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By H. Lyn Bourne

This is the ninth annual tabulation of royalty information. Again this year, some of the older information has been deleted to make room for more than 30 new entries. Several articles and publications crossed the author's desk this past year that relate to mineral valuation and mineral royalty. Tom Loucks presented a paper, "The Valuation of Hard Rock Mineral Property," at the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation in Santa Fe, NM in July, 1990. His paper gives an indepth explanation of the definitions and concepts related to mineral valuation. It includes descriptions of numerous legal cases that have dealt with mineral valuation and proper reference is given for each case. Loucks works for the Denver Mining Finance Co. Gold royalties generally range from 5% to 7%, net smelter return. However, Severn Brown sent information that shows a much wider variation. Echo Bay Mines reported in its 1989 annual report royalties that range from 1.5 % to 30% for gold from various gold properties. Brown also sent a copy of an article that appeared in the Dec. 27, 1982, issue of Fortune magazine. This issue carried an article by Walter Guzzardi, Jr. "The Huge Find in Roy Ash's Backyard." The article gives the history of Newmont's leasing in Nevada on property that became the Carlin, Bootstrap and Blue Star Mines. The article states that the initial royalty was 10% that escalated to more than 16%. Another property, the site of Gold Quarry, provides an 18% royalty to the same own¬ers. The article makes interesting reading for those interested in mining history.

Jan 1, 1991

By M. Gangal

CANMET-MMSL, in cooperation with Dry Systems Technologies and Quinsam Mine, conducted a study to determine the effects of B50 biodiesel on the emissions of a flameproof diesel power package in comparison with mining diesel fuel for application in underground coal mines. The emissions testing for coal mine application requires that the intake air mixture to the engine should be at 1.25 percent methane by volume in air. The tested power package system included a naturally aspirated, mechanically-controlled diesel engine with a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), a heat exchanger, flame arresters, and a low temperature disposable diesel particulate filter. The engine dynamometer tests were conducted at the CANMET-MMSL Diesel Emissions Research Laboratory in Ottawa using the ISO 8178-C1 test protocol. The separate and combined effects of a B50 biodiesel blended fuel, and with and without 1.25% methane enriched intake air were measured on a diesel power package. Fuelling the baseline engine (without methane), with B50 biodiesel blend reduced carbon monoxide (CO) by 44%, and increased nitrogen dioxide (NO2) by 19%, and particulate matter by 31% relative to the mining diesel fuel. Similarly, injection of 1.25% methane to the intake air for baseline engine with mining diesel fuel increased engine power by 15%, CO by 124%, and NO by 15%, and decreased NO2 by 13%. The effect of B50 biodiesel relative to the mining diesel for coal mines application (with methane for both fuels) was to reduce CO by 27%, and NO by 6%, and increase NO2 by 23%, with no change in engine power. The overall results indicate that the minimum ventilation rate for the equipment application in coal mines with B50 biodiesel was 4.11 m3/s (8,700 cfm), slightly higher than the ventilation rate of 4.01 m3/s (8,500 cfm) with the mining diesel fuel. This slight increase in ventilation rate for B50 biodiesel fuel was due to an increase in NO2 at one of the operating test points, and the ventilation rate for this equipment was governed by NO2 in the exhaust gas.

Jan 1, 2009

By William Gleason

"During the past nine years the number of cellular phones connected to a network has increased from 34 percent of the world’s population in 2005 to 93 percent in 2014. These phones are powered by a combination of materials including elements such as gold, silver, copper and rare earths. And, as more parts of the world become connected to networks, the number of phones being produced, and the elements they will need, will continue to increase. The demand comes as prices for these commodities are slumping and access to the commodities is getting more difficult, technically and socially.These mobile devices have connected people around the world in ways that could not have been imagined two decades before, and, ironically, this communication has strengthened opposition to the development of the mines that produce the very materials they need to operate.In his keynote address to the 2014 SME Arizona Conference at the JW Starr Pass Resort in Tucson, AZ, on Dec. 8, 2014, John O. Marsden, SME President and president of Metallurgium, spoke to more than 500 attendees about the challenge to produce the materials that society needs while at the same time challenging the general public’s perception of mining that is often inaccurate and less than favorable.Marsden highlighted the amount of raw materials that will be needed not just for phones, but also for things such as automobiles, including electric cars, as a way to illustrate the importance of mining. Even so-called green products such as Tesla cars, which require about 317 kg (700 lbs) of aluminum, 13 kg (30 lbs) of copper and 36 kg (80 lbs) of cobalt for their eco-friendly batteries, will need materials mining provides.These are some of the numbers that the general public is often unaware of. They are part of the necessary things that mining provides for society but are rarely reported on. Instead, it is the accidents like the tailings spill at the Mount Polley Mine in British Columbia and at the Buena Vista Mine (Sonora, Mexico) that grab headlines and stick in the minds of the public, adding more challenges to an industry that already has its own complex technical challenges to deal with."

