting processes is discussed with reference to the composition of the primary feed materials to be processed. This comparison also considers the behaviour of minor metals, the products obtained and their characteristics in respect to further treatment. For assessing the operating costs, the over-all energy consumption is considered taking into account various price relations between electric energy and fuels/reductants. Based on the peculiarities of the various processes, an attempt is made to compare the necessary means of meeting the pollution control requirements. The paper concludes with reference to the criteria and problems involved in comparable evaluations.

Jan 1, 1978

By Andrey de Moraes Barcelos Casanova

Sendo o alumínio um metal amplamente empregado na produção de partes integrantes de aeronaves, aonde este deve atender a requisitos básicos necessários, como uma boa resistência mecânica, fadiga e corrosão, aliado a baixa densidade, o estudo deste metal se torna pertinente. Visto tais necessidades deste setor, a avaliação destas se torna importante diante da possibilidade de utilização de processos de deformação plástica severa (DPS) para o refinamento de microestrutura, a qual irá acarretará assim, melhoras em propriedades mecânicas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o comportamento mecânico, através da dureza HV, medida por um ultramicrodurômetro instrumentado, desejando encontrar uma maior homogeneidade microestrutural bem como o seu refino.

Oct 30, 2017

By Thainá Silveira Garcia Mendes

A manutenção de monumentos e obras históricas deve ser executada com o uso de argamassa de cal, devido à sua maior permeabilidade e por preservar as características originais da obra. Entretanto, o uso de revestimento de tinta acrílica comercial sobre esta argamassa interfere na permeabilidade da construção como um todo, por vedar a superfície das paredes e tetos, internos e externos. Como uma alternativa que permite maior permeabilidade, tem-se a tinta à base de solo, constituída de água, cola branca e solo rico em silte e argila. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo quantificar e comparar as permeabilidades de amostras de argamassa de cal revestidas com tinta acrílica e com tinta de solo. Usou-se o método do tubo de Karsten para medir a permeabilidade dos dois revestimentos em comparação com a argamassa de cal sem revestimento. Os resultados dos ensaios indicaram que o revestimento de tinta à base de solo apresenta permeabilidade significativamente maior que a acrílica, sendo então mais indicada para o uso em restauro e manutenção de edificações históricas.

Oct 30, 2017

By Rubson Mação Camporez

Os aços inoxidáveis duplex conferem uma excelente resistência à corrosão e elevada resistência mecânica em um só material devido sua microestrutura bifásica formada pelas fases de ferrita e austenita numa proporção em torno de 50% para cada uma. Esse balanceamento de fases é devido à distribuição controlada de elementos formadores de austenita (gamagênicos) e de ferrita (alfagênicos). No entanto quando submetidos a processos de soldagem sua microestrutura pode apresentar um desbalanceamento de fases além de formação de fases intermetálicas que prejudicam suas propriedades e limitam sua utilização. O presente estudo objetiva comparar dois processos de soldagem autógenos (TIG e topo a topo por resistência) no aço UNS S32304 focando principalmente microestrutura pós-soldagem da zona afetada termicamente e no cordão de solda.

Aug 16, 2017

By Agnes Ágata Fróes Martins

O ensaio de impacto determina a resistência e sensibilidade dos materiais quando submetidos a uma certa carga de impacto, por isto, a importância deste ensaio. Através dele conhecemos as características que um material necessita ao ser projetado de tal maneira que possa suportar a uma força de impacto. Neste trabalho, o objetivo é comparar os resultados de energia absorvida no ensaio de Charpy analógico com o ensaio de Charpy instrumentado e verificar se há uma diferença significativa entre os resultados. Para isto, ensaios são realizados baseados em normas técnicas, neste caso a norma ASTM E23 [4]. Após os ensaios observou-se que os resultados do Charpy analógico e do Charpy instrumentado não obtiveram diferença significativa para todas as amostras ensaiadas. Em critério de avaliação dos resultados utilizamos a norma ASTM E2298 [8].

Aug 16, 2017

By Ana Clara Petrucelli

A principal ferramenta de controle do processo BOF reside na regulagem do sopro de oxigênio. A análise dos parâmetros de interação entre o sopro e o banho metálico compõe o objetivo deste trabalho. Através de uma análise visual da penetração e fração volumétrica da bacia de descarburação, foi determinada a melhor configuração de sopro entre diferentes combinações de bicos multifuros (3 a 6 furos), distância lança-banho e vazão. Foram feitas previsões sobre a penetração do jato a partir de um balanço de energia a fim de validá-las com o modelo físico. As maiores penetrações foram alcançadas com os bicos de 3 e 4 furos, com a maior vazão e menor distância lança-banho dentre os padrões testados. Todavia, as maiores frações volumétricas da bacia de descarburação foram obtidas com 5 e 6 furos, vazão e distâncias variadas dentre as ensaiadas.

