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By Martin H. Stanczyk

Bench scale, laboratory batch attrition grinding tests were made of a coarse commercial kaolin in a stainless steel, 5-inch-diameter attrition grinding machine to study the effect of a number of basic operating variables on particle size reduction and electric energy consumption. The results of the investigation showed that the more important operating variables influencing the efficiency of kaolin comminution and energy consumption requirements were type, size, and shape of grinding media, grinding media to clay weight ratio, peripheral rotor speed, clay slip pulp density, degree of pulp dispersion, and the angular arrangement of the rotor and stator bars. The tests also indicated that variables having less influence on grinding efficiency and energy consumption were pulp temperature, design of rotor cage, rotor clearance, rotor-stator bar interval, addition agents, pulp level, degree of pulp aeration, and chamber liners. The research showed that grinding media had the greatest influence on abrasion of machine parts and that spherical-shaped grinding media were superior to sharp angular or long bladed media with respect to media degradation, machine abrasion as well as grinding efficiency.

Jan 1, 1968

By K-H. Frohne

This report presents a study of the Cooper sand of the Fork Run pool of Warren and McKean Counties, Pa., and a prediction of the secondary oil recovery by gasflooding the reservoir. A computer program employing a modification of the Craig, Geffen, and Morse secondary recovery calculation was used to make the gas flood performance forecast and is presented in the appendix. The Cooper sand reservoir in the Fork Run pool lies at a depth of about 1,900 feet and covers an area 1/2 mile wide by 2-1/4 miles long. Original oil in place is estimated to have been 8,266,000 STB. The primary recovery mechanism is solution gas drive, and ultimate primary recovery may reach 20 percent over a well life of 90 years. Two computer predictions were made for gas flooding the Cooper reservoir. The first was for a 25-acre pilot five-spot utilizing existing wells, but project economics were poor since only 25 percent of injection gas is utilized for pilot oil recovery. Recovery was 71,000 STB, or 22 percent of oil in place at flood initiation, but required 25,700 scf gas injected per STB of oil recovered. In the second prediction, pilot area performance was projected for the entire Fork Run pool, and economics became good. Recovery was 1,753,000 STB from 25 five-spots after the injection of only 6,400 scf per STB of oil recovered.

Jan 1, 1969

By Alex C. Smith, Thomas A. Gray, Lynn M. Crayne, Michael A. Trevits, Phil Glogowski

Mine fires constitute one of the greatest threats to the health and safety of those working in the underground environment and each event has the potential for disastrous consequences. Of the major mine fires and thermal events that have occurred in the United States in the last 6 years, it is estimated that remotely installed seals could have been used in 63% of the events to control fire growth or to aid in fire suppression work. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is conducting full-scale tests at the NIOSH Lake Lynn Experimental Mine to evaluate and improve remote mine seal construction technology. The main focus of this work is to develop reliable technology that will completely close the mine opening from floor-to-roof and rib-to-rib. This paper presents the results of remote seal installations using grout-based materials.

By Spencee L. Willett

A sand and gravel deposit exists in the Wildrose Canyon Wilderness Study Area (WSA), Out it is limited to local use because of the distance from major markets and resulting high transportation costs. The WSA has no identified metallic minerals, oil, gas or other energy related deposits. INTRODUCTION The WSA encompasses 17,366 acres (7,028 ha) in the Panamint Range, Inyo County, California. Access to the area is by State Route 190, approximately 45 miles (72.4 km) east of Lone Pine, California and 16 miles (26 km) southwest of Stovepipe Wells, California (fig. 1).

Jan 1, 1983

By Mark Sheppard

The technical literature on the general subject of crushing contains many references to the work of investigators on the laws governing, and the factors entering into, the economical production of fine materials. In fine grinding, whether for the purpose of producing fine material, or for the unlocking of minerals in an ore, close control of the screen sizes of primary-crusher products is of secondary consideration and accordingly has received very little attention. The growth and development of the nonmetallic industries, however, have drawn more attention to primary crushing. Many of these industries are interested in the production of relatively coarse products that meet certain definite size specifications, a condition entirely different from that existing in the field of ore dressing. Under such conditions, a knowledge of the factors governing the selection Paid operation of primary-crushing equipment is essential to the economical production of a satisfactory material.

