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Safety rules for installing and using electrical equipment in and about coal mines covered in this information circular supersede those previously included in Bureau of Mines Bulletin 514, issued in 1952. This revision brings these rules up to date and more nearly in line with present operating and safety practices in the industry. The rules are intended to supplement existing Federal and State regulations, and no provision shall be construed to oppose or supersede any provisions of the Federal Mine Safety Codes, the Federal Coal Mine Safety Act, or the mining laws of any State. The rules were designed to permit progress, such as application of new or improved materials and equipment or use of new practices where these materials, equipment, or practices retain or improve the level of safety established by these requirements. It is hoped that they will fill the need for a concise edition for mine electricians and electrical engineers, especially those who do not have ready access to more detailed rules or codes.

Jan 1, 1964

Safety rules for installing and using electrical equipment in and about coal mines covered in this information circular supersede those previously included in Bureau of Mines Bulletin 514, issued in 1952. This revision brings these rules up to data and more nearly in line with present operating and safety practices in the industry. The, rules are intended to supplement existing existing Federal and State regulations, and no provision shall be construed to oppose or supersede any provisions of the Federal Mine Safety Codes, the Federal Coal Mine Safety Act, or the mining laws of any State. The rules were designed to permit progress, such as application of new or improved materials and equipment or use of new practices where these materials, equipment or practices retain or improve the level of safety established by these requirements. It is hoped that they will fill the need for a concise edition for mine electricians and electrical engineers, especially those who do not have ready access to more detailed rules or codes.

Jan 1, 1964

By W. T. Millar

Field reconnaissance and laboratory tests on clay from South Windsor, Hartford County, Conn., indicate that the clay is suitable for lightweight aggregate raw material. Exploration of the deposit supports the conclusion that the reserves of clay are sufficient for economical mining operations to produce lightweight aggregate. Preliminary tests indicated that the clay has a short bloating range. Initial expansion occurred at 2,000° F, and at 2,100° F the clay was slightly overfired and sticky. Rotary kiln tests verified the preliminary data, and these tests showed that the clay would make a good lightweight aggregate if the processing temperature and the kiln feed sizes were closely controlled. Lightweight concrete made from the processed aggregate had properties comparable to those of concrete made from a commercial clay aggregate.

Jan 1, 1964

By W. T. Millar

Field reconnaissance and laboratory tests an clay from South Windsor, Hartford County, Conn., indicate that the clay is suitable for lightweight aggregate raw material. Exploration of the deposit supports the conclusion that the reserves of clay are sufficient for economical mining operations to produce lightweight aggregate. Preliminary tests indicated that the clay has a short bloating range. Initial expansion occurred at 2,000° F, and at 2,100° F the clay was slightly overfired and sticky. Rotary kiln tests verified the preliminary data, and these tests showed that the clay would make a good lightweight aggregate if the processing temperature and the kiln feed sizes were closely controlled. Lightweight concrete made from the processed aggregate had properties comparable to those of concrete made from a commercial clay aggregate.

Jan 1, 1964

By C. R. Hubbard

The Bureau of Mines investigated the mineral resources of the Upper Missouri River Basin as a part of a comprehensive water and related land resources study by six Bureaus of the Department of the Interior, coordinated by the Department's Missouri River Basin Field Committee. The mineral resource study covers an area of about 18,000 square miles within the Great Plains physiographic province of central Montana. Exposed Formations in the plains are chiefly flat-lying Cretaceous sediments. Plutonic rocks crop out in the central parts of the mountain uplifts, with steeply tilted Paleozoic sediments exposed around the margins. Oil and gas have been produced from several fields in the study area; total value exceeds $45 million. Coal-bearing formations of Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous age cover approximately 45 percent of the study area. Total production of coal since 1880 has been between 40 and 50 million tons, exceeding $75 million in value. Total metal production has been about $52.5 million. Industrial mineral production from 1925 through 1960, is valued at $24 million.

Jan 1, 1964

By C. R. Hubbard

The Bureau of Mines investigated the mineral resources of the Upper Missouri River Basin as a part of a comprehensive water and related land resources study by six Bureaus of the Department of the Interior, coordinated by the Department?s Missouri River Basin Field Committee. The mineral resource study covers an area of about 18,000 square miles within the Great Plains physiographic province of central Montana. Exposed formations in the plains are chiefly flat-lying Cretaceous sediments. Plutonic rocks crop out in the central parts of the mountain uplifts, with steeply tilted Paleozoic sediments exposed around the margins. Oil and gas have been produced from several fields in the study area; total value exceeds $45 million. Coal-bearing formations of Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous age cover approximately 45 percent of the study area. Total production of coal since 1880 has been between 40 and 50 million tons, exceeding $75 million in value. Total metal production has been about $52.5 million. Industrial mineral production from 1925 through 1960, is valued at $24 million.

