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By Tatiane Suelen Santos Silveira, Dagoberto Santos Brandão, Dalila Chaves Sicupira, Graziele Gianini Braga Maria, Marcos Vinícius Fonseca Ferreira, Daniela Barçante Perasoli

O aço inoxidável duplex combina as propriedades mecânicas da ferrita e a resistência à corrosão da austenita, sendo muito utilizado em aplicações industriais que requerem um bom desempenho. Quando submetido a deformações intensas, a austenita transforma-se parcialmente em martensita, aumentando a resistência do aço. Quando o aço é recozido, essa transformação é revertida e a martensita se transforma em austenita, ocasionando um refino de grão do material. Fases secundárias formadas durante o recozimento podem prejudicar suas propriedades mecânicas e corrosivas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura de recozimento na resistência à corrosão do aço inoxidável duplex UNS S32304 laminado a frio. O aço foi submetido à laminação a frio, com deformação de 60%, e posteriormente recozido nas temperaturas de 600°C, 700°C, 800°C e 900°C por um tempo de 0,5 h. A resistência à corrosão foi estudada através da técnica de polarização potenciodinâmica. A laminação a frio promoveu a formação de martensita induzida por deformação (SIM) e a reversão parcial começou a ser observada após recozimento a 600ºC. A ocorrência de SIM promoveu significativa diminuição do potencial de pite e o aumento da temperatura de recozimento aumentou a resistência à corrosão localizada.

Mar 1, 2019

By Gabriel Felipe Tavares de Barros

O presente trabalho estuda a cinética de dessorção do hidrogênio em aços 9% níquel, comercial e tratado termicamente em diferentes condições, através da técnica de Espectroscopia de Dessorção Térmica (TDS). Para a identificação dos aprisionadores de hidrogênio e a determinação da energia de ativação para a dessorção, ensaios de TDS foram realizados a 3, 5, 6, 10 e 15°C/min. Foi identificado um pico de dessorção a 124,66 kJ/mol, classificando o referido sítio aprisionador de hidrogênio como interfaces de grãos de austenita retida, cuja presença é confirmada por microscopia eletrônica e difração de raios-X.

Oct 30, 2017

By Mario SINNAEVE, Olivier LEMAIRE, Gisèle WALMAG, Sébastien FLAMENT

Many hot rolling mills worldwide face nowadays bonding zone fatigue problems before reaching scrap diameter of the work rolls. This phenomenon is nowadays known to occur in reversing roughing mills both in stainless steel and in carbon steel rolling. The phenomenon can be explained through longer rolling campaigns, inadequate backup or work roll maintenance, harder steel grades or increased throughput by reduced amount of passes to achieve the same thickness. In order to help users in optimizing the roll use, we developed a numerical tool to evaluate and optimize roll maintenance. This paper will review the influence of roll geometries on stresses generated at the roll surface but also at the bonding zone. We will also show how roll geometries can decrease contact fatigue damages by modifying crowning and chamfering procedures, shell thickness, material design or campaign length

Oct 1, 2019

By Thiago Pinto Silva, Leandro Rocha Lemos, Luiz Fernando Andrade de Castro

This paper shows an evaluation about effect of dispersant sodium silicate along to limestone, in the form of pulp, on the cold agglomeration process for iron ore sintering. Before that, it was verified the effect of pH, solids content and amount of dispersant on the stability of the system (limestone, water and sodium silicate). It was found that the lower the solids content, the more alkaline pH and the amount of sodium silicate equal to 20 l for each 1t of limestone, was the level of dispersion of the system. The influence of the limestone pulp with dispersant depended on the granulometry of the ore mixture and the type of technological route. For the thinner type (42,8% <0.15mm), the limestone pulp with dispersant reduced the resistance of the adherent layer of the cold agglomerates, regardless of the technological route. However, for the coarser type (24,7% <0.15mm), the limestone pulp with dispersant increased the average size of the aggregates, preserving the resistance of the adherent layer when manufacturing with two intensive mixers in series.

