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By Horst Konig

This paper illustrates that, with the application of new processes, smaller steel plants using local raw materials can be economical and advisable. It also introduces the problems connected with the direct reduction processes, which use non-coking coal or gas as reducing agents, and which are employed in connection with conventional reduction to produce excellent results. Electric smelting is also discussed, and some practical examples of operating plants are given.

Jan 1, 1970

By W. J. Farley

Location and History The Sherritt Gordon mine is in northern Manitoba, one hundred miles north of The Pas and forty miles northeast of Flin Flon. The original discovery was made by a Cree indian, Philip Sherlett, in 1922. The claims lapsed in 1924 to be re-staked and optioned by various mining groups who carried out a certain amount of development work before relinquishing their options. In 1927 the present Company, Sherritt Gordon Mines, Limited, was formed to take over the property. Production commenced in 1931, but in the following year operations were suspended and it was not until 1937 that the prevailing price of copper pemitted resumption as an economic operation. The mine has operated continuously from that time to the present. Total production to the end of 1947 has been: Copper . . . . . . . . . 301,813 . .,345 pounds Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . 112,636 tons of concentrat (50% zinc) Gold . . . . . . . . . . 83,070 ounces Silver . . . . . . . . . 2,651,317 ounces General Geology The consolidated rocks in the vicinity of the mine, all of Precambrian age, are a series of gneisses and form a part of a great area of what are known as the Kisseynew gneisses. The Sherritt is the only known economic base-metal deposit to occur within the Kisseynew series. Extreme metamorphism has produced recrystallization that has imparted a decided igneous-like texture to many of the units. However, the gneisses are predominantly of sedimentary original although the most basic member, a hornblendegarnet gneiss, is considered to be an altered basic flow. Figure 1 illustrates the intricately folded structure and the succession of roe types. The footwall enclosing members are of sedimentary origin and represent quartzite and arkosic and greywacke derivatives. The contact footwall member is gneissic quartzite, a medium to coarse grained rock composed mainly of quartz with minor altered feldspar (orthoclase and plagioclase), muscovite, chloritized biotite, and magnetite. Most phases of this unit show varying degrees of granitization.

Jan 1, 1949

By J. E. Sepulveda, R. Morrow

"In full scale mineral grinding operations, the steel balls normally utilized as auxiliary grinding media get to be consumed at different specific rates, as determined by 3 basic mechanisms: abrasion/corrosion (wear), impact ball breakage and impact surface spalling, the latter relating to the removal of rather small pieces of steel coming off the exposed surface of the balls due to repetitive impact with other balls in the charge or the surrounding mill liners. In conventional ball milling applications, the clearly predominant mechanism is gradual wear by abrasion/corrosion. In the case of SAG mills, where the make-up balls may be as large as 6”f diameter, breakage and spalling mechanisms are significant contributors to total ball consumption, although not to the extent of overriding wear mechanisms.Ball wear has been well characterized by the Linear Wear Theory, as presented at the last CMP 2014. Impact breakage has been customarily monitored, at the ball manufacturing site, via Drop Ball Tests (DBT) consisting of repeatedly dropping balls from a standard height and accounting for the number of broken balls and the weight loss (spalling) of the remaining unbroken balls. When properly conducted, DBT’s should provide meaningful indications of the breakage and spalling resistance of large diameter balls. The current publication is focused on the interpretation and projection of DBT results to full industrial scale, taking into account all 3 mechanisms of grinding media consumption in SAG mills.INTRODUCTIONA thorough, quantitative understanding of the independent contribution of all active grinding media consumption mechanisms is of the highest practical relevance, particularly in semiautogenous (SAG) milling operations where ball breakage and spalling can not be ignored or neglected, as it has been normally acceptable for conventional ball milling processes. The high severity impact conditions currently imposed in typical SAG mill environments create serious challenges to the manufacturers and suppliers of large diameter (5”–6”) SAG balls, whose products must be capable of surviving such harsh operational conditions with minimum breakage or spalling."