Jan 1, 1964

By Alvin Kaufman

Geothermal plants are competitive with conventional units. A geothermal plant can produce electric energy for 6.70 mills per kwhr, compared with 6.96 mills for coal, 6.74 mills for oil, and 7.04 mills for gas. These costs include fixed and variable charges. Potential for geothermal power exists in the Western United States, Alaska, and possibly Hawaii. Assuming that the current downward trend in cost per kilowatt of coal will cease and that the relative cost of gas and oil, already trending upward, may rise considerably more, geothermal energy will be utilized where available, in producing electric energy. It will be used in California first because it is directly competitive with gas-and oil-fired installations there. A long-term appraisal is difficult because little is known about the sources of geothermal power and the electric generating capacity which the steam fields will support. However, a market for geothermal steam-generated electricity exists within the Western States.

Jan 1, 1964

By Alvin Kaufman

Geothermal plants are competitive with conventional units. A geothermal plant can produce electric energy for 6.70 mills per kwhr, compared with 6.96 mills for coal, 6.74 mills for oil, and 7.04 mills for gas. These costs include fixed and variable charges. Potential for geothermal power exists in the Western United States, Alaska, and possibly Hawaii. Assuming that the current downward trend in cost per kilowatt of coal will cease and that the relative cost of gas and oil, already trending upward, may rise considerably more, geothermal energy will be utilized where available, in producing electric energy. It will be used in California first because it is directly competitive with gas-and oil-fired installations there. A long-term appraisal is difficult because little is known about the sources of geothermal power and the electric generating capacity which the steam fields will support. However, a market for geothermal steam-generated electricity exists within the Western States.

Jan 1, 1964

By Forrest T. Moyer

The National Safety Competition was inaugurated in 1925 by the Bureau o1 Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, in cooperation With the Explosives Engineer. In the first nationwide contest, 210 mines and quarries were enrolled. In 1962, the thirty-eighth anniversary of the competition, 910 mines and quarries were enrolled. These participating plants were worked a total of 133,292,989 man-hours. Of the enrolled plants, 415 achieved injury-free operations tar the year, the largest number of perfect safety records in the history of the contest. In 1961 and 1962, the National Safety Competition was conducted and sponsored by the Bureau of Mines. In January 1963, the American Mining Congress became a cosponsor and participated with the Bureau in the award activities related to the 1962 contest. The basic purpose of the competition is to stimulate employees to work safely and too give impetus to the building of better accident-prevention programs. A well-designed and efficient safety program helps a company economically by cutting costs, preventing damage to equipment and materials, and reducing nonproductive delays. An effective safety program benefits the employee more directly because his injuries cause personal suffering, lost time, and lower living standards for his family. Since both have much to gain, management and workers should cooperate closely to eliminate disabling work injuries. The greater contest participation and the larger number of perfect safety records indicate increasing safety consciousness on the part of management and employees.

Jan 1, 1964

By Forrest T. Moyer

The National Safety Competition was inaugurated in 1925 by the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, in cooperation with the Explosives Engineer. In the first nationwide contest, 210 mines and quarries were enrolled. In 1962, the thirty-eighth anniversary of the competition, 910 mines and quarries were enrolled. These participating plants were worked a total of 133,292,989 man-hours. Of the enrolled plants, 415 achieved injury-free operations for the year, the largest number of perfect safety records in the history of the contest.

Jan 1, 1964

By Forrest T. Moyer

To keep the mineral and allied industries informed of trends in the causes of accidents and to point, out the need for corrective measures, the Bureau of Mines collects, analyzes, and periodically publishes health and safety statistics. This report includes data for 1962 on injury experience, with related employment statistics, at coal mines in the United States. These data are presented in tabular form under the following: General Injury Experience Tables 1 to 6: Current data on number of injuries, degree of injury, frequency and severity rates, average severity, and related employment and production data by work location.

Jan 1, 1964

By Forrest T. Moyer

To keep the mineral and allied industries informed of trends in the causes of accidents and to point out the need for corrective measures, the Bureau of Mines collects, analyzes, and periodically publishes health and safety statistics. This report includes data for 1962 on injury experience, with related employment statistics, at coal mines in the United States. These data are presented in tabular form under the following: General Injury Experience Tables 1 to 6: Current data on number of injuries, degree of injury, frequency and severity rates, average severity, and related employment and production data by work location.

Jan 1, 1964

By W. G. Diamond

Lightweight aggregates have become increasingly important to the construction industry. From 1953 to 1960, the quantity of the aggregates used in concrete block, precast and prestressed concrete, and monolithic structures increased about 92 percent. The present study was conducted in Bureau of Mines Area IV which encompasses the South-Central States of Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. This is an administrative area and does not delimit a market area or imply an economic unit. Because of the increasing importance of metropolitan areas in evaluating economic growth, significant data showing relationships between growth of the metropolitan areas and the lightweight aggregate industry are included.