Jan 1, 1939

By Pablo Velasco

After becoming an oil exporter in 1972, Ecuador experienced a remarkable economic upswing until 1978. However, in 1979 and 1980, a combination of only slight improvements in agricultural output and stagnating petroleum output lowered rates of real gross domestic product (GDP) expansion to 5.3% and 4.3%, respectively. In current prices, the GDP in 1980 was estimated at $11.3 billion.2 The slowdown in growth is attributable in large part to the low level of petroleum exploration in the 1972-79 period. Ecuador's production of petroleum declined 4.5% in 1980 compared with that of 1979. The consortium of Corporación Eatetal Petrolera Ecuatoriana (CEPS), the State oil company, and Texaco, Inc., operating in Ecuador's eastern jungle region was responsible for nearly all of 1980 production, The volume of total crude petroleum exports from Ecuador dropped from 44.7 million barrels in 1979 to 40 million barrels in 1980, although crude petroleum export revenues rose from $1,032 million in 1979 to $1,294 million in 1980- The latter figure represented 54% of Ecuador's 1980 merchandise exports. Crude oil exports accounted far about 46% of the value of 1979 merchandise exports. The total nonfuel mineral exports in 1980 were valued at less than $1 million.

Jan 1, 1982

This Bureau of Mines publication contains the texts of the four papers presented at the May 6-7, 1980, seminar on the role of overburden analysis in surface mining. Coverage includes the geologic distribution of pyrite and calcareous material and its relationship to overburden sampling, overburden sampling and analysis, use of soil-overburden data in mine planning and development, and minesoil classification.

Jan 1, 1981

By Lawrence K. Barker

Crude shale oil produced by underground retorting of Green River Formation oil shale was hydrogasified over a cobalt-molybdate-on-alumina catalyst at operating temperatures ranging from 800° to 1,300° F, pressures of 500, 1,000, and 1,500 psig, and a liquid hourly space velocity of 1.02 volumes of oil per volume of catalyst per hour (Vo/Vc/hr). At a temperature of 1,300° F and pressure of 1,500 psig, 94 weight-percent of the liquid feed was converted to gas containing 72 volume-percent methane. With two reactors in series at a temperature of 1,170° F in reactor 1 and 1,260° F in reactor 2 and a pressure of 1,500 psig, 97 weight-percent of the liquid feed was converted to gas with a methane content of 75 volume-percent. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) was hydrogasified at operating temperatures ranging from 500° to 1,400° F at a pressure of 500 psig over a cobalt-molybdate-on-alumina catalyst. Similar experiments were made with an empty tubular reactor. The data indicate that gasification reactions in the presence of a cobalt-molybdate catalyst change from predominantly a catalytic (carbonium ion) reaction to predominantly a thermal (free radical) reaction at temperatures greater than 1,100° F. The data also indicate that a reaction temperature of 1,350° F is necessary at the space velocities used in this investigation to make a synthetic natural gas (methane content of 90 volume-percent) from in situ crude shale oil.

Jan 1, 1975

By F. G. Horino

This report presents the theory and design of a stiff loading machine used by the Bureau of Mines. The machine incorporates three high-strength steel columns as the restraining member in parallel with the specimen. The theory presented gives the basis of design and the dimensions of component parts of the machine. Laboratory verification of the theoretical stiffness is described using three different setups involving a hydraulic jack and spacers and confirms the stiffness calculations to within 1 percent. Experimental techniques, testing procedures, and special equipment designed for determining the complete stress-strain behavior of NX cores of both hard and soft rock are described. Typical test data are presented as force-displacement curves for two rock types, a marble and a granite.