Jan 1, 2014

By Hans W. Schreiber

Most geologic and mining engineering consulting firms* began to experience the recession with declining billing levels, number of inquiries, and proposal requests in late 1981 or early 1982. As of today, most of them have been functioning at reduced income levels for nearly a year. And while many consulting firms have apparently reached a stabilized income level, they can see little prospect for attaining normal (pre-late 1981) billing levels and income for the remainder of 1983. A few firms have escaped being affected by the recession. Such com panies almost without exception are small (fewer than 20 personnel), offer a limited range in technical capabilities, and tend to be highly specialized in a particular niche. They include those specializing in the heap leaching of precious metals ores, in ground water testing programs, and in the derivation of computer-aided programs to monitor particular mineral processing functions. Those firms affected by the economic downturn have instituted a variety of policies and undertaken actions to cope with significantly reduced incomes to bring fixed costs in line with the depressed demand for services. These changes fall into the following broad categories: • management and management practices; • markets and market definition; • marketing and the pursuit of assignments; and • administration and personnel relationships. Not all of the perceived changes have necessarily been instituted by every consulting firm, and any one appears sporadically instituted. Management and Management Practices In favorable times the managers, and often the owners of the equity, of consulting firms tend to concentrate their attention on the part of the business they find most satisfying and enjoyable. For some, this means acting as project or assignment leaders, even undertaking a specific technical aspect of the job. For others, it means constant marketing with the associated heavy travel and entertainment schedules. In unfavorable conditions, such as the current recession, managers tend to spread themselves far more thinly, expending time and effort on all facets of the business including marketing, proposal preparation and cost estimating, budgeting, general administration, accounting and cash flow monitoring, project/assignment overview, and actual client work. The manager who in favorable times concentrated on client work is now less billable. The manager who concentrated on marketing is somewhat more billable. The manager now needs to pay attention to and expend equal effort on each facet of the business just to keep all the facets in relative balance. Falling behind schedule on a client job or carrying an unduly large percentage of accounts receivable exact a cost to the firm. Clearly the absolute cost to the firm is the same whether demand for service is good or slack. But in periods of slack demand the firm is frequently less able or even unable to bear such costs. Marketing and Market Definition Markets appear to have undergone some significant changes: • Federal and state governments have assumed a greater importance as providers of work vis-a-vis both industry and private groups. • Projects with increase-in-capacity aspects have given way to projects with maintenance or reduced operating cost aspects. • Projects searching for new deposits of minerals in generally new locations have given way to projects reviewing known mineral districts or known deposits. • Industrial mineral and mining companies have exhibited a great propensity to cut back the use of consultants and to undertake as much work as possible in-house. Further-more, a number of industrial mineral and mining companies have entered the competitive arena with consulting firms, submitting proposals (usually to the federal government) in an effort to keep their staffs intact and occupied. In response, consulting firms have reevaluated their capabilities by reviewing old work and reassessing personnel. The purpose is to broaden the services offered and the potential client base, thus redefining the available market. For example, a firm specializing in assessment of technical and cost parameters of a deposit would normally assist a prospective lender in judging the deposit's suitability for project financing. That same company could easily expand into the field of analyzing production costs for an individual operation -something that is needed in periods when lower prices reduce profit margins. Similarly, a firm that has confined such economic assistance to commercial banks could expand to provide its expertise to other lending and even equity buying in-stitutions such as insurance companies. Marketing and the Pursuit of Assignments With few exceptions, consulting firms have significantly increased their