Jan 1, 2015

By Shen Zhengchang, Dong Ganguo, Chen Dong, Zhang Ming

"It is advantageous to process low grade ores with large scale flotation cells. Large-scale flotation cells have been enhanced with effective volume scale-up. In this paper, the latest and largest flotation cell with effective volume of 680 m3 in China is investigated. The hydrodynamics and flotation kinetics characteristics are conducted using CFD simulation. The similar circulating flow is formed compared to the previous BGRIMM (Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy) flotation cell and it is a suitable fluid dynamics environment. It is demonstrated that the flotation cell produces good gas dispersion and solid suspension. It is indicated that kinetic eddy dissipation plays a key role on collision kernel and collision probability profile. The higher collision probability profile appears at the impeller and stator regions aiding good metallurgical performances. The properties of the large-scale flotation cell are assessed using hydrodynamic numbers. The variation of hydrodynamic numbers such as the power number Np, the Froude number Fr, the air flow number Na, etc with flotation cell volumes show similar properties to previous flotation cells proven to be good in engineering applications. This research would aid structure optimization of the 680 m3 flotation cell.INTRODUCTIONFroth flotation is one of the mains method used in the mineral industry, which is used to process the most of metallic minerals. The proportion of low grade ores has increased with the minerals exploited around world. The increased capacity of concentrators demands large-scale flotation cells. Therefore, flotation equipment has seen a significant increase in size, for which large-scale flotation cells have prominent advantages in improving metallurgical performances, reducing area of plant blueprint printer, lowering the power consumption of the unit ore, decreasing labor cost and overall capital cost. Since the end of 1940’s, flotation cell sizes have continuously increased. To the end of 1990’s, flotation cells with the effective volume of 200 m3 were developed. In the last two decades, flotation cells have achieved a dramatic increase in size. In 2003, an industrial experiment on 257 m3 Smart Cell flotation cells was carried out in Minera Los-Pelambres, Chile. In 2007, the first 300 m3 Tank Cell flotation cell was designed and obtained industrial application in Macraes gold ore, New Zealand. And 320 m3 BGRIMM flotation cells are also in good operation in Toromocho Copper Mine, Peru and Wunugetushan Copper Mine, China. However, flotation cells are conventionally designed using empirically derived relations and geometric similarity. The continual scale-up of flotation cells is still a significant developing process. A 500 m3 Tank Cell was designed for the industrial experiment in Finland and a 620 m3 Tank Cell have also been completed the design. A 660 m3 Super Cell also was manufactured for the industrial experiment released in IMPC 2014. So, the flotation cells with volume exceeding 600 m3 become a pioneering research field for researchers worldwide."

Jan 1, 2016

By R. Biss

"Niobium or columbium, as usually called in North America is becoming a more and more important metal in the industrial world because of its attractive properties.Eventhough discovered in the early nineteenth century, it was not until the 1930's that its use became more widespread. The discovery of large commercial deposits in the late 1950's and the demand of industry for steel with high strength and toughness further promoted its use. To assure its adequate supply new or-e processinr technologies had to be developed. So, beside the traditional gravity concentration, the flotation process was employed for the partial upgrading of pyrochlore concentrate at S8ve (Norway) plant in 1953. The flotation process was equally used at St-Lawrence Columbium plant in the province of Quebec, Canada. The new plants at Araxa and Catalao in Brazil and at St-Honore, Canada, which supply almost of all niobium used today in the non-Communist world, also adopted the flotation process. The processes using long chain aliphatic rnonoarnines, diamines or sulfonates as collectors proved to be difficult especially on weathered types of ores or on those having a substantial content of silicate gangue minerals. They almost completely failed in case of alkaline intrusive rocks as syenites, nepheline syenite, ijolites and pyroxenites, composed almost entirely of silicate minerals. A lot of effort was devoted all around the world on research of new, more efficient flotation processes. So in 1982, Les Services T.M.G. Inc. (Niobec), sole producer of pyrochlore concentrate in North America, developed the direct pyrochlore flotation process from carbonatites. In 1983, at about the same time, the Quebec Department of Natural Resources Laboratories and Les Services T.M.G. Inc. announced a successful recovery of niobium Minera1s from a low grade nenheline syenite ore."

Jan 1, 1984

By K. G. Thorne, M. J. McLeod, D. Hoy

"Throughout the Paleozoic, a variety of gold depositional environments were created in the New Brunswick segment of the northern Appalachians because of the complexity of arc and continental plate collisions and subsequent erosion of the orogen. In southwestern New Brunswick, recent exploration and research has focused on deposits and occurrences that can be broadly classified as intrusion-related, generated by late- to post-orogenic felsic to intermediate plutonic rocks emplaced during the Early to Middle Devonian. This work has led to the establishment of models for gold mineralization and guidelines for exploration in this area, which might also be applicable elsewhere in the southern part of the province and, perhaps, throughout the northern Appalachians. The deposits in the vicinity of Clarence Stream in southwestern New Brunswick exemplify this deposit type, and highlight the emergence of a possible major gold district in the region. Durant le Paléozoïque, une grande variété d’environnements aurifères ont été créés dans le segment néo-brunswickois des Appalaches du nord en raison de la complexité des collisions entre arcs et plaques continentales ainsi que durant l’érosion subséquente de l’orogène. Dans le sud-ouest du Nouveau Brunswick, les travaux d’exploration et de recherche récents se sont tournés vers les gisements et les indices appartenant à la classe des gîtes associés aux intrusions, générés par des roches plutoniques felsiques à intermédiaires tardi- à post-orogéniques mises en place au Dévonien précoce à moyen. Ces travaux ont permis d’établir des modèles de mise en place pour la minéralisation aurifère ainsi que des guides d’exploration pour ce secteur, lesquels pourraient aussi être appliqués ailleurs dans le sud de la province et, possiblement, dans l’ensemble des Appalaches du nord. Les gîtes aux environs de Clarence Stream dans le sud-ouest du Nouveau Brunswick sont un exemple de ce type de gisement, mettant en valeur ce qui pourrait devenir un district aurifère majeur dans la région."

Jan 1, 2008

By John Ramsay, Frederick A. Edwards, J. Eric Belford, Clarence V. Amyotte

"DEVELOPMENT of the underground mine is carried out from a main ramp driven from surface to the 800 and 1200 levels and from a shaft sunk to 3050 ft. Sub-levels at approximately 100-ft vertical intervals, starting 300 ft above the 800 level, were collared from the ramp as it advanced and a considerable amount of development work was pursued. The lateral and ramp work provided an opportunity to train drift crews, test equipment and methods, assess ground conditions and advance the initial stope development. The development of an exhaust ventilation raise system closely followed the extension of the level development to the south end of the orebody (Fig. 26) . On completion of the shaft, temporary lip pockets were installed at the shaft stations on the 800, 12.00, 1600, 2000 and 2400 levels. The permanent loading pocket had been installed on the 2860 level as part of the shaft-sinking contract and the level had been connected to the 2800-level station by a small muck transfer raise. Development of the 2800-level area was given top priority at this stage. This included a 1000-ft cross-cut to the crusher location, the crusher excavation, storage bins, conveyor ways and a ramp to connect the 2800 level to the loading pocket, the rope changing station and the shaft sump. The development and installation of the rock handling system between the 2400 level and the shaft bottom was contracted to Macisaac Mining and Tunnelling Company, of Sudbury, Ontario."

Jan 1, 1974

By G. W. Sparkes

The use of CR-39 plastic polymer as a solid state nuclear track detector in the textural analysis of radioactive minerals in geological samples was first described by I.R Basham in 1981. CR-39 autoradiographs provide a detailed, high-resolution image of the in situ distribution of the radioactive minerals within geological samples on both the macroscopic and microscopic scales. This technique is an inexpensive and effective means of obtaining detailed textural information that provides insight into the style of mineralization, its relationship to primary and secondary structures in the host rock, and its association with particular geological features or mineral phases. Although this technique does not provide any information on the identity of the minerals responsible for the radioactivity, the resultant autoradiographs can be used to select regions for further detailed analysis such as petrography, microprobe analysis, or SEM imaging. This paper summarizes the procedure and outlines the appropriate time and materials required for both the exposure and etching of the CR-39 with respect to the intensity of the radioactivity emitted by the geological samples.