Jan 1, 1972

By R. Farrar

Protective canopies for conventional electric face equipment, including shuttle cars, operating in low coal (less than 48 inches) were designed, fabricated, installed and evaluated on in-mine machines engaged in regular coal mining operations. This work was performed under contract to the U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center. The canopies will support a vertical load of 18,000 pounds and provide protection against both roof falls and contact with the mine rib. Canopy configurations were established based on human engineering studies, full scale canopy mockups, and in-mine observation and consultation with mine and equipment manufacturing personnel. Overall height of each canopy is hydraulically adjustable between a minimum of 32 inches and a maximum of 40 inches. Canopy tops are open framework, welded structures, covered with expanded metal mesh. Structural members are 1 3/4-inch or 2-inch square tubing of AISI 413ON and ASTM A500 material, respectively. The canopy tops are typically supported by an understructure and upright post arrangement that is either integrated into the current operator platform or attached to the machine frame. The four upright corner posts house the hydraulic actuators. Canopy tops are elevated horizontally. Canopies are welded or bolted to the existing machines. Installation is accomplished with a minimal amount of interface modifications. No major machine design changes are required. Canopies were trial installed and load tested at the manufacturer's facility prior to installation on the in-mine machines. Canopies were installed on a Joy 14BU10 Loader, 16RB-3AH Cutter, and two 21SC Shuttle Cars, and a Galis 300 Roof Drill and 460-S Face Drill. Canopy installations were evaluated in the Jewell Ridge Coal Company No. 12 and Big Creek Tiller Mines. Operational time accumulated on the installations during evaluation ranged from 1 week to 14 weeks of two-shift operation. All five canopy designs, manufacture, and test were successfully accomplished. The five canopies met all safety requirements. Three of the five canopies were deemed to be completely successful from an operator's point of view. That is, mine management as well as the machine operator found that the canopies did not impede the operation of the machines to function with the same efficiency as before the installation of the canopies. The loader canopy, in fact, appeared to have provided a mole efficient operation of the loader by providing added safety to the operator from rib contact thus allowing him to concentrate more fully on the loading function. Operational problems were encountered with the shuttle car and the roof drill. The shuttle car canopy obstructed visibility to an objectionable amount and the roof drill canopy impeded maneuverability of the machine, more than doubling the roof bolting time.

Jan 1, 2012

By O. C. Blade

In its general study of crude petroleum, the Bureau of Mines has published several reports that include analyses of samples of crude petroleum from Oklahoma fields3/. This report discusses briefly the properties of crude oil samples collects in come of the major producing Yields in the State. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This investigation was conducted by the Bureau of Mines in cooperation with the State of Oklahoma. The study was via e under the general supervision of R. A Cattell, chief engineer, petroleum and Natural-Gas Division, Bureau of Mines, Whishington, D. C., and N. A. C. Pith, supervising engineer, Petroleum Experiment Station, Bureau of Mines, Bartlesville, Okla., and. Under the direct supervision of Ludwig Schmidt, senior petroleum engineer, Bureau of Mines, Bartlesville, Okla.

Jan 1, 1939

By Neal M. Miur

"INTRODUCTION The Mineral Ridge-Clay Lick fault system in Crittenden and Livingston Counties, Kentucky, is one of the larger and more important fault systems of the Western Kentucky Fluorspar district. Total production from it up to July 1945 (chiefly since 1900) was approximately 80,000 tons of fluorspar ore, 10,000 tons of which came from the Mineral Ridge Fluorspar Co. tract 1, which was being operated by the Mahoning Mining Co. of Rosiclare, Ill. The fluorspar ore carries lead and zinc that can be recovered by milling, and the Mahoning Co. planned to log-wash the ore at the mine and then mill it in its mill at Rosiclare, The Mineral Ridge Fluorspar Co. properties were examined by O. M. Bishop, an engineer of the, Bureau of Mines, in August 1942. During 1943 and 1314, developments on the properties were under observation by X. B. Starnes, of the Bureau, and it was decided to diamond-drill tracts 1 and 2, as indications seemed favorable for opening up additional fluorspar ore bodies. Drilling was begun March 12, 1945, and was completed July 2, 1945, during which time 12 holed were drilled on tract 1 of the Mahoning Co.'s leases for a total of 3,637.1 feet, and one hole 359 feet deep was drilled on tract 2 of the Jennings lease. The Mineral Ridge-Clay Lick fault system, 4 to 47 feet wide, was encountered in all holes at 126 to 265 feet."