Jan 2, 1983

Collaboration between education providers is the key to long-term sustainability and improved quality in mining education. The mining industry is now, more than ever, an industry doing business on a global basis. Staff are recruited by global mining companies in many different countries and can find themselves deployed anywhere in the world. The mining engineer of tomorrow must be willing to take on this international challenge, and must be educated to a level where he or she has a comprehensive grounding in technical aspects of mining engineering, but also a well-founded appreciation of management, social, environmental and cultural issues that may be encountered around the world. In order to deliver such an education, academic providers must collaborate at both a national and international level. This paper provides an overview of progress that has been made in Australia through the national joint venture ? Min¬ing Education Australia (MEA). Supported by the mining industry in Australia, through the Minerals Council of Australia (MCA), MEA has been operational since 2007 and is seeing the development of a range of innovative courses and delivery methods, together with a high level of staff cooperation across the country. MEA has also commenced some international teaching initiatives that are seen as a catalyst for a far greater degree of international collaboration in the future. Such activity is not only to the benefit of the students who are taught by experts from around the world, but it also ensures that individual univer¬sity programs remain viable in terms of staffing numbers and financial performance. The paper also presents some statistics on recent upward trends in mining engineering student numbers from around the world, in response to the global shortage of mining engineers.

Jan 2, 2010

By Dilip I. Patel, Jesus Schabib, W. Allen Mawr, Daniel A. Louis

East Side Access (ESA) will extend Long Island Rail Road into midtown Manhattan via 11 km of tunnels, a new terminal station and associated rail support facilities. The hard-rock tunneling in Manhattan will traverse under Park Avenue and some of the most historically and commercially significant real estate in the world. The soft-ground tunneling in Queens will traverse beneath Amtrak’s Sunnyside Yard and the Harold Inter locking, the busiest rail interlocking in North America. This paper details ESA’s program-wide geo-instrumentation monitoring system for obtaining, processing and presenting all geotechnical monitoring data. Data streams will be real-time, such as from automated total stations, and manually read, such as from optical survey instruments and handheld data loggers. All data will be input into a web-based Geo-Instrumentation Data Management System, which will be accessible to project stake holders via ESA’s intranet or via the Internet using remote access controls.

Jan 1, 2007

By Tim Brick, Peter Jewell, Stephen Thompson, Simon Morgan

The $980m (€750m) Dublin Port Tunnel, Europe’s biggest urban highway tunnel project, was opened in December 2006. The culmination of this immense scheme is set to transform the environment, mobility and road safety of Ireland’s capital city. This paper summarizes the key aspects of a project linking both sequential and parallel construction of individual tunnels and describes various approaches to bored, mined and pre-support cut-and-cover tunneling in a wide variety of ground types and depth of cover. Examples of innovative approaches to deal with structural and geotechnical problems while maintaining full operation of both road and rail traffic and the integrity of properties in a dense urban corridor are described.

Jan 1, 2007

By Shuie Li, Taibai Li, Tao Hu, Zhongjie Wang, Xiang Ge

As one of the main power sources, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) will continue to be applied on a large scale in the future market. Commercialized LIBs cathode materials contain various valuable metal elements including Li, Co, and Ni. The development of green and efficient recycling technology is essential. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have recently emerged as a new class of green solvents that could potentially be applied for the LIBs recycling industry due to their capability to leach the active materials without the introduction of environmentally hazardous reagents as used in conventional hydrometallurgy process. Considering the rapid progress, a critical review focusing on the progress and fundamentals about the overall efficiency has practical significance for the further advancement of this field. Herein, we briefly introduce the overall process of using DESs for LIBs recycling and specifically focus on the efficiency of each step. Current fundamental understandings and new experimental approaches to enhance the efficiency of the leaching process, the extraction process, and reusability are summarized. We expect this review article to inspire scientists to use DESs as powerful tools for advancing the frontiers of LIBs recycling.

Jul 30, 2022

Kidd Mine in Northern Ontario is now producing from Stage 1 of the Mine D expansion project ? mining between 2100 m and 2700 m below surface. Planning for Stage 2 of the Mine D project is already well advanced and will see the mine extended potentially to 3100 m below the surface. To ensure adequate ventilation is maintained at such depths, two large axial fans have been installed on the 6000 Level (1800 m below surface) as exhaust booster fans to operate in series with the surface exhaust fans. The Kidd Mine 6000 Level Booster Fans are a unique installation with unique and often unexpected challenges. These challenges have been met and attacked through the combined efforts of mine and fan manufacturer personnel with a common focus.