Jan 1, 2013

By J. C. Johnson

Underhand mining with cemented mill tailings for backfill has proven to be a safe and effective alternative to conventional overhand mining for rockburst prone mines. The ability of the cemented sandfill to survive a rockburst shock wave without failing has been observed at mines in the Coeur d?Alene Mining District many times in the last twenty years. To better understand the dynamic loading of this commonly used support material the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) performed laboratory experiments using a split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) to quantify the maximum stress and energy absorption of cemented mill tailings from the Galena mine. Cylindrically shaped cemented backfill specimens aged 28 days were placed in the split Hopkinson pressure bar testing apparatus and a dynamic load was applied. The measured peak dynamic compressive strength of the cemented sandfill was 10.6 MPa (1540 psi) and is approximately twice the static unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of 5.5 MPa (800 psi). These test data showed about 95% of the initial energy was reflected away from the backfill and only 5% of the energy was absorbed. This may help to explain why backfilled stopes could withstand seismic events up to 3.5 Richter magnitude (Ml). When a compressive rockburst wave impacts a stope a large amount of the stress and energy is reflected away. The reflected wave is a tensile wave which creates tensile cracks and spalling in the entire wall of the stope. The backfill supports the damaged wall rock and holds it in place. Some of the stress and energy of the rockburst is transmitted into the backfill and because the backfill is being dynamically loaded it has a strength that is twice its static value and absorbs a substantial amount of rockburst energy. Although mining in deep underground mines is an extremely hazardous occupation, the use of underhand mining with cemented backfill for static and dynamic ground control increases the safety of the workers.

May 1, 2007

By Benoit Bissonnette, David Gelderland

"The Campbell Mine Constructed Wetlands has been in full operation, processing effluent from the water treatment plant of the mill circuit for the last two years.The overall results are extremely positive with dramatic improvements for the originally targeted parameters – Ammonia, Copper and toxicity.• Ammonia concentrations were reduced from an average of 5 mg/L to an average of 0.43 mg/L which translates to an average reduction of 91%.• Copper concentrations were reduced from an average concentration of 0.054 mg/L to an average of 0.019 mg/L, which translates to an average reduction of 65%.• LC50 Acute toxicity testing revealed no impact.• IC25 Chronic toxicity tests revealed no impairment to growth or reproduction.As a result of the improvements in discharge water quality from the wetland, 100 percent compliance with respect to all Certificate of Approval, MISA and MMER regulations for effluent will be consistently achieved.The system has proven to be very easy to operate and maintain, with a minimum of care. Given some basic rules are followed, the construction of the wetlands was straightforward and relatively inexpensive compared to other treatment methods.The ecological benefits of the operation of the wetland are also quite substantial, as is the positive image of the corporation in environmental stewardship.INTRODUCTIONOver the last four years, Campbell Mine has adopted an aggressive schedule for the development of wetlands for use as the final stage of effluent treatment within the tailings management facility. The focus of this work has been to utilize natural biological systems to provide Campbell Mine with a 100 percent compliant water quality with respect to all MISA, MMER and COA discharge criteria at all times throughout the effluent discharge period."