Apr 1, 1947

By O. C. Blade

[In its general study of crude petroleum, tic Bureau of Mines has published several reports that include analyses of samples of crude petroleum from Oklahoma fields3/. This report discusses briefly the properties of crude oil samples collects in come of the producing fields in the State ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This investigation was conducted by the Bureau of Mines in cooperation with the State of Oklahoma. No study was made under the general supervision of R. A Cattell, chief engineer, petroleum and Natural-Gas Division, Bureau of Mines Washington, D. C., and N. A. C. Smith, supervising engineer, Experiment Station, Bureau of Mines, Bartlesville, Okla., and under the direct supervision of Ludwig Schmidt senior petroleum engineer Bureau of Mines, Bartlesville, Okla.]

Jan 1, 1939

By G. W. Luxbacher

This volume describes the use of the Penn State Mine Ventilation Simulator (PSU/MVS) to model existing mine ventilation systems and, in addition, to evaluate the effect of system modifications. Ventilation survey methods designed to insure computer input data of sufficient accuracy for simulation purposes are covered in comprehensive detail, including quantity and pressure measurement and fan performance testing. The development of input data from ventilation survey results is discussed and illustrated by the use of an actual field survey. Two programs, written in FORTRAN IV with WATFIV, are presented to calculate airway head losses from altimeter pressure measurements. An existing coal mine ventilation system is analyzed and modifications to the system are simulated and evaluated. In addition the application of the PSU/MVS to non-coal mines is briefly discussed. An extensive bibliography on ventilation surveying and simulation is included.

Jan 1, 1977

By D. Harrington

Approximately 2,000 persons are killed annually in the coal mines of the United States. There is no question that this number is at least double and probably treble what it should be and by all means the least excusable of the fatalities are those caused by explosions and fires. Fatalities from explo- sions and fires in coal mines are almost invariably caused by carelessness or negligence. Table 1 indicates that the fiscal year ending June 30, 1931, ras by no means a satisfactory one as regaris either the number of explosions or the number of persons killed by them. This tabulation lists all ignitions to which the attention of the personnel of the safety division was called and in- cludes not only major disasters, but also explosions in which fewer than five were killed, as well as several explosions from which no fatalities resulted. It will be noticed that last year there were 26 explosions in mines in 10 States of the United States, resulting in 217 deaths. In the previous year there were 34 explosions with a death list of 199, and in the year before there were 38 explosions with a death list of 139. Hence, the past fiscal year had distinctly a poorer record of fatalities from mine explosions than either of the two previous years. Of the 26 explosions in the past fiscal year, Pennsylvania had 7, West Virginic 4, New Mexico and Ohio 3 each, Alabama, Oklahoma and Washington 2 each, and California, Illinois and Indiana 1 each; the one in California was in a tunnel being driven for water purposes but giving off explosive gas (methane). In fatalities Ohio had the worst record with 38, Oklahoma came next with 45, then Indiane with 38, and Pennsylvania with 23; although Alabama had 2 ignitions and Washington 1, they caused no fatalities. Utch, Colorado, and Kentucky had no explosions reported by the safety division of the Bureau of Mines during the past fiscal year, but were on the list for the previous year, though in the case of Colorado there were no fatalities. On the other hand, Indiana and New Mexