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By Paul Cameron Gilmour

Geologically, as distinct from economically, "porphyry copper (molybdenum, gold, silver, etc.) deposits" might be defined as large, disseminated and/or stock-work occurrences of copper-minerals, generally averaging less than 1 per cent cop-per. They are normally associated with small plutons which range in composition from granite to diorite, although, typically, they consist of quartz monzonite or granodiorite. Circumstantial evidence indicates that these "minor" granitic intrusions may represent the intrusive phases of post-orogenic, calc-alkaline volcanism, this conclusion being suggested by: 1. Texture and grain size. 2. Prevalence of intrusive breccias. 3. Relationship to unconformities and estimated depth of emplacement. 4. Spatial distribution in relation to orogenic zones. 5. Age of mineralization and igneous episodes

Jan 1, 1972

By F. Habashi

"The rare earths industry started in Austria in 1887 by Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929) Professor of Chemistry at the University of Vienna. The process was based on monazite sand transported from Brazil as shipping ballast free of charge. This made possible producing thorium, cerium, and other rare earths at a low cost, thus permitting the growth of the industry. However, once the Brazilian authorities realized the strategic importance of the sand, shipping was stopped. Brazil then started its own processing of the sand in 1949. The background for Auer’s work, the role of Robert Bunsen in Heidelberg, and the invention of the spectroscope will be presented. INTRODUCTIONHeidelberg on the Neckar (Figure 1) was the meeting place for chemistry students from all over Europe in the nineteenth century. Her university founded in 1386 had already a famous professor of chemistry and medecine in the Faculty of Medicine by the name Leopold Gmelin whose three - volume Handbuch der theoretischen Chemie appeared in 1817-1819, that became later a multi-volume monumental work. As successor to Gmelin came Robert Bunsen (Figure 2) in 1852 who made this university town the Mecca of chemistry students. One of his students, the English Henry Roscoe (1833-1915) who became later a distinguished professor in Manchester, described him as follows: ""As an investigator he was great, as a teacher he was greater, as a man and a friend he was greatest""."

Jan 1, 2012

By AIME AIME

SCRIPTURE, statistics and imagination all were drawn upon by the speakers who acclaimed Daniel C. Jackling as recipient of the William Lawrence Saunders Gold Medal for 1930. The award was made at a special dinner at the Ritz-Carlton, in New York, on Oct. 31. Lafayette Hanchett, old friend and associate, said that if it were his task to compress the life story of Daniel Jackling into a single sentence, he could find noth¬ing so appropriate as these words from the 22nd Chapter of Proverbs, "See'st thou a man diligent in his business, he shall stand before Kings." Mr. Jackling's diligence, according to the speaker, his love for his task, have been outstanding in his career. W. S. Boyd, now ranking official in the Jackling organization, cited amazing statistics as to the quantity of copper supplied to industry by the four "porphyry". coppers that are under Mr. Jackling's immediate direc¬tion, as well as by those that, in a sense, owe their existence to the pioneer work at Utah Copper. In the aggregate- 16,000,000,000 lb. of copper having an approximate value of $2,700,000,000 have been produced from disseminated ores since 1905; and of this total 42 per cent came from Utah and the Nevada group. Newcomb Carlton, president of the Western Union Telegraph Co., long an admirer of Mr. Jackling, adroitly drew a picture of a similar occasion in some 'foreign country. He imagined Mr. Jackling being raised to the peerage and whimsically addressed him as Sir Daniel, the Right Honorable Earl of Bingham!

Jan 1, 1930

By C. R. Tinsley

Investment activity in the Pacific Rim of Fire has seen a phenomenal surge from epithermal gold exploration. Individual countries are attractive because of lower up-front minerals lease costs (US, Canada), better geological prospectivity (Chile, Indonesia), or cheaper equities (Australia). Since the October 1987 stock-market crash, large companies are shedding minority joint venture interests to focus on core businesses. Some vertical integration is evident in Japanese coal investments in the Pacific Rim. This paper does not cover the aluminum industry oligopoly which is multi-national in character nor does it cover the many Canada to US minerals investments. It will be interesting to see if the new US-Canadian free-trade treaty will reverse that investment flow.