Jan 1, 2003

By R. Laplante, P. Radziszewski, P. De Ciccio

"Predicting the effect of wear can lead to improved control strategies that can possibly minimize the risk of catastrophic failure due to wear while maximizing useable life. In the field of geological exploration, diamond drill rod wear illustrates just such a case. Wear conditions vary with geological formations and compositions. The objective of this paper is to determine a general relationship, based in theory and practice, that will approximate drill rod wear and therefore predict remaining drill rod life in the context of Canadian, Australian and South American drilling campaigns. Simulation results allow the definition of simple graphical tools that permit the estimation of the potential drill depth remaining on a given drill rod string. IntroductionWear, in many industrial processes, is an undesired phenomenon for which enormous efforts are made to control, if not eliminate. However, wear, in many other cases, is an intrinsic phenomenon of the given process. In such cases, predicting the effect of wear can lead to improved control strategies that can possibly minimize the risk of catastrophic failure due to wear while maximizing useable life. In the field of geological exploration, diamond drill rod wear illustrates just such a case where abrasive conditions vary with geological formations and compositions.A number of studies have been published on drill rod wear especially with regards to the petroleum industry over the last thirty years (Lewis, 1968; Rollins, 1968; Smith, 1978; White 1978; Rowe and Wilson, 1981; Cheng, 1982; Eustes, 1986; Dudman et al., 1989; Besaisow et al., 1990). Of these, most studies covered management techniques (Rollins, 1968; Smith, 1978; White, 1978; Rowe and Wilson, 1981; Besaisow et al., 1990) and some described case histories (Cheng, 1982; Eustes, 1986; Dudman et al., 1989). However, little (Lewis, 1968) was presented that could aid in predicting wear in the particular case of diamond drilling in the metal mining industry.The objective of this paper is to determine a general relationship, based in theory and practice, that will approximate diamond drill rod wear and therefore predict remaining drill rod life in the context of Canadian, Australian and South American diamond drilling campaigns."

Jan 1, 2002

By C. O’Hara, S. Roy, K. Swedburg, J. Katchen

"New Gold Inc.’s New Afton concentrator commenced operation in June 2012, producing a copper-gold-silver concentrate. During the first two years of operation, various optimization efforts have improved mill throughput, recoveries and concentrate grade. Daily mill throughput has increased 20% above the design rate. This was achieved through more consistent instantaneous feed rate and size distribution from the mine reclaim stockpile, higher pebble crusher reliability, changes to the SAG and ball mill grinding media sizes, larger SAG grate openings, reduced SAG discharge screen-deck aperture size and an increase in the maximum ball mill power draw limit. Metal recoveries at New Afton are primarily limited by liberation in the coarser size fractions; therefore, improving the grind size at a given mill throughput has been the main means of improving recovery. The average rougher flotation feed F80 size was reduced from 175µm in Q1 2013 to 165µm in Q1 2014, while the average operating mill throughput increased by 25%. Other flotation circuit changes focusing on recovery improvement include the addition of froth crowders to the rougher cells and the use of a stronger frother. The average concentrate grade increased from 22% Cu in Q1 2013 to 25% Cu in Q1 2014. This was achieved by redirecting the flash flotation concentrate stream to the regrind circuit and by the addition of lime to the cleaner circuit.This paper describes the above improvements made at the New Afton mill. The paper describes the objectives, timing and end result of each area of improvement.IntroductionThe New Afton Mine is situated approximately 10km west of Kamloops, British Columbia, 340km north-east of Vancouver. The mine has a moderate climate, access to transportation and electrical infrastructure, nearby fresh water supply, and close proximity to industrial and mining service businesses. The population of Kamloops is around 90,000 with most mine employees living in or around the city."

Jan 1, 2015

By Les Johnston

_ BACKGROUND - About EPCOR - Genesee Generating Station - Phase 3 Expansion _ TECHNOLOGY SELECTION - Selection Criteria - Combustion Options - Flue Gas Emission Control Options _ STAKEHOLDER VIEWS _ PROJECT STATUS _ EPCOR is an integrated utility company for water, gas, electricity and technology services. _ EPCOR has about 1.6 million customers in Alberta, Ontario, Manitoba, BC, and the U.S. Pacific Northwest. _ EPCOR Generation Inc. operates three power stations in Alberta which were in operation before deregulation, including the coal-fired Genesee Generating Station. _ EPCOR Power Development Corporation owns generating stations in Alberta, BC and Washington State and will be building the Genesee Phase 3 expansion.