Jan 1, 2009

By Antonio Pineda, Roger K. McLimans, Felicity E. Lloyd

lmenite is a primary ore feed to the DuPont chloride process for the manufacture of titanium diox-ide pigment. We seek to determine ilmenite geochemistry as a function of original source and as-certain which ilmenites have chemistry most amenable to upgrading via iron-leaching (leucoxenization) and that have favorable, with respect to pigment manufacture, trace element content. Ilmenite geochemistry is a function of its primary origin and of subsequent alteration. Heavy mineral sand deposits may contain ilmenite from one or several dominant source rock(s). In addition, ilmenite may alter in the weathering environment, changing the major element compo-sition (iron-leaching) and certain of the minor element content. A primary objective is to classify ilmenites in relation to origin in order to fingerprint source rocks in provenance determination. The changes in trace element chemistry during alteration are also investigated. A “decision tree” is developed to classify ilmenite types and source rock origins. Ultimately, with those methods and by amassing a database of ilmenite types from worldwide locations, it should prove possible to determine ilmenites (and their sources) more susceptible to iron leaching in the weathering en-vironment. Such ilmenites, enhanced in their titanium content, are the preferred ore targets. The method used is electron microprobe analyses at elevated conditions of voltage, cur-rent, and counting time to enable higher precision. In-situ ilmenites from igneous, metamorphic, and altered rocks (saprolites) are analyzed. Initial foci for sedimentary ilmenites are restricted provenance (approaching monogenetic, examples from Spain, Portugal) and polygenetic prove-nance (Denmark). Altered ilmenites, including the DuPont Florida ore, are used to characterize the chemistry of leucoxenization. Trace element concentration, detectability, and cost considera-tion, led to focus on Mn, Mg, V, Cr, and Nb to develop a classification scheme validated by dis-criminant analysis and “classification-regression trees”. Results show a high degree of success for restricted provenance study and an acceptable one for polygenetic provenance.

Jan 1, 2005

By L. Bergkvist

"History can provide many answers with regard to what today’s mining industry looks like and how we got to where we are today. It has always been self-evident that safety has to be given the highest priority and, throughout history, many mine workers have been injured, become ill and have even sacrificed their lives due to the way in which attempts have been made to extract the ore, often due to ignorance of the dangers being faced. In more recent stages of history we have seen certain dangers being compensated by means of higher wages and bonus systems in order to have the work carried out: one example of this is when the rock heating method was employed and the men who first went underground to put out the fires that were burning, were paid extra. The working conditions, to which these people were exposed, with smoke-filled closed spaces, shortened their life expectancy considerably and today we can ask ourselves whether it is really possible to value these efforts just by higher wages. In all mines worldwide the working environment has been improved and many mining companies have a zero vision where work-related injuries and accidents are concerned. Despite this, incidents of varying severity still occur and a continuous improvement process and ongoing training is necessary in order to constantly minimise risks and improve the working environment. Atlas Copco takes this into account in all its development and we not only review our own production units but also the needs of our customers, with regard to the machinery that is produced in order to cater for customers’ safety and production objectives. Underground mining probably started at the beginning of the 11th century when people with modest tools tried to extract ores that were present in the bedrock. Methodology has developed enormously over the years with a strong focus on increased efficiency and higher production. In different parts of the world the development is driven forwards at different rates depending on which controlling factors are regarded as necessary. Political decisions, profit goals and productivity have partly controlled the development, but the greatest factor where improvement is concerned still remains with increased understanding of the totality. During more than 1000 years since underground mining has been conducted, all individuals at all levels have constantly improved their expertise and the human element has been of great importance with regard to the development that has been made, even though technology often occupies a leading role when we describe the improvements made."