Oct 1, 2019

By Marco Antonio Meggiolaro

Most cyclic plasticity models used in multiaxial fatigue life predictions are based on a concept of a yield surface, which divides the elastic and plastic domains. Plastic straining occurs when the stress state reaches the surface and tries to move outward. Subsequent plastic straining causes the stress state to remain on the yield surface, which will translate to prevent the stress point from moving outside it according to a kinematic hardening rule that models the Bauschinger effect. The accurate modeling of the yield surface shape is fundamental to predict stress-strain relations. In this work, the main yield surface equations for isotropic materials are compared. Even though most materials can be modeled using Mises and Tresca surfaces, other need to consider the effect on the yield strength of the hydrostatic stress or the normal stress acting on a critical plane. It is shown that pressure-sensitive models originally devised for concrete can be applied to predict yielding in some materials, and even fatigue life for metallic structures with short cracks.

Aug 8, 2018

By Jan Krull

A high productive coke making process in connection with stringent emission control has clearly become a demand of plant operators and stakeholders. Further to this, availability, quality and coal costs are key concerns for the iron and steel industry in its efforts to optimize raw material cost. Today, the optimization of raw material cost in integrated steel works has further gained priority. Coking coal reflects up to 20% of the cost of steel. In top charged batteries coal preparation and blending is one of the concerns to lower coal cost by maximizing the percentage of non-coking coals in the blend. Stamp charging technology is technologically and economically an effective solution in the process of pre-carbonisation. Paul Wurth’s jumbo top charged oven as well as proven stamp charging technology have recently set new benchmarks in Europe, India and Brazil in terms of productivity, stability and emission control.

Aug 1, 2018

By Weslei Viana Gabriel

Utilizando um sistema composto por solução aquosa e óleo como substitutos do metal e da escória, respectivamente, foram realizadas simulações físicas e matemáticas em molde de beam blank, de maneira a avaliar efeito da diferença de densidade entre os fluidos, viscosidade do óleo, velocidade de lingotamento e profundidade de imersão da válvula submersa. O aumento da velocidade de lingotamento resulta em aumento da velocidade na interface, bem como a oscilação da superfície livre. Para a densidade de solução aquosa igual a 1000kg/m3 observou-se entranhamento de óleo a partir da velocidade de 0,98m/min. Ao se aumentar a densidade da solução para 1170 kg/m3 não se observou entranhamento em nenhuma das condições estudadas..

Oct 30, 2017

By Nelson SOUTO, Nicolas LEGRAND, Christian COUNHAYE, Don EARLEY

The work is motivated by the automotive customer requirements for a roughness with high peak density (RPc > 75 peaks/cm) on steel sheet surfaces to maintain a good strip surface finish after painting. For that purpose, a new approach is utilized to compute roughness transfer and predict final roughness on uncoated steel sheets (average roughness, skewness, peak density) as a function of temper rolling conditions. The approach is based on the Monte Carlo method combined with the Abott curves and an auto-correlation function to numerically generate roughness profiles for roll and strip respectively. To compute the roughness transfer due to the interaction between roll and strip surfaces during rolling, a composite Abott curve that combines roll and strip Abott curves is used with an asperity crushing model integrated with a rolling model. This enables simulating two roughness transfer mechanisms in the roll bite: the strip asperity crushing mechanism by roll roughness and the strip asperity ploughing mechanism due to roll-strip interfacial sliding speed. The model shows the importance of considering the two mechanisms to predict roughness transfer correctly when strip elongation is high, typically a few percent, and roll bite friction is low. In these conditions, the forward slip at the exit of the roll bite tends to erode strip roughness significantly and decrease considerably the peak density on the strip. For lower elongation levels (~1%) and high roll bite friction, the ploughing mechanism becomes negligible and roughness transfer is controlled by the crushing mechanism only. With these two mechanisms, the model reasonably predicts the evolution of average roughness and peak density over a wide range of temper rolling conditions (new/worn work rolls, hard/soft grades, various elongations), but skewness is more difficult to predict for some trials.