Jan 1, 1990

By M Pyle, R Ch, G Lane, ramhan

Data is the most valuable commodity in the information age. The use of data enables productivity, opportunity, and safety in various sectors and industries. In the late 1950s, Alan Turing coined the term artificial intelligence (AI) to describe the ability of computing machines to think and behave like humans through simplified reasoning and logic (Turing, 1950). This concept of mimicking human behaviour is the building block of machine learning algorithms used in most AI software. The ‘learning’ aspect in machine learning requires data, that is, information on the environment or the objective, to be modelled or predicted using AI. An AI-enabled system aims to predict the unknown faster and intuitively. Intuition in software algorithms can be described as probabilistic, learned through the data that the AI system is trained on; indeed, the AI software cannot predict the future, but it can provide the likelihood of an event/action occurring, thereby enabling decisions or responses to prevent it or take action. Just as various industries have adopted AI as the tool of choice to seek new opportunities (examples: medical research, self-driving cars, financial modelling), the mining industry, too, has been receptive to embracing AI for problem-solving and maximising the value of its business.

Sep 1, 2024

By M. F. Goudge

LIMESTONE surpasses any other rock or mineral in the number and diversity of its uses and in the quantity consumed fur industrial purposes. Either in the raw state or when calcined to lime it enters directly or indirectly into the manufacture of a great variety of products and its sphere of usefulness is continually expanding. The term "limestone" as here employed includes all varieties from high-calcium limestone, consisting almost entirely of the mineral calcite, to the highly magnesian variety, largely dolomite. Lime is also discussed .because lime is simply calcined limestone and often the material may be used in either the calcined or natural state. Limestone has been of service to man since prehistoric times but only in the last hundred years has it become one of the most important raw materials in industry. In every industrial country it comprises the greater part of the total stone produc-

Jan 1, 1937

By Roberto Dalmaso, Vinícius Pesente Binotte, Luiz Alberto Moreira Andrade, Alan Amorim Margon, Davi Fiorese Bissoli

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar o equipamento de medição automática de placas desenvolvido pela ArcelorMittal Tubarão na área de condicionamento de placas. Anteriormente este processo era realizado de forma manual pelos inspetores. Esse equipamento visa facilitar a rotina de trabalho do inspetor e aumentar a qualidade da medição, assim como diminuir a dispersão dos dados eliminando a divergência nas medições das placas que se verificava entre diferentes operadores, além de possibilitar a criação de um histórico das medidas de toda placa. Para validação do equipamento o mesmo foi submetido a um sistema de analise de medição e teve seu resultado aprovado, no momento atual o mesmo se encontra em funcionamento para se realizar uma comparação estatística do seu desempenho em relação aos inspetores..

Oct 1, 2019

By Ofra Damm, v du Preez, D. van Vuuren, L. Simpson, H. Chikwanda

"South Africa is the world?s second largest producer of titanium bearing minerals, but apart from producing titanium mineral concentrate to form TiO2 slag, little further value is added in South Africa to mined minerals. Various studies were undertaken by both government and the private sector in an un-coordinated manner until 2007 when the South African Department of Science and Technology (DST) planned and adopted a national strategy to establish a local titanium metal industry through the research and development of key technologies that would provide a competitive advantage to such a local industry. The strategy entailed a two-pronged approach in the development of this capability, viz. simultaneous investments in the development of high-level human capital and technology in the fields of titanium metal powder production and downstream titanium metal powder processing technologies. To date significant progress has been made to establish research and/or pilot scale facilities in the following technical areas: TiCl4 production technology, titanium powder production technology, high energy milling of titanium powder, metal injection moulding facilities, rapid production of large components using laser additive manufacturing technology, investment casting of titanium, resource efficient machining of titanium and friction stir welding of titanium. Supporting technologies are also at an advanced stage through investments in titanium powder spheroidization and direct rolling of titanium powder. The intent with investment in some of these areas is not to develop new technology per se, but rather to establish local capability that will position South Africa to collaborate with other organisations in the world so that technologies can be acquired and transferred when needed in the future."

