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By Barton K. Cross

The objectives of this effort were to: 1) Develop and validate start-of-shift operational inspection procedures to be used by operators of mobile, self-propelled equipment used in surface mining operations; 2) Evaluate user acceptance of the developed procedures; and 3) Recommend methods and media for presentation of the developed procedures to the user population. Mobile, self-propelled surface mine equipment requiring start-of-shift inspection was identified. Subsystems amenable to operational inspection were identified. The procedures addressing all safety critical subsystems on each equipment type were then developed and validated. The inspection procedures developed were those that could be performed largely from the operator's station. User acceptance was evaluated during on-site data collection visits to surface mines. Representatives of the user population reviewed the procedures and were then interviewed. Recommendations for the methods and media of presentation to the user population were developed from information obtained in: 1) Review and analysis of instructional technology literature applicable to this area; 2) On-site data collection; and 3) Analysis of the working environment and characteristics of the user population.

Jan 1, 1977

By John W. Chandler

The property of the lava Cap Gold: Mining Corporation is in the Nevada City-Grass Valley mining district about 5 miles east of Crass Valley, Calif. At present (July 1940) the plant is mining end milling about 390 tons of gold-silver ore a day; about 310 men are employed. This paper describes the mining methods used and presents mining costs for 1939, when 60,704 tons were mined by cut-and-fill stoping and 55,676 tons by square-setting.

Jan 1, 1941

By Samuel S. M. Chan

The objective of this project was to collect information applicable to the design of ground support systems in deep mines to include in-situ rock deformations, deformation-modulus, stresses, and geology and laboratory physical properties. All data collected was to be integrated and evaluated using a finite-elements computer code. In addition, considerable professional "cross pollenization" was anticipated from the association of University and SMRC personnel. Scope of Investigation Before a ground supporting system can be evaluated, the loading conditions existing in the region of investigation, strength, deformation characteristics, as well as other engineering properties of the rock structure immediately surrounding the openings, together with the pertinent geological information, must be obtained and analyzed. It was for this reason the following items were included in this research project: (1) The selection of a suitable area for the investigation. (2) The mapping of the important geological features of the area of investigation. (3) The measurement of in-situ deformation of rock masses immediately surrounding an underground opening of the area of investigation. (4) The determination of ground stresses. (5) The obtaining of in-situ modulus of deformation of the rock masses. (6) The testing of useful engineering properties of

Jan 1, 1972

By H. M. Thorne

Oil shale, a potential source of products presently obtained from petroleum, is found in many countries. The most extensive known deposits from the standpoint of potential shale oil in place are those in Brazil and the United States of America. Mining methods used for oil shale range from open-pit operations for shallow deposits to room-and-pillar and longwall techniques for deposits with thick overburdens. Oil shales from different sources vary greatly in the amounts and types of organic and inorganic constituents. By retorting, the organic material is converted to oil, gas, and coke. The largest percentages of oil are obtained from materials having the highest hydrogen content. Over 2,000 retorting systems have been patented, but only a few have been used industrially, and no single process seems best for all types of shales or economic conditions. Shale oils have different characteristics, depending on the source rock and method of retorting. They contain large quantities of olefinic hydrocarbons and more oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur derivatives of hydrocarbons than most petroleums. Consequently, petroleum refining methods usually must be modified for shale oil. This is particularly true in catalytic processing. Hydrogenation, even under mild conditions, improves shale-oil refinability. Several byproducts may be obtained from both the retorting and refining steps.

Jan 1, 1964

By J. Roth

The purpose of the present study is to increase the safety of explosive storage. This was accomplished by: a) review of the histories of recent and past magazine explosions to define causes and trends; b) observation of present-day explosive storage conditions and practices at active mines; c) examination of existing Federal regulations on explosive storage to determine whether they address all conceivable safety problems, whether they contain redundant or obsolete standards, and whether their intent is clearly stated; d) recommendation, for safety improvements and for revision and clarification (if necessity) of governmental regulations. Magazine explosions are rare. A recent increase in magazine explosion frequency must be attributed to a large increase in deliberate (criminal or malicious mischief) explosions. Fires of various origins account for the remaining explosions of the past decade. During 1884-1926 several lightning-generated explosions occurred in non-metal magazines, but none recently. It appears that the contents of a well-constructed, metal magazine are immune to direct lightning strikes, regardless of whether the magazine is grounded or not grounded. Grounding a metal magazine cannot be harmful, but it may well be superfluous. Magazines were observed at 34 widely separated mines and storage problems were discussed with personnel at these mines. In general, storage conditions and practices were found to be satisfactory. Usually, only small quantities of explosives are stored on mine property since most explosives are brought in by suppliers when needed. MSHA and BATF standards on explosive storage appear to cover safety aspects adequately. However, certain revisions are recommended to clarify some of these standards and to reduce inconsistencies in their enforcement.

Jan 1, 1983

Since its creation in 1910, the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Mines has pioneered in the development of mineral technology, through research. From the very beginning, research on mine health and safety has been a dominating concern, and a responsibility that expanded markedly as a result of the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969. Until the mid-1970's research on fuel technology and coal production also was an important part of the Bureau's work. But in the four years following the 1973 oil crisis, Congress established a reorganized Federal energy research apparatus in which all fossil fuel research-encompassing extraction, use, and conservation-was centralized. Today, the Department of Energy houses Federal research on coal mine production technology, while research on coal and noncoal mine health and safety and environmental technology, and on noncoal mine production technology, remains in the Interior Department as a continuing responsibility of the Bureau of Mines. In carrying out its authorized research programs, the Bureau conducts both short- and long-term re-

Jan 1, 2012

By J. R. Thoenen

Profits in the crushed-stone industry, as in any other, represent the difference between selling price and production cost. When consumer demand increases rapidly, as occurred in the crushed-stone industry from 1918 to 1927, selling prices tend to rise. Cost of production usually rises, also, owing to the expense of expanding facilities, searching for and developing new quarries, and purchasing, installing, and operating new equipment. Frequently, also, the inattention of managements to the details of operating costs is responsible for their increase. This is not due to negligence but rather to the necessity of confining attention to the problems involved in producing material to supply orders. When market conditions change and consumer demand becomes stabilized or contracts, the producer r s attention usually is directed to assuring the orders necessary to keep his enlarged facilities busy. Hence, competition increases and soiling prices decline.

Jan 1, 1939

By Harold M. Smith

The data in this report were prepared to show how Bureau of Mines routine crude oil analyses could be used to evaluate crude oils in terms of common commercial products . The use of Bureau of Mines routine analyses to determine hydrocarbon - type relationships for the gasoline and gas - oil fractions is demonstrated . For this purpose the correlation index , the aromatic profile and the naphthene profile are used to establish reasonably acceptable values for hydrocarbontype relationships . The derivation and meaning of these indications are discussed . These analytical interpretations are applied to a group of high - sulfur crude oils from the Near East , the Permian basin of West Texas , Venezuela , Colombia , California , and other locations , and the resultant data for gasoline , gas oils , lubricating oils , and asphalt are compared by appropriate tables and graphs . Because the Near East crude oils contain higher quantities of paraffins in the gasoline and gas oil ranges , they will yield good , lowsolvency solvents and good kerosine , jet fuel , and diesel fuels , but straightrun gasoline of inferior quality compared to similar products from either West Texas or Venezuelan high - sulfur oils . The Near East oils also should be good sources of lubricating stock . However , when used as stock for catalytic cracking or reforming , the Near East oils suffer by comparison because they are deficient in naphthenes .

Jan 1, 1964

By Earl C. Redman

The Juneau Gold Belt, centered on Juneau and approximately 120 miles long by 10 miles wide, stretches from Berners Bay on the north to Windham Bay on the south (fig. D-l). Access within the Juneau Gold Belt is provided by the Glacier, Thane, and North Douglas Highways. The Glacier Highway extends northwest from Juneau for approximately 40 miles to Echo Cove, and the other two roads end 5.5 miles southeast and 12.6 miles west from Juneau, respectively. None of these roads connect with other highway systems and access to other areas is restricted to airplanes, the State ferry system, and commercial barge lines. BUREAU ACTIVITIES The majority of lode gold produced in Alaska came from the Juneau Gold Belt portion of the Juneau Mining District. To evaluate the economic potential of the Gold Belt, the Bureau located 173 mines and prospects within the area. A total of 263 ad its and shafts were found and 56,650 feet of underground workings were mapped. The Bureau collected and analyzed 1,557 samples during the study. In addition, considerable detailed geologic map-ping was done in the vicinity of the mines and prospects from which ore control models were developed.