Jul 29, 2018

By Tiago Bristt Gonoring

Este trabalho estuda a redução de pós de hematita de alta pureza (com Fe2O3> 99,00% e tamanho de partículas

Aug 1, 2018

By João Vitor Mokan

O presente trabalho avalia o efeito das camadas de conversão a base de CrVI e CrIII aplicadas na superfície de arames galvanizados por imersão a quente. As bitolas testadas foram 1,24mm, 1,65mm e 3,00mm, utilizando os ensaios de Névoa Salina e Câmara Úmida, avaliando o aspecto superficial dos arames após 1, 3, 6, 24 e 28 horas de exposição ao ambiente agressivo. Pode ser observado que o ensaio de Névoa Salina é pouco indicado para avaliar a oxidação superficial do arame em função de sua agressividade. Os resultados foram melhor interpretados utilizando o ensaio de Câmara Úmida. Inicialmente os arames recobertos por uma camada de conversão a base de CrIII apresentaram desempenho levemente superior àqueles recobertos por CrVI, considerando os mesmos tempos de exposição. Após seis horas os arames galvanizados apresentaram comportamentos semelhantes. O arame galvanizado com maior resistência a oxidação foi aquele protegido com CrIII, porém com o passar do tempo os dois tipos de revestimento se equivalem.

Oct 30, 2017

By Henrique de Siqueira Queiroz

A indústria mineral brasileira é uma das maiores produtoras de minério de ferro do mundo e as reservas do país estão cada vez com teores mais baixos. Por isso hoje são necessários estudos para viabilizar a explotação de jazidas de baixos teores. Utilizando-se de minérios mais pobres, faz-se necessário uma maior cominuição para beneficiamento do minério. Com uma menor granulometria do material, o processo de flotação passa a ter importante papel no beneficiamento por ser mais tolerável aos finos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar diferentes coletores catiônicos, especificamente aminas, utilizados na etapa de flotação reversa de um minério de ferro da região do Vale do Rio Pardo. As amostras utilizadas nos testes são provenientes da remoagem que, pelo circuito de beneficiamento, alimenta a flotação de finos. Foram testados como coletores as aminas EDA, EDA3 e EDA 3C da Clariant. A amina que obteve melhor desempenho foi a Flotigam EDA 3C que obteve concentrado final com 67,4% Fe e 1,76% de SiO2, e recuperação metalúrgica de ferro de 92,14%.

Aug 7, 2018

By Túlio Moreira Campos

A tecnologia da Prensa de Rolos se encontra cada vez mais presente em circuitos de cominuição na indústria mineral. No caso de minérios de ferro itabiríticos, essa tecnologia está sendo aplicada de forma pioneira no projeto Minas-Rio, atualmente em fase de ramp-up. O trabalho compara o desempenho das Prensas de Rolos do circuito Minas-Rio sob diferentes condições de operação em relação às previsões obtidas pelos três principais modelos matemáticos disponíveis na literatura: Morrell / Lim / Shi / Tondo (1997), Torres & Casali (2009) e Dundar et al. (2013). A comparação foi realizada considerando o ajuste dos modelos a um caso base, sendo os demais testes simulados a partir dos parâmetros ajustados para esse. A comparação entre os modelos foi realizada com base nas previsões de potência consumida, capacidade e distribuição granulométrica do produto. Em geral, foram obtidas boas previsões da distribuição granulométrica do produto com os diferentes modelos, embora o modelo de Morrell / Lim / Shi / Tondo tenha superestimado a finura do produto em alguns dos testes. Além disso, foi observada uma boa correspondência entre a potência experimental e a simulada para os três modelos na maioria dos testes industriais. Entretanto, a capacidade prevista pelos modelos de Morrell / Lim / Shi / Tondo e Torres & Casali foi subestimada em todos os casos em relação aos valores experimentais.

Aug 17, 2017

By Isabella Leite Ferraz, André Luiz Vasconcellos da Costa e Silva, Andreza Freire Marques, Fernando Paulucio Quinelato

Adições de cálcio são usadas para a modificação de inclusões não-metálicas em aços com demanda de propriedades isotrópicas, boa lingotabilidade e limpeza interna. Entretanto, o cálcio tem elevada pressão de vapor, baixa solubilidade no aço líquido e elevado custo. Embora a maneira mais efetiva, atualmente, de adicionar cálcio seja através da injeção de arames de ligas CaSi ou CaFe, o momento da adição, na rota de elaboração na metalurgia secundária tem importância no rendimento e eficiência do cálcio. Neste trabalho, são discutidas e comparadas três rotas de processamento de aços desoxidados ao alumínio na metalurgia secundária (forno panela (FP) e/ou vácuo (RH): FP-injeção de Ca-Lingotamento, FP-injeção de Ca-RH-Lingotamento, FP-RH-injeção de Ca-Lingotamento). Cada rota apresenta vantagens e limitações de processo. Foram avaliadas corridas processadas pelas três rotas visando identificar o efeito da rota sobre o rendimento do cálcio e sobre a limpeza interna do produto. As comparações foram realizadas através de cálculos por termodinâmica computacional, empregando a análise química e a temperatura de lingotamento. As vantagens e desvantagens observadas para cada rota são discutidas e comentadas.

Oct 1, 2019