Jan 1, 2014

By W. W. Adams

In mining coal, the Nation's principal mineral fuel, loss of life has been much lower recently than in earlier years when coal mining contributed so heavily to the industrial-accident death toll in the United States. Particularly notable has been the relatively small number of deaths during the past few years compared with the number that occurred 20 or 30 years ago. Reports received by the United States Bureau of Mines, covering all commercially operated mines that were active during all or any part of the calendar year 1935, showed that accidents during that year had resulted in the loss of 1,242 lives. This death toll, although regrettable, represents a material improvement over the industry's experience during most years prior to 1935, and especially over the industry's worst year, 1907, when 3,242 men were killed. Fewer lives were lost in 1933, when 1,064 men were killed at work, than during any year for which complete figures are available.

Jan 1, 1938

By G. M. Bond

Reduction of the emissions of greenhouse gases, such as CO,, is currently the subject of extensive research. A novel strategy is put forward here, based on a biomimetic approach providing accelerated deposition into carbonate form for long-term sequestration. It offers the advantages of a process that: does not require concentration of CO, from flue gases; could potentially be used in an on-site scrubber to provide a plant-by-plant solution to reducing CO, emissions; is an environmentally benign procss with an environmentally benign product; and is based on readily available, low-cost reagents (except perhaps the catalyst).

Jan 1, 1999

The key aspects of process metallurgy that distinguish platinum group metal (PGM) concentrate smelting from that of other base metal sulphide concentrates are presented. These differences include considerably higher input chrome and magnesia contents that directly raise the slag liquidus temperature and have the potential to increase accumulations of refractory spinels. Most importantly, the higher processing temperature required for PGM smelting, and the resulting very high matte superheat lead to considerably more onerous smelting conditions than those typical of other smelting operations. This has presented challenges to furnace design and integrity, especially when coupled with the progressive intensification of smelting, involving doubling, and then redoubling, of furnace power input over the past 20 years. These power increases have been enabled by increasingly more advanced furnace cooling and structural technologies. Key technologies include strong constant-force spring-loaded bindings acting in three dimensions to minimize infiltration of superheated matte into brick joints, and robust well-cooled tapholes for reliably tapping the superheated matte. The result has been substantially improved productivity, and reduced smelting capital cost outlay per unit of production. A significant challenge that was not anticipated, presented itself in the form of insidious corrosion of the furnace lining, and especially high-intensity copper cooling elements. Investigation of corrosion in related industries eventually identified 'chloride-accelerated sulphidation', and this term has been retained as it generically describes the most pertinent aspects of the accelerated low-temperature wear of copper coolers observed in PGM smelting. In addition to discussing the corrosion mechanism, this paper describes a number of solutions that were developed jointly by Anglo American Platinum and Hatch to address the copper corrosion problem. First, new monitoring technologies allowed furnaces to be operated more safely for a longer period of time. Second, a system for replacing corroded coolers from outside the furnace during a fast 'hot' shutdown minimized the impact on furnace operating factor and hearth life. Finally, a corrosion-resistant graphite-protected cooler design significantly improved furnace campaign life, and heralds a more lasting solution to cooler corrosion in PGM furnaces.

Jan 1, 2012

By Dexter C. Hatch

At MacIntyre Development of the National Lead Company, Taha s, New York,, the flotation plant was set up to recover ilmenite from the finer size fraction of the ore that cannot be efficiently treated in the main gravity-magnetic separa¬tion process. It was later expanded to handle the reground middlings from the tables wetherill magnetic separators. The ilmenite-magnetite ore is ground to minus 20 mesh in five 6 x 12 ft. rod mills in closed circuit with DSM screens. The minus 20 mesh screen undersize is pumped to four parallel sections each consisting of two rougher wet-magnetic separators and one cleaner separator for magnatite removal. The screen undersize from the fifth section is distributed to all four sections. The magnetite removed in the roughers is pumped back to the cleaners and the cleaner magnetite is dewatered in rake classifiers and carried by belt to the winter plant or the stockpile area. The nonmagnetic sands from rougher and cleaner magnetic separator are sized for table feed in eight pocket hydraulic sizers. The slime overflows from the Crocketts, the sizers, and the magnetite rakes are collected and pumped to three-inch cyclones for thickening and desliming. The cyclone underflow is the principal flotation plant feed.