Jan 1, 2012

By J. R. Thoenen

Profits in the crushed-stone industry, as in any other, represent the difference between selling price and production cost. When consumer demand increases rapidly, as occurred in the crushed-stone industry from 1918 to 1927, selling prices tend to rise. Cost of production usually rises, also, owing to the expense of expanding facilities, searching for and developing new quarries, and purchasing, installing, and operating new equipment. Frequently, also, the inattention of managements to the details of operating costs is responsible for their increase. This is not due to negligence but rather to the necessity of confining attention to the problems involved in producing material to supply orders. When market conditions change and consumer demand becomes stabilized or contracts, the producer's attention usually is directed to assuring the orders necessary to keep his enlarged facilities busy. Hence, competition increases and soiling prices decline.

Jan 1, 1939

By Donelson A. Robertson

Literature was searched and cases of alleged water well damage were investigated. Occurrence of ground water in Appalachia is primarily in low yield, fractured, water table aquifers. Four test sites were chosen based on geographic and geologic diversity. Test wells were drilled at each site and base line data on water quality, static water level, and drawdown characteristics were obtained before surface mining commenced. Blast induced ground vibrations were measured at the surface by the wells at levels up to 5.44 inches per second maximum resultant particle velocity. Measurements made at the bottom of wells indicated that vibrations were considerably attenuated at depths of 140 to 160 feet. No direct evidence of change in water quality or well performance was produced by blast vibrations, but removal of downslope support by excavation does cause lateral stress relief which permits the water-bearing fractures to become more open. This additional storage capacity causes the static water level to drop and for well-bore permeability to improve. Static water level recovers if sufficient recharge is available and well performance is

Jan 1, 1980

By Eugene L. Grumer

High-expansion foam was applied to the flames of six fuels burning in a 1-foot-diameter tray. The flames of three hydrocarbon fuels were more readily extinguished than the flames of methanol, acetone, or unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine. The result is rationalized on the basis that heat transfer from flame to fuel surface is primarily radiative with the hydrocarbons and more largely convective with the nonhydrocarbons. INTRODUCTION Equipment for producing high-expansion foams has been developed by the Bureau of Mines to control coal mine fires.5 Recently such equipment has been redesigned for portability and has now been produced commercially for other fire-fighting applications. In May 1961, a 50-by 50-foot gasoline fire was extinguished within 2 minutes by a trailer-mounted foam unit that produced 12,000 cu.ft./min. of high-expansion (1,000:1) foam.6

Jan 1, 1962

By G. M. Kintz, Charles B. Carpenter, G. W. Jones

"INTRODUCTION At 9:12 a. m. on April 16, 1947, the ammonium nitrate cargo in hold 4 of the S. S. Grandcamp, a 7,176 gross-ton Liberty ship owned by the French Government, detonated at pier 0 of the Texas City Terminal Railway Co., Texas City, Galveston County, Tex.This detonation was the first of a series of explosions and fires that took the lives of approximately 600 persons, injured 3,000 other persons, and caused a property damage and business loss that will exceed $58,800,000. It has been estimated that the life, accident, and workmen's compensation insurance loss will be $8,200,000.At 1:10 a. m. on April 17, 1947, the ammonium nitrate cargo in hold 5 of the S.S. High Flyer, a 6,214-gross-ton Liberty ship owned and operated by the Lykes Bros. Steamship Co., Inc., detonated at pier L. This explosion materially increased the property damage caused by the first explosion, in between 50 and 100 persons, and is believed to have taken the life of only one person.The exact number of casualties resulting from the Texas City disaster may never be known. On June 22, 1947, 65 days after the explosions, the red Cross and the Texas Department of Public safety repoted:,""Identified dead, 405; unidentified dead, 63; believed missing, 100; injured, 3,000; hospital¬ized, 600; still in hospitals, 37."""

Feb 1, 1948

By J. B. Salsman

As part of the research effort on investigating the effects of microwave energy on the chemical and physical properties of minerals and ores, the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) Tuscaloosa Research Center has conducted research to measure the dielectric properties of these materials. The objective was to establish a reliable database for use in predicting the effects of microwave heating on a wide range of minerals. The dielectric constants and loss factors of minerals, commonly referred to as the dielectric properties, were determined utilizing the theory of microwave propagation through an open-ended, air-filled coaxial line that was terminated at its open end with the particular mineral under investigation. In this phase of microwave research, the USBM measured the dielectric properties of powdered minerals with medium to high electrical conductivities in the frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz and as a function of temperature from 25 to 325 °C. Since the minerals were prepared as powders, techniques were used to relate the measured dielectric properties of the powdered minerals to the dielectric properties of the mineral at its theoretical or natural density.