Jan 1, 1964

By W. G. Diamond

Lightweight aggregates have become increasingly important to the construction industry. From 1953 to 1960, the quantity of the aggregates used in concrete block, precast and prestressed concrete, and monolithic structures increased about 92 percent. The present study was conducted in Bureau of Mines Area IV which encompasses the South-Central States of Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. This is an administrative area and does not delimit a market area or imply an economic unit. Because of the increasing importance of metropolitan areas in evaluating economic growth, significant data showing relationships between growth of the metropolitan areas and the lightweight aggregate industry are included.

Jan 1, 1964

The 1963 Lignite Symposium was held on the University of North Dakota campus, Grand Forks, N. Dak., April 30-May 1, 1963, under the cosponsorship of the University of North Dakota and the Bureau of Mines. This symposium, the third in a series, had as a general objective the dissemination of information concerning advances in technology and utilization of solid fuels, with emphasis on lignitic coals. Approximately 150 representatives of industry, government, and educational institutions from 21 states and 3 Canadian provinces were present at the symposium. Those attending were welcomed by Marling J. Ankeny, Director of the Bureau of Mines, representing the Bureau, and Dean T. H. Clifford, Vice President of the University, representing the University.

Jan 1, 1964

The 1963 Lignite Symposium was held on the University of North Dakota campus, Grand Forks, N. Dak., April 30-May 1, 1963, under the cosponsorship of the University of North Dakota and the Bureau of Mines. This symposium, the third in a series, had as a general objective the dissemination of information concerning advances in technology and utilization of solid fuels, with emphasis on lignitic coals. Approximately 150 representatives of industry, government, and educational institutions from 21 states and 3 Canadian provinces were present at the symposium. Those attending were welcomed by Marling J. Ankeny, Director of the Bureau of Mines, representing the Bureau, and Dean T. H. Clifford, Vice President of the University, representing the University.

Jan 1, 1964

By J. L. Eakin

The works and opinions of experts on well stimulation and related problems are summarized in this paper. The material is devoted to stimulative work in petroleum and natural-gas wells exclusive of the generally applied pressure maintenance and secondary-recovery methods. Its purpose is to review a collection of recent and available material on well-stimulation methods and techniques. Each separate discussion is accompanied by a selected bibliography. An author index is included.

Jan 1, 1964

By J. L. Eakin

The works and opinions of experts on well stimulation and related problems are summarized in this paper. The material is devoted to stimulative work in petroleum and natural-gas wells exclusive of the generally applied pressure maintenance and secondary-recovery methods. Its purpose is to review a collection of recent and available material on well-stimulation methods and techniques. Each separate discussion is accompanied by a selected bibliography. An author index is included.

Jan 1, 1964

By C. M. Harrer

Reconnaissance investigations were made of 129 iron occurrences in Arizona to determine their extent, attitude, and potential; character samples were analyzed to determine their quality and impurities; and pioneer metallurgical investigations were made on character samples to present their metallurgical problems. Some factors influencing past and potential western iron markets are discussed. The location, features, qualities, extent, and potential of iron occurrences and some associative resources--limestone and dolomite, coal, petroleum and natural gas, power, and water are discussed. The most abundant iron minerals are magnetite and hematite. The higher grade deposits are extensive contact-metamorphic or pyrometasomatic replacements of calcareous Paleozoic to Proterozoic rocks associated with intrusives. Large low-grade deposits of great potential are present as Precambrian taconite, semitaconite-, and jaspilite-like iron formations of magnetite-hematite. Iron occurs also as low-grade concentrations of magnetite in extensive alluvial deposits. Nonferrous metallurgical slags, nearly 100 million tons, are considered a potential source of iron. Various accessory elements are associated with the iron minerals and these pose metallurgical and economic problems.

Jan 1, 1964

By C. M. Harrer

Reconnaissance investigations were made of 129 iron occurrences in Arizona to determine their extent, attitude, and potential; character samples were analyzed to determine their quality and impurities; and pioneer metallurgical investigations were made on character samples to present their metallurgical problems. Some factors influencing past and potential western iron markets are discussed. The location, features, qualities, extent, and potential of iron occurrences and some associative resources--limestone and dolomite, coal, petroleum and natural gas, power, and water are discussed. The most abundant iron minerals are magnetite and hematite. The higher grade deposits are extensive contact-metamorphic or pyrometasomatic replacements of calcareous Paleozoic to Proterozoic rocks associated with intrusives. Large low-grade deposits of great potential are present as Precambrian taconite, semitaconite-, and jaspilite-like iron formations of magnetite-hematite. Iron occurs also as low-grade concentrations of magnetite in extensive alluvial deposits. Nonferrous metallurgical slags, nearly 100 million tons, are considered a potential source of iron. Various accessory elements are associated with the iron minerals and these pose metallurgical and economic problems.

Jan 1, 1964