Jan 1, 2011

By Tae-kyeong Yeu, Jong-Choi, Cheon-Hong Min, Hyung-woo Kim, Jae- Won Oh, Sup Hong, Minuk Lee, Sung-Soon Kim, Chang-Ho Lee, Ki-Young Seong

"Collecting mineral resources from the seabed using a seafloor crawling robot is the firststep in the mining operation. The second-step is lifting the collected ore up to the water surface. For lifting through a riser pipe, prevention of pipe clogging (flow assurance) and economic and eco-friendly up-transferring is of the utmost concern.During collection of mineral ores, the production rate can be highly variable because of the variability in the distribution of the mineral deposit, variations in seafloor topography, fluctuations robot speed, and variations in performance of the mining robot, etc. Direct transfer of the collected ore to the riser pipe might cause unpredictable and serious problems such as over-loading of the lift pump, reduction in the life of the equipment, pipe clogging, severe increase of down-time, critical damage of equipment, further propagation of damages, and total failure after all.As a counter measure to these potential problems, a buffer station has been adopted, which is capable of storing the collected ore for a certain time and simultaneously regulating the transfer of the ore into the riser pipe. A pilot buffer has been developed by KRISO/KIOST (see Fig. 1)."

Sep 1, 2014

By Ali Kazmi, Wern-ping N. Chen

A load rating procedure was performed to evaluate safe load capacity of the Port of Miami Tunnel (POMT), FDOT Tunnel No. 871071 SR 887. The rating procedure performed on a total of eleven stations beneath roadways and with fill depth less than the tunnel exterior diameter (42 ft). Calculations on tunnel sections passing beneath roadways were performed to evaluate the structural response of the sections subject to moving vehicular loads, dead load, and earth pressures. Ratings were performed in accordance with AASHTO and FDOT guidelines. The procedure considered two types of vehicles (HL-93 and FL-120) and two rating levels (Design level and Permit level). As part of HL-93 vehicle, Tandem load was also considered for rating, separately. For HL-93 and HL-93 Tandem, inventory and operating level ratings were performed. The results show rating factors are high. The minimum rating factor is 16.8 using Inventory truck HL-93. For Permit level using FDOT FL-120 truck the minimum rating factor is 6.9. As can be seen, rating factors are higher than comparable analysis for bridges. This paper explains how the procedure can be implemented for tunnels and evaluates the rating results.

Dec 1, 2022

By Jafar Khademi Hamidi

The Zagros long tunnel is one of the main components of Sirvan water transfer project in western Iran. It is approximately 48 km in length and consisted of two lots. The second 26 km lot of this tunnel is under construction by a 6.73 m diameter double shield (DS) TBM. The tunnel passes through several formations with wide range rock mass qualities. During the tunnel alignment, changes in rock quality were highly frequent from poor to very good. The encountered geological conditions required TBM operation to change frequently from hard rock to soft, dry to flowing, sticky to nonsticky ground (and vice versa), more often than expected. In the course of tunneling, the machine has encountered nearly many adverse geologic conditions. The most important problems have been sudden high volume water inflow into the tunnel, sticky ground, and gas seepage, all of which resulted in reduced TBM advance rates. This study will high-light two difficult ground conditions including large water ingress and sticky ground and also the related problems encountered by the TBM along 8 km of excavated tunnel. In sticky grounds, cleaning of the clogged cutter head caused many delays and contributed to additional downtime. Application of some operational modifications, including decreased TBM thrust showed satisfactory results in such cases. While reduced thrust resulted in reduced penetration rate, but the overall TBM advance was greatly improved by the increase utilization rate and elimination of down time related to cleaning of the head. To cope with high water inflow, application of preventive measures such as pre-grouting has proved to be a more efficientsolution. The sealing of ground water inflow also decreased seepage of dangerous H2S gas and other chemicals such as hydrocarbons accompanying the groundwater.

By Wijnand Dalmijn, Hans de Ruiter

Experience over the past eight years has proven that partnership and cooperation in mineral engineering education is essential to maintain programs in this field. At this moment the joint European Mineral Masters Engineering Course (EMMEC) has three programs in the areas of mining, minerals engineering and geotechnical/environmental engineering, offered by combinations of nine universities in seven European countries. About 25 companies are associated with the universities in the Federation of European Mineral Programs (FEMP) which coordinates these activities. The EMMEC has applied for recognition under the newly launched EU “Erasmus Mundus” program in which the EU makes 280 million Euro available for bursaries for non-European students and scholars.

Jan 1, 2005

By C. Bazin

The separation of rare earth elements is a complex process that is industrially carried out using liquid/liquid extraction. Detailed flow sheets of solvent extraction plants for the separation of rare earth elements are rarely available in the literature which limits the opportunity to teach and test the application of data reconciliation, process optimization and control to these types of plants. The basis of a simulator for a rare earth elements separation plant is described in this paper. The simulator is used to adjust the organic phase and stripping acid flow rate in a separation circuit of heavy rare earth elements from light one?s.