Jan 1, 1962

By P. C. Tully

The vapor pressure-temperature relationships for saturated pure liquid nitrogen are calculated by the Strobridge equation using a digital computer. This information is presented in two tables: first) in pressure increments of 0.1 psi from 1.8 to 492.9 psia) and second) in temperature increments of 0.1° from 63.15° to 126.26° K. These tables should facilitate the calibration of temperature-measuring devices over this temperature range.

Jan 1, 1967

By Xiaofei Guan, Adam C. Powell, Uday B. Pal, Srikanth Gopalan

This paper reports a solid oxide membrane (SOM) electrolysis experiment using an LSM– Inconel inert anode current collector for production of Mg and O2 at 1423K. The electrochemical performance of the SOM cell was evaluated by using various electrochemical techniques including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic scans, and potentiostatic electrolysis. The effects of Mg solubility in the flux on the current efficiency and the YSZ membrane stability during SOM electrolysis were discussed and examined through experiment and modeling. The electronic transference number of the flux were measured to assess the Mg dissolution in the flux during SOM electrolysis. A negative correlation between the electronic transference number of the flux and the current efficiency of the SOM electrolysis was observed.

Jan 1, 2014

By Scott Turner

The monetary metals , gold and silver , have recently been the object of such general interest that the United States Bureau of Mines has received many inquiries regarding them . Though requests for technologic information have been numerous , they have been exceeded in number by those concerned with economic aspects of these metals . The nature of the latter communications indicates that the public is not generally aware that various Bureau publications are available which deal with the economic situation of gold and silver . For this reason , it is deemed advisable to present a brief résumé of the papers which are obtainable from the Bureau or the Superintendent of Documents , together with the text of three articles recently prepared by the Director , reprints of which are not otherwise available . The Bureau of Mines compiles figures showing mine production of gold and silver , by districts and States , and cooperates with the Bureau of the Mint in determining the total annual output in the United States as a whole . 3 It recently established an annual canvass to determine the consumption of silver in the arts and industries of the United States , and published an economic paper covering such use in 1928 and 1929 , followed by an information circular on silver consumption by industry during the 2 years subsequent . A 4-year record is thus provided for those interested in utilization of silver . The Bureau has also published summarizations of all available data upon world production since 1493 of gold and of silver . It has , furthermore , rendered available a compilation of production- data of silver mines of the world , and an analysis of it , showing the proportions of silver and other metals contained in all the ores from which silver is derived . " All of these papers are concerned solely with putting into readily usable form statistical data and other factual material ; they do not offer theories or express opinions upon controversial questions related to these metals . Three other recent papers concerned with gold and silver are presented below in order to put them in shape for distribution by the United States Bureau of Mines . All three of them are by the Director of the Bureau . It should be noted that these papers do not commit

Jul 1, 1933

By M. Hitch, M. B. Lytle

Resource development conflicts arise largely due to differences in worldview between those who support and those who oppose development. This paper illustrates how societies and civilizations with different worldviews produce different levels of creative and economic energy. A questionnaire was created to build a database of responses to test whether worldview and resource development are correlated. Factor and multivariate regression analysis determined correlations for respondent groupings. Results showed a positive correlation between the respondents\u2019 worldviews and their attitudes toward resource development. Correlations became stronger as the homogeneity of the sample subgroups increased.

Jan 1, 2017

By Christopher B. Kapes

To reduce concentrate dewatering and drying costs, the Concentrator Division at Phelps Dodge Morenci, Inc. investigated available filtration technologies. Numerous methods were explored, including: drum, disk, belt, pressure, hyperbaric, and ceramic media filtration. An economic evaluation of the individual filtration technologies indicated the advantages of ceramic media filtration for Morenci concentrates. This paper discusses the technological development culminating in the first full scale application of ceramic media disk filters in North America. Low moisture contents are obtained at high production rates and greatly reduced operating costs.