May 1, 2002

By R. D. White

"The Cumberland Basin of Nova Scotia has long been considered a structural basin by virtue of the elliptical outcrop and inward dip pattern of the Pennsylvanian outcrops. Recent published and unpublished data indicate that subsidence began in the late Devonian, perhaps resulting from a graben or rift. The Mississippian sediments which filled the growing depression were continental, lacustrine and marine with evaporites. The cessation of the riftforming processes is recorded by the alluvial swamp-type sediments of the Pennsylvanian which filled the depression. In excess of 25,000 feet of Carboniferous rocks are believed to be present in the deepest part of the Basin. Starting with the rift hypothesis, we can speculate on the kinds of sediments, their location and the structural features present beneath the Pennsylvanian surface. Using surface exposures and a limited amount of subsurface data, we theorize that (1) the Mississippian evaporites acted as glide zones which effectively divided the Basin into two horizontal structural layers. The rocks above the evaporites, responding to Appalachian stresses, formed the long diapiric folds with cores of overthickened evaporites. Below the evaporites the structures are related to movements of the rift floor, compaction closures and structures formed by differential horizontal movements of the rift walls. (2) The rift, in its deeper parts, will have more and a greater variety of marine rocks than the outcrops indicate. Should the rift hypothesis be correct, the possibility of finding hydrocarbons is enhanced."

Jan 1, 1972

By Damian Connelly

The metallurgical heart of the majority of copper oxide processes is the heap leaching operation. Fresh low grade sulfide ores is a far greater challenge.The success of this unit operation is so important that operators need to understand the ramifications of their decisions or non-decisions and how they could affect the downstream processing. Heap leaching is an operation that can be described as a scientific art whereby principles of science can be used to guide experienced personnel in attaining their goals. Recent advances have been made based on better understanding the ore characteristics. The success of a heap leach operation, or otherwise, is dependent upon a number of factors, notably: The type of ore to be treated The extent of testwork completed to define the process The interpretation of the testwork results Ore preparation prior to stacking Agglomeration and curing requirements Other issues are: Compliance with the ’smaller’ requirements of environmental authorities Adequate and timely drainage of solution from the base of a leaching lift The degree of saturation in the pads Heap porosity – coarser or finer ore, which is better? Higher or lower irrigation rates – which would produce a better result? Laying out irrigation pipework for ease of operation and maintenance The addition of water, raffinate during agglomeration where needed The heap leaching of sulfide ores, including chalcopyrite, via enhanced bacterial leaching is discussed. INTRODUCTION Over the last twenty years, production of extremely pure copper from solvent extraction and electrowinning (SX/EW) has become more common in a market of real declining prices for copper metal. This paper touches on a number of heap leach operations and experiences. These projects were subjected to extensive engineering design and resulted in low capital cost, efficient operations with a number of lessons learned. The key to these operations was the performance of the heaps and associated fluid collection systems rather than the plants themselves.