Jan 1, 2010

By R. M. Santmyers

Caesium, rubidium, and lithium are sometimes described as the minor or rarer alkali metals. They generally occur together in nature, although, lithium is distributed more widely and is far more abundant than either of the other two. The chemical, and even the physical, properties of these three elements can best be considered In conjunction with the more familiar members of the alkali group, sodium and potassium. The five elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium show an interesting gradation properties from member to member with the increase in atomic weights. All are silvery white and soft enough to be cut with a knife. They tarnish rapidly in air and decompose water at ordinary temperatures. The lowest temperature at which the action of the several metals on water can be de¬tected is -98°C. for sodium, -105°C, for potassium, 108°C. for rubidium, and -116°C. for caesium. The chemical activity appears to increase steadily from

Jan 1, 1930

By D. Eugene Rannels, Sarah E. Dunsmore

"Dunsmore, Sarah E., and D. Eugene Rannels. Extracellular matrix biology in the lung. Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 14): L3-L27, 1996.-The lung and other organs are comprised of both cellular and extracellular compartments. Interaction of these components modulates physiological function at the organ, cellular, and subcellular levels. Extracellular components in the gas-exchange region of the lung include both noncellular interstitium and basement membranes. Connective tissue elements of the interstitium in part determine ventilatory function by contributions to tissue compliance and to resistance of the diffusion barrier. The basement membrane underlies cells of both the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium; basement membrane components exert biological effects on adjacent cells through receptormediated interactions. This review emphasizes current knowledge concerning the composition and biological activity of extracellular matrix in the alveolar region of the lung. Matrix synthesis and turnover are also considered. Directions for future research are suggested in the context of current knowledge of the lung and other model systems. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIXEXTRACELLULAR MATRIX is a general term that encompasses components of the basement membrane and interstitial connective tissue. The extracellular matrix has many functions. It provides structural support, compartmentalizes tissues by separating epithelium or endothelium from interstitium, and serves as a physical barrier. Both in vivo and in vitro studies show that extracellular matrices also affect cell shape and function. The matrix elicits a variety of cellular responses, including adhesion and spreading, changes in cytoskeletal organization and differentiation, formation of focal contacts and stress fibers, stimulation of proliferation and migration, induction of polarity and gene expression, alterations in metastatic activity, and outgrowth of cell processes (for review see Refs. 387, 462). Cellmatrix interactions play roles in embryonic development and organogenesis (for review see Refs. 1, 91), in wound healing (for review see Refs. 145, 327), iri metastasis (for review see Refs. 430, 431), and in angiogenesis (for review see Refs. 185, 186). The extracellular matrix is the subject of a large volume of literature. In 1994, over 1,000 articles contained extracellular matrix in the title or abstract. After a brief discussion of key aspects of extracellular matrix biology, this review will focus on the extracellular matrix of the lung."

Jan 1, 1998

By E. K. Stanek

The field tests involved ten coal mines in which transients were initiated on the dc system from which the parameters of the dc mine electrical power system could be determined. The data processing involved the use of a Fourier Analyzer to filter noise and fit an exponential curve to the field waveforms. From this data analysis it was possible to find the dc system resistance, inductance and time constant. The survey of nationally recognized laboratories was conducted to establish that the recommended test criteria were practical. The development of test criteria for dc fuses used in mines was based on the measurement of parameters in the field, the survey of testing laboratories, literature searches, laboratory test, etc. A computer program was written to analytically predict the parameters measured in the field. This approach has limitations but reasonable agreement with field results was obtained. A brief laboratory testing program was carried out to verify the practicality of the recommended criteria and establish the accuracy of the conclusions concerning dc fuse performance.