Jan 1, 1994

By Kent C. Condie

Precambrian terranes in the Rocky Mountain region decrease progressively in age from the Archean Wyoming Province (> 2.5 b.y.) to the late Proterozoic in West Texas (figs. 1,2). Within the Wyoming Province, most dates fall near 2.7 b.y. although some are recorded at 2 3.8, 2.9, and 2.6 b.y. Although Penokean (- 1.8 b.y.) deformation and plutonism are recorded in southeastern Wyoming, most Precambrian rocks south of the Wyoming shear zone, which separates the Archean and Proterozoic provinces, are < 1.76 b. years in age. Supracrustal rocks in Colorado, western Arizona, and northern New Mexico fall in the range of 1.72-1.76 b.y., those in central New Mexico about 1.65 b.y., those in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico about 1.70 b.y., and those in West Texas 1.1-1.2 b.y. The Wyoming Province is comprised chiefly of 2.7 or 2.9 b.y. tonalitic gneiss terranes intruded by 2.6 b.y. granites in the central and southern parts of the province. Supracrustal rocks are minor and include greenstone belts comprised chiefly of pillow- ed tholeiites and graywackes and remnants of quartzite-shale successions. Metamorphic grade in greenstone-gneiss terranes ranges from upper greenschist to amphibolite facies and in quartzite-gneiss terranes from upper amphibolite to granulite facies.

Jan 1, 2013

By F. W. Maclennan

The following is a list of members who died in 1929. It is compiled from reports to the Secretary&apos;s office. Biographical sketches published in Mining and Metallurgy are indicated in the last two columns. Issue Containing Year of Date of Biography Election Name Death 1929 Page 1922 Adams, Waldo Peck................................ June 2 September 435 1903 Argall, Joseph.................................... Nov. 1 1894 Austin, Leonard S................................. Oct. 30 December 580 1905 Bailed, Melbourne.........................Dec. 12 May* 280 1890 Barringer, Daniel M.............................. Nov. 30 February* 119 1895 Batchelleb, HENRr R.............................. Jan. 15 March 167 BINGHAM Charles E............................. 1923 Bibkett, E. H..................................... Apr. 23 August 394 1913 Bibbell, Robert W................................. Jan. 18 April 214 1926 Blackmar, Don C.................................. June 4 March* 189 1920 Bosworth, T. O.................................... Jan. 18 April 214 1894 Boucher, Arthur S..........................Jan. 6 May 257 1927 Brandenthaler, R. R.............................. Dec. 14 January* 64 1889 Bretherton, S. E............................... Oct. 4 December 581 1911 Brunton, F. K................ .. Aug. 17 1924 Brush, Charles F................................. June 15 September 436 1925 Cameron, Frank N........................May 16 July 349 1891 Chambers, Robert E.............................. May July 348 1908 Clark, J. Murray................................. Dec. 3 August* 407 1883 Clymer, edward T............................. Oct. 13 December 579 1914 Cofpey, George T................................. May 8 July 349 1901 Cooke, L. H....................................... Aug. 23 November 537 1915 Cousins, George W........................ June 30 February* 118 1886 Cowles, A. H...................................... Aug. 13 September 436 1892 Crane, Theron I............................. Nov. 2 December 579 1921 Crowell, Samuel B................................ Dec. 9 January* 64 1907 Curtis, Bracey.................................... Jan. 31 April 215 1895 de Batz, Rene........ ............... January March* 189 1928 Dines, Tyson S.................................... March May 257 1909 Dufourco, R. G............................. January November 537 1920 Ericsson, Eric A.................................. Apr. 4 April* 231 1920 Erlenborn, Willi....................... Nov. 10 March* 189 1888 Farish, John B.................................... Nov. 14 December 580 1891 Ferguson, Vincent........................... Mar. 8 May 257 1917 Finucane, T. R.................................... Mar. 22 February* 118 1921 Foch, Ferdinand................................... Mar. 20 1885 Foucar, Edouard I....................... Jan. 3 March 167 1880 Francklyn, Charles G............................. Jan. 11 April 214 1925 Friedl, Arthur J.............................. July 9 September 435 1894 Fuller, James W. Jr............................... April 4 1876 . Goodale, Charles W.............................. April 11 May 258 1912 Graybill, John..........................Dec. 11 June* 320 1887 Gritzner, F. A.................................. Mar. 26 July 394 1906 Gunther, C. Godfrey.............................. Deo. 26 February* 118 1900 Haggen, Edward A.............................. Apr. 22 October 488 1895 Hall, Benjamin M........................Nov. 19 March* 189 1913 Harper, Walter S................................. Feb. 15 August 394 1921 Hawley, William S................................ Apr. 20 June 298 1920 Herd, Walter ... . . . ..... Aug. 23 September 435 1889 Holt, Marmadtjke B............................... Dec. 26 February* 118 1928 Husk, Albert D .... ................June 9 December 580 1920 Hutchinson, S. Pemberton......................... Feb. 16 April 214 1926 Ivanoff, Constantine L............................ Mar. 7 June 298 1914 Jaeger, Frederick..... .............July 28 October 488 1891 Jennings, Robert E.......................Oct. 30 December 580 1922 Johnson, Homar L................................. Sept. 17 October 483 1927 Johnson, Homer H................................. Mar. 21 May 257 1918 Jones, Jesse L ..... ...............Jan. 22 April 214 1892 Jones, Thomas J................................... June 18 October 488 1883 JoOet, Cavalier H................................. Mar. 29 May 258 1881 Kennedy, John S . . . . ... ..........Apr. 22 August 394 1881 Kennedy,- Hugh.................................... May 23 September 435 1895 Kebvin, James H................................... September October 488 1926 Kkom, L. J........................................ Dec. 24 January* 64 1905 La Follette, Harvey M........................... Sept. 19 November 538 1920 MacDonald, Alexander............................ May August 394 1904 Marengo, Paolo................................... May 257 1925 Maxwell, Allison R............................... May 7 November 538