Jan 1, 2019

By Charles B. Newmarch

Abstract In the course of coal studies undertaken by the B.C. Department of Mines in southeastern British Columbia, special attention was directed to problems of coal seam correlation. Methods that had been used successfully in other coalfields were found, in the Crowsnest area, to have a restricted use or furnished only additional evidence that might prove helpful when used in conjunction with other criteria. A correlation technique involving semi-quantitative spectrographic analyses of coal ashes was developed. Elements detected in the ash include Si, B, P, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Ti, Cr, Ga, Ca, Al, Ge, Ba, Mo, V, Ag, ?y;b, Na, Zn, Zr, Ni, Sr, Cu, K. Of these, the elements found to be most useful in correlation were Na, Ba, Si, V, and Mg. The element Na was invariably detected in the ash from one of the seams but was not found in samples taken from any of the others. In all of the four seams sampled statistically, significant differences in the amount of certain trace elements were noted. When the values obtained for these trace elements were portrayed in the form of histograms, the resulting diagrams had a characteristic shape for each seam. The diagrams provided a basis for seam identification within the limited area (8,000 feet by 4,000 feet) that was investigated. Introduction During the field seasons of 1946, 1947, and 1948 the British Columbia Department of Mines undertook a geological investigation of the coal measures of southeastern B.C. As field work progressed in the Crowsnest area it was found that, within the Kootenay formation, which contains all the commercial seams of the region, the coal beds are the most persistent stratigraphic units. Because of relatively rapid changes in ?both the thickness of the seams and the interval between seams, difficulty has invariably been experienced in attempts at correlation. Even short-range correlati0ns by able geologists who have worked in the Crowsnest coal basin have been questioned by the operating companies. It was apparent, therefore, that a more dependable correlation technique was needed so that stratigraphic and structural studies could be of greatest value. This paper presents, firstly, a summary of the results obtained in attempted correlations using methods that have been found effective in other coalfields. Secondly, a method based on semi-quantitative spectrographic analysis of coal ash is described and the apparently promising results are discussed.

Jan 1, 1950

By Charlie Graham, Helen Shang, Ashley Scott, Andrew Hall

"Approaches to Energy Recovery• Upgrading for electricity generation - steam turbines• Direct extraction- process improvement or space heating- support medium for animal or plant growth– fish or microalgae• Heat pumps- space heating/coolingWater Energy Grades• High (150+ °C) - electricity Generation• Medium (26 to 121 °C) - direct extraction• Low (5 to 18 °Celsius)- use of heat pump is required• Temperatures between zones will depend on circumstances for best use."

Jan 1, 2012

By Kathryn L. Neale, Derek L. Mulligan, Robin E. Goad, Norman A. Duke, A. Hamid Mumin, W. John Camier

"Abstract - The NICO and Sue-Dianne deposits are being explored and delineated by Fortune Minerals Limited in the Mazenod Lake District of the Northwest Territories, using an Olympic Dam model. The deposits were discovered in the south part of the Great Bear magmatic zone (GBMZ) within the Proterozoic, Bear Structural Province of the Canadian Shield. They are the only known significant Canadian examples of Proterozoic iron oxide-hosted polymetallic deposits. Worldwide, this class includes such deposits as Olympic Dam and Ernest Henry in Australia, Kiruna-Aitik in Sweden, and Salobo in Brazil. Their considerable size, up to 2 billion tonnes, and polymetallic ore assemblages make them highly attractive targets for exploration. Common characteristics of this class include their Early to Middle Proterozoic cratonic settings with extensional rifting evolving from collisional tectonics. Deposits typically occur along major structural lineaments within the aureoles of a distinctive suite of anorogenic potassium-rich "A-type" granite intrusions. Although hosted by diverse lithologies, deposits of this class are characterized by a number of other diagnostic regional- and deposit-scale features, which may be recognized in reconnaissance- and propertyscale geological and geophysical surveys.The southern GBMZ in Canada has several characteristics (age, tectonic setting, geology and geophysical attributes) similar to those of the Olympic Dam deposit and its other significant global analogues. Airborne and ground geophysical surveys carried out in the GBMZ identified coincident potassium, uranium, magnetic, resistivity, chargeability, and gravity anomalies centered over the NICO deposit. The nearby Sue-Dianne deposit is characterized by coincident uranium, potassium, magnetic, resistivity and chargeability anomalies. Both deposits occur within a regional, northweststriking, arcuate trend of volcanic and sedimentary rocks characterized by significant positive Bouguer-gravity and magnetic responses and are believed to represent a major basement discontinuity. The NICO anomalies are at the intersection of this regional trend with a major transverse fault through Lou Lake. Regional and local geophysical data indicate the presence of significant concentrations of iron oxide within a broad area of intense potassium metasomatism. Geological mapping identified cobalt, gold, bismuth, and copper mineralization in biotite-magnetite-amphibole-sulfiderich ironstone and schist. This mineralization is localized within altered wackes of the Snare Group, which are unconformably overlain by potassium feldspar- (±hematite ±magnetite) altered rhyolite of the Faber Group. The Sue-Dianne deposit is a hematite-magnetite-Fe-silicate-cemented diatreme complex enriched in copper, silver, gold, and uranium within a broad zone of potassium, iron, quartz, and epidote metasomatism. The diatreme is located at the intersection of two major faults at the north end of the basement discontinuity and is hosted in rhyodacite ignimbrite marginal to the Faber Lake rapakivi-granite pluton. At both deposits, diatreme- and maar-facies iron oxide-cemented breccia straddle the regional metasedimentary-volcanic unconformity, suggesting that mineralization formed in a near-surface environment synchronous with the onset of volcanism."