Feb 27, 2013

By Steven W. Hunt, Safdar A. Gill

Design and construction of temporary shafts for underground facilities often require evaluation of bottom stability due to rupture (blow-ins) caused by water pressure acting on a bottom plug. This paper provides an overview of shaft bottom stability evaluation methods for the case of a relatively watertight soil plug which overlies an artesian aquifer. Methods of considering plug perimeter shear, plug buckling and pressure relief are discussed. Minimum factors of safety are suggested. Future use of the shaft subgrade is also considered. Bottom plug failure case histories at several shafts are evaluated. This paper should be useful to project designers, ground support system design engineers and contractors involved with construction of shafts for underground facilities

Jan 1, 1997

By C. L. Kosmoski

The mining industry faces many workplace hazards that are a threat to human health and safety. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has found that employees in coal mining are more likely to be killed or sustain an injury or illness than workers in private industry. These injuries are also likely to be more severe (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007). In recent years, coal mining injuries have attained national attention due to highly publicized disasters. Despite these threats to worker safety and health, the U.S. relies on the mining of coal to meet its need for electrical power, with42% of electricity in the U.S. generated through the burning of coal (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2012b; United Mine Workers of America, n.d.). Furthermore, the production of coal continues to increase and reach record levels every year(National Mining Association, 2012; U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2012a). For this reason, the coal mining industry must continue to find ways to protect its workers while maintaining productivity. One potential approach to protecting workers while maintaining productivity is through improving the safety culture at coal mines. In order to achieve this culture, operators, employees, the inspectorate, etc. must share a fundamental commitment to safety as a value. This type of culture is known in other industries as a ?safety culture? and can be defined as the characteristics of the work environment, such as the norms, rules, and common understandings that influence facility personnel?s perceptions of the importance that the organization places on safety. Fundamental to improving safety culture within an organization is understanding the existing safety culture; improvements cannot be made without first elucidating areas that require improvement. This manuscript details the process undertaken by researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Office of Mine Safety and Health Research (OMSHR) to assess the safety culture at five underground coal mines across the United States. The purpose of this manuscript is to introduce the mining industry to a multi-methodological approach to safety culture assessments. Further, it is the goal of this manuscript to highlight the value of including both quantitative and qualitative methods into safety culture assessments in order to obtain the most comprehensive view of an organization?s safety culture. Because this manuscript focuses solely on the methodology implemented, data and results obtained during the five safety culture assessments will not be presented in this manuscript, but will appear in a future publication.

Feb 27, 2013

By P. Venkatraman

Laboratory and pilot-scale test data have shown that the innovative feed presentation of the CrossFlow separator provides improved metallurgy when compared to traditional hindered-bed or teeter-bed classifiers. This design feature prevents excess water from entering the separation chamber and disrupting the overall fluidization flow rate within the teeter zone. Recent side-by-side industrial-scale evaluations have verified that this technology can improve overall efficiency, reduce the cut point of separation, and increase throughput capacity. This paper describes the important features that make this novel separator ideally suited for size classification and density concentration. Test data from heavy mineral, phosphate, and industrial mineral applications are also discussed.

Jan 1, 2005

By S. Ersayin

In 1998, the Concentrator Modeling Center was established within the Coleraine Minerals Research Lab to develop models for simulation of iron ore processing plants, and to assist plant operators in improving performance of their aging plants. The short-term objective was to develop necessary models for reliable simulation using conventional techniques, while the long-term objective was set as liberation-based modeling and simulation of these plants. The short-term objective was achieved in 2002, after the development of models for magnetic separators, hydroseparators and fine screens. A project funded the US Department of Energy was carried out to demonstrate the capability in improving iron ore processing at the Mittal plant. As a result of this study, a 10% improvement in throughput at the plant was obtained, and simulation became a desired tool for plant operators. A significant step in the long-term objective was reached in 2005 with the development of a liberation model. This was followed by incorporation of models capable of processing liberation data into the software. By early 2007, the Center had the capability of performing liberation-based simulation of entire plants.

Jan 1, 2008