Jan 1, 1930

By Emily Wortman-Wunder

As the 2010 president of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., I am pleased to present the 2010 issue of Transactions of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Vol. 328. A significant portion of the contribution that we as a professional society make is the publication of professional and technical papers that accelerate the advancement of scientific knowledge and enable transfer of technology. Communication within the mining community is the key to a successful society. Through books, magazines, meetings and electronic media, we accomplish the technology exchange that is fundamental to the existence of the Society. This technology exchange continues a tradition that dates back to the 1871 meeting of 22 mining engineers in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, that resulted in the founding of AIME; those individuals envisioned that these transaction volumes “would form a most valuable and greatly needed addition to our professional literature.” This volume certainly fulfills that pledge. The 2010 Transactions is the first Transactions to take advantage of new publication technologies. It appears solely as an e-book. The decision to go to an all-digital format for this longstanding publication was a difficult one, but one which will certainly better serve the mining community. I am excited about this development and the opportunities it presents. The 2010 Transactions also contain some of the most exciting research from the past year, including new developments in mineral processing, safety and exploration. Be sure not to miss the two Minerals & Metallurgical Processing issues on the subject of gold hydrometallurgy. This 2010 Transactions comprise of a total of 78 technical papers (582 pages including index), including all 21 papers (136 pages) that were published in 2010 in the Technical Papers Section of Mining Engineering magazine (Vol. 62) and all 34 papers (231 pages) that were published in 2010 in Minerals & Metallurgical Processing (Vol. 27). Addition, this volume contains 23 papers (194 pages) that are being published for the first time in this issue. The papers presented in this volume were written by some of the most distinguished professionals in the industry worldwide. All 78 technical papers were peer-reviewed. The process of review and publication requires much hard work by authors, reviewers and our publications staff. As the 2010 president of SME and on behalf of all our members, I would like to extend our gratitude to all whose volunteer efforts contributed to the publication of this volume.

Jan 1, 2010