Jan 1, 2000

By A. K. Ratte, C. M. Brown

"IntroductionIn autogenous mills, grinding of the ore feed is accomplished by the direct action of the variously sized rocks making up the feed on each other and the mill interior. Size reduction is achieved without the addition of grinding media foreign to the mill feed, differing in this respect from rod, ball, and pebble milling. The term ""semi-autogenous"" has entered common usage in the industry to describe autogenous mills to which supplementary grinding ball additions are made to increase the rate at which size reduction of the mill feed occurs, beyond that achieved solely by the action of rock on rock. In a semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) mill, 50Jo to 10% of the mill volume may be occupied by grinding balls, whereas a range of 25% to 45% is more usual in ball milling.The comminution of mineral ores using ""conventional"" techniques has been described in previous papers. In conventional operations, size reduction of mined ore, and liberation of the valuable mineral content, is typically accomplished using flowsheets employing two to four stages of crushing. Crushing is followed by one to three stages of grinding and classification using various combinations of rod, ball, and pebble mills. This paper describes operations employing autogenous or semiautogenous grinding as the principal stage in the comminution process. Primary crusher discharge, or in some instances run of mine ore, is fed directly to an autogenous or semi-autogenous grinding circuit. Final product sizing may be accomplished in a single grinding stage, the mills operating in closed circuit with classification equipment, or in several stages using autogenous and semi-autogenous mills for primary grinding, and ball or pebble mills for secondary grinding. In several operations a portion of the primary mill discharge is crushed in an intermediate comminution step, these circuits being called autogenousball- crusher circuits (ABC). Many different flowsheets exist, but common and important to most are crushed ore stockpiles, reclaim feeder and mill feed conveyor systems, pumps, screens, and classifiers. Autogenous grinding is employed in both wet and dry processes, although today wet predominate."

Jan 1, 1989

By Adam Moore, Peter Radziszewski, Matt Gallimore

"Stirred mill technology dates back to 1928 where the idea to use “an agitator and spherical grinding media” was presented. In the context of the mining industry, interest in stirred milling technologies has grown over the last 20 years where the typical observation reported inDespite these developments, the tumbling mills are continuing to be used in fine and ultrafine grinding applications. The main reason for this, as communicated at the Canadian Mineral Processors roundtable discussion in 2013, is that the comfort level in understanding stirred milling technologies is not at the level of that of tumbling mills.At CMP 2014, one contribution was made to explore how mill design affects power and energy in a stirred mill. While the 2015 CMP paper explored the application of one scale-up methodology to the Gibraltar case. For the CMP 2016, the aim of this paper is to contribute to increasing the general comfort level with stirred milling technologies by developing a better understanding of the different scale-up methodologies used. This will be accomplished by first completing an overview of the scale-up models found in the literature followed by a review of the different testing and scale-up procedures. This review will be supported by a number of case studies found in the literature. The paper will close with a discussion on some of the challenges that these models and methodologies have and how future research might contribute to overcoming them.IntroductionStirred mill technology dates back to 1928 where the idea to use “an agitator and spherical grinding media” was presented (Stehr, 1988). The year 1948 saw the successful application of Du Pont’s “sand mill” for pigment grinding. Subsequent years have led to the development of different types of stirred mills spanning a number of industries that require fine and ultrafine grinding."

Jan 1, 2016