Oct 1, 2019

By Karine Miranda Bezerra

A presente pesquisa investigou a eficiência dos filmes de polipirrol (PPy) eletrodepositados potenciostaticamente em meio aquoso contendo os Ácidos: Dodecil Benzeno Sulfônico (DBSA) ou p-Toluenossulfônico (pTS) na proteção da Liga de Alumínio 2024 contra a corrosão. Ensaios de Polarização Potenciodinâmica e Voltametria Cíclica obtidos em NaCl demonstraram significativa proteção do Alumínio 2024 quando revestido pelos filmes de PPy/pTS, em detrimento do Sistema PPy/DBSA que sofre o processo irreversível de overoxidação. A Morfologia dos filmes avaliada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) indicaram que o Sistema PPy/pTS é mais homogêneo e uniforme, quando comparados aos filmes de PPy/DBSA, que apresentaram defeitos estruturais que justificam a menor performance desses filmes na proteção do metal contra a corrosão.

Aug 8, 2018

By Bruno Pinheiro Silva, João José dos Santos Carvalho, Flávio Túlio Busatto, Leonardo Passos Perdigão

Sinter has high participation in the blast furnaces ferrous burden in ArcelorMittal Tubarão, being therefore of paramount importance the constant control of its physical, chemical and metallurgical qualities, aiming at the fulfillment of the client required quality. With the great challenges faced by market conditions, steelmaking companies seek operational sustainability, aiming at stability and reducing costs. One of the main steps to obtain these results in the Blast Furnaces is the raw materials quality stabilization, in order to guarantee the perfect burden distribution control and a better use of the reductant gas inside the reactor, aiming a lower fuels consumption. It is known that the smaller a ferrous particle is, better its reducibility, since a larger surface area provides greater contact with the reductant agent. Based on this concept, the objective of this work is to quantify the effect of the sinter size produced in ArcelorMittal Tubarão Sinter Plant in its reducibility, and in this way enable the definition of a better sinter particle size distribution aiming at a balance between the permeability effects and gaseous yield in the Blast Furnaces. In addition, the reducibility effects on sinter size reduction were evaluated, where the 5 to 10 mm fraction was analyzed in two sinter samples, the first obtained from the conventional route and the second after crushing of the fraction over 50 mm, in order to simulate the effect of the use of a Secondary Crusher in Sintering.

Oct 1, 2019

By Allana Cristina Pires Ferreira

O endurecimento secundário de aço rápido AISI M3:2 nome comercial Sinter 23 obtido por uma técnica de metalurgia do pó de sinterização por compactação isostática a quente é objeto desse trabalho de pesquisa. O aço rápido em questão foi austenitizado em banho de sal a 1.140°C, 1.160°C, 1.180°C e 1.200°C, temperado ao ar e revenimento a 540°C, 560°C e 580°C. Amostras do aço rápido foram fabricadas e submetidas ao tratamento térmico acima descrito e submetida a ensaios de dureza Vickers e Rockwell C para a determinação das suas respostas ao tratamento térmico de endurecimento e avaliação do pico de endurecimento secundário através dos resultados de dureza.

Aug 16, 2017

By Stefano Baf

This paper describes the main technical and process solutions applied to the extrathick and wide slab caster built at Yingkou (Liaoning, P.R. of China), as well as all the features required to achieve the surface and internal quality targets.

Aug 16, 2017

By Daniel Wild, Tobias Scheffer, Marvin Laugwitz, Martin Jochum

Leveling is a standard process in the rolling mill to eliminate flatness deviations. The process layout is based on models and the leveling result depends on the accuracy of the material parameters in these models. Even small deviations from the correct assumptions can have a major effect on the final flatness. Thus, after leveling the products may look optically flat, but subsequent to a final cutting process springback occurs due to residual stresses. The objective of this work is to analyze the influence of material parameters and gravity on the flatness after leveling. To evaluate the sensitivity of the process, an FE parameter study is exerted that reveals the influence of fluctuations in material properties in the case that the leveling setup is fixed. Gravity is neglected to not conceal flatness deviations. Examples of this study are rerun in a further step under consideration of gravity to also analyze its influence on the resulting flatness and residual stresses. Finally, to analyze the consequence of the residual stresses, all information of the plate from the previous step are transferred while gravity is suppressed to prompt springback. This study revealed that slight deviations of the material properties can lead to uneven plates in simulations where gravity is not considered. If gravity is taken into account, the unevenness is concealed and the plate seems flat. A springback simulation of the same plate shows that strong residual stresses are still present and would lead to unevenness if e.g. the plate were cut.

Oct 1, 2019

By D. A. Aranda-Regino, C. Gómez-de-la-Garza, J. Ramírez-Cuellar, L. A. Leduc-Lezama

The Pickling Line Tandem Cold Mill (PLTCM) at Ternium’s Pesqueria plant with a 5 stands, 6 high configuration started in 2013. At the time of the start up the work roll specification and grinding practices were stablished following a low risk policy to be able to sustain any start-up associated accident. Once a stable operation has been achieved both these policies are being modified to improve productivity and reduce costs. The specified hardness of the rolls has been increased and efforts are being made to optimize the grinding according to the rolling campaign length and materials. The fatigue damage in work rolls, after rolling and its removal by grinding was followed by hardness measurements made at the end of the rolling campaign and after grinding. Softening of the rolls after rolling was found mainly in final stands to be related to the averaged stress experienced during the campaign, the original roll hardness was recovered after grinding. Hardness evolution was also followed after each grinding step finding that the total amount of grinding could be reduced. The grinding practice was modified accordingly for the first stands and the yield of work rolls in them has improved.

Oct 1, 2019

By Priscilla Pessin Coppo

The prevention of dental enamel wear has particular relevance for preventive and restorative purposes in dentistry. The wear damage can increase due to salivary disorders and/or parafunction (bruxism); antagonists incisal surfaces become flat and coincident. This study aims to investigate the wear behavior and the related mechanisms in sliding pairs of conformal incisal enamel, with similar values of hardness and fracture toughness, with different applied normal loads and lubricated conditions. Bovine incisors, under pin on flat configuration, were tested in two lubrication condition (dry or with natural saliva) and two applied normal loads (8 and 16 N). The worn surfaces were investigated by 3D profilometry and SEM. The analysis of worn surfaces indicated mechanisms of brittle fracture, but with different severities. Under a normal load of 16 N and dry condition, wear is controlled by a brittle process: microcracking with flake-like wear particles, which results in high friction coefficient (> 0.85), wear rate and wear volume. On the other hand, under a normal load of 8 N and natural saliva, wear took place in the interprismatic region, with consequent exposure of prisms and fracture in localized regions. In this case, the friction coefficient was 16% lower and the wear volume was one order of magnitude lower. Under 8 N and natural saliva, the wear was greater than in the dry condition, probably due to tribochemical reactions.

Jul 31, 2018

By Levi de Oliveira Bueno

Constant stress testing was used for characterization of creep behavior of a 1Cr0.5Mo steel plate in the virgin condition. The tests were performed on creep machines equipped with Andrade-Chalmers type profiles, high sensitivity SLVC transducer extensometry, high stability temperature controllers, and facilities for monitoring the creep curves with an automatic data logging system. Ten creep machines of this type were used in this research, in an experimental work that lasted for one year. Three temperature levels were selected: 538, 565 and 593°C, with stress in the range from 69 to 258 MPa producing rupture times varying from 8 to about 4908 h. The creep curves were all followed with great scrutiny using data logger scanning rates which enabled storing thousands of readings in each case. The experimental analysis involved measurements of minimum creep rate, rupture time and final elongation at rupture. The data were analyzed according to the classical phenomenological / physical relations (Norton, Arrhenius, Zenner-Hollomon, Monkman-Grant) and also considering five traditional parameterization methodologies (Larson-Miller, Orr-Sherby-Dorn, Goldhoff-Sherby, Manson- Haferd and Manson-Succop). Comparisons are presented among the possibilities of data extrapolation from five different methodologies. Comparison is also made with creep results mentioned in literature for the same material in the virgin condition.

Aug 16, 2017

By Steven George Jansto

The hot ductility behavior of different microalloyed steel chemical compositions was examined simulating the thermal and strain conditions through the straightening or unbending section of the continuous casting machine. All samples were obtained from industrial slab casters ranging from 200 to 300 mm in slab thickness from steel mills throughout the world including China, Brazil, North America and Europe. The slabs were crack-free and hot rolled into prime quality products. No laboratory heats were tested. Although these microalloyed steels exhibit inherently lower hot ductility behavior, as measured by percent reduction in area at elevated temperature, these steels still exhibit sufficient ductility to satisfactorily meet the unbending stress and strain gradients existing in the straightening section of most casters. The majority of the published hot ductility data, as measured by % reduction in area (%RA), were based on laboratory heats and hence, are inaccurate in accessing the propensity for slab cracking on an industrial caster. This situation then results in invalid conclusions for different chemistries. This research has determined the minimum required %RA for crack-free casting is significantly lower than results based upon previously published laboratory generated data. For example, the literature quotes 40% RA minimum for Nb-bearing steels when in fact as low as 10% minimum RA is more than sufficient to assure crack-free casting based upon the extensive testing and analysis performed in this study. Instead of %RA, the measurement of strain energy has been introduced to evaluate hot ductility behavior. It is concluded that strain energy is a better measure of hot ductility behaviour than %RA. There is considerable value in the evaluation of the hot stress and strain curves, process metallurgy parameters and their relationship to slab quality instead of just basing hot ductility decisions on simple %RA measurements.

Aug 16, 2017

By Kazuya Nakabo

In this article, influences of restraint and MgO content on densification of alumina-magnesia castable during heating were experimentally studied. High thermal expansion-alumina-magnesia castable specimens were surrounded by low thermal expansion-alumina-silica castables, and heated in an electric furnace. Doing so allows restrained heating of alumina-magnesia castable. According to the results of simple calculations, the restraint stresses were estimated to be between 2 to 20 MPa, so the experimental conditions were considered reasonable. As a result of the experiments, it was verified that restraint densifies alumina-magnesia castable, resulting in an increase in modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity. The densification effect of restraint became larger as the MgO content increased. The effects are attributable to an in-situ spinel forming reaction, which improves corrosion resistance.Taking the temperature distribution in the castable lining into account, large restraint stress is expected for the hot face while only a little effect is expected for back end. Thus, excessive difference in material property in the thickness direction, which is undesirable in terms of structural spalling, is a concern.Hence, the MgO content of alumina-magnesia castable should be determined carefully, taking not only corrosion resistance but also spalling resistance into consideration.

Oct 30, 2017

By Nigel Marx

In order to understand (and ultimately to predict) the friction reduction resulting from the use of polymer solutions, the rheological properties of model polymer solutions have been measured over a wide range of shear rates. Both temporary and permanent shear thinning have been observed. By using base fluids of different viscosities it has been shown that permanent shear thinning depends more closely on the shear stress experienced by the fluid than on the strain rate. Hydrodynamic measurements have been made on the polymer solutions using a compliant ball on flat lubricated contact that operates in isoviscous-elastic conditions. The measured friction values can only be predicted with reasonable accuracy if the measured shear thinning properties of the lubricant are taken into account in the hydrodynamic model.

Jul 31, 2018

By Franco de Castro Bubani

Cu-base alloys (Cu-Zn-Al, Cu-Al-Be, Cu-Al-Ni), depending on their composition, have martensitic transformations that can be thermally or mechanically induced between a metastable structure called austenite and one or more metastable structures called martensites. In single crystals, depending on the specific composition of the alloy and the crystallographic orientation of the tensile axis, martensite-martensite transformations can be mechanically induced. The hysteresis associated to these martensite-martensite transitions is usually much greater than the one associated to the austenite-martensite transformation. Thus, martensite-martensite transitions are potential candidates for energy dissipation in a mechanical damper. Possible applications that would benefit from high hysteresis include seismic damping devices, dampers for satellites and the aerospace industry, defense and others. We present pseudoelastic cycling results of alloys submitted to different thermal treatments. Our conclusions highlight the fact that, under certain conditions, Cu-base alloys deliver better damping performance than commercially available SMAs and even the new Fe-base SMAs.

Aug 7, 2018