Jan 1, 1984

By E. O. Binyone

"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBPyGXjlBHIhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AbtiKOYg7Y&feature=push-fr&attr_tag=uKtVW3yq2ZngptnE%3A6https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PR2THayf-N8https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mF-BXiWocqIhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TuesIw-OZA4https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2HP7sTIZgEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2HP7sTIZgEINTRODUCTIONIn 1937 the Eureka Corporation, Ltd., of Canada obtained a lease on the mining property of the Richmond-Euroka Mining Co. in the Eureka mining district, Eureka County, Nevada. In 1910 the Richmond-Eureka Co. suspended all operations except small-scale leasing, but company and other geologists contended that the El Dorado dolomite would also carry ore in its continuation from fault block north and northeast of the productive old working. The company began to explore the fault block in 1923 by diamond drilling from the,900 level of the Locan shaft, but for various reasons the hole was drilled to a depth of only 2 feet and was then abandoned. Eureka Corporation, Ltd., planned an extensive diamond-drilling program, which included four deep diamond-drill holes, one designated ""A"" fig. if it is to be drilled from the surfaced, and three designated ""E"", ""C"" and ""D"" figs land to be drilled from the 900 level of the Locan shaft. Of these only B and C were completed by the company. Hole C was a contribution,of the hole started by the, started by the Richmond Eureka Co. The site for hole D (figs. 1 and 2) was prepared, but the hole was not drilled. Both B and C holes penetrated sulfide ore carrying good percentages of zinc, lead, gold, and silver. The ore bodies were 40 feet thick and were found approximately 1,400 feet below the 900 level of Locan shaft.On the basis of the very favorable results obtained from the drilling program, the Eureka Corporation planned extensive development of the property and in 1942 commenced sinking the Fad shaft (figs. 1 and 2). The shortage of equipment and materials brought on by the war and difficulties with water in the shaft greatly hindered progress. However, early in 1943 the Eureka Cor¬poration, Ltd., of Canada submitted to the War Production Board a proposal for developing the mine and milling 500 tons of zinc-lead ore a day. The proposal involved an expenditure of $2,890,750."

Dec 1, 1946

By A. J. Martin

The Tri-State, or Joplin, zinc and lead mining district in south- western Missouri and adjoining, parts of Kansas and Oklahoma is one of the great mining districts of the world. It is in flat-lying or gently rolling agricultural country near industrial centers and coal, oil, and gas fields. The nearly horizontally, lying bedded rocks in which the ore bodies are found were originally limestone but are now largely chert containing minor percent- ages of dolomite and other minerals. The ore occurs in nearly vertical fis- sure zones, large and small, and in blanket (sheet-ground) deposits. The mining depth ranges from surface diggings to $50 feet. The average tenor of the ore mined, in recent years is much lower than that of ore produced in other large zinc and lead districts of the United States. Mining and mill- ing costs are low because of the shallowness of mining, amenability of ores to concentration, efficiency resulting from long experience of management and labor, and other factors. The operators comprise many small and medium-size producing companies and partnerships, as well as individuals and a few larger producers. About 7,000 men are employed in the mines and mills during normal industrial activity. The concentrates produced are sold f.o.b. the mill bins to local representatives of smelting companies at prices quoted on the Joplin market. The productive life of the district began with the discovery of lead near Joplin in 1848, but output was not large until after mining for zinc began near Granby in 1871. In most of the intervening years through 1945 the district produced more zinc than any other field, and it generally ranked third or fourth in the United States in lead production. Figures compiled from sources given later in this paper show a total output for the district from the beginning through 1945 of 20,755,020 tons of zinc concentrates and 3,334,057 tons of lead concentrates valued altogether at $1,110,058,581 in the mill bins. The output, in terms of recoverable metals, was 10,609,408 tons of zinc and 2,529,121 tons of lead, valued in all, at the average yearly market prices of the metals, at $1,691,282,419. During the 39 years (1907-1945) for which complete figures are available, the annual output of the district fluctuated from 23 to 66 percent of the total United States mine output of zinc and from 5 to 18 percent of the total lead; the averages for the period were 40 percent for zinc and 11 percent for lead. peak yearly production was attained in 1926, with an output of 423,800 tons of recoverable zinc and 102;117 tons of lead. Since that yoar the production rate has trended downward, accentuated at first by the depression in the thirties and later ameliorated somewhat under the stimulus of heavy demand and higher metal prices during World War II; the output in 1945 was 139,274 tons of recovorablo zinc and 23,556 tons of load. The above figures show the groat contribution made by the Tri-State district in the past toward the country's supplies of primary zinc and lead, cspecially zinc. However, the district's production is expected to decline both in quantity and in proportion of total United States mine output unless important discoveries are made. Ore exposed in mine workings and extensive exploratory drilling done in recent years within and without the productive The

Nov 1, 1946

By John D. Spencer

Research on the development of new and improved methods for the discovery and production of oil and gas and production of fluid fuels from coal continued to be the major thrust of the Bureau of Mines energy research program during 1973. Crude oil recovery from tar sands and oil shale also retained a high priority in this work. Complementing this program were numerous studies aimed at accomplishing the objective of increased energy output with greater safety and minimum harm to the natural environment. This report summarizes research objectives and results and itemizes formal publications of the Bureau of Mines on energy and related subjects.

Jan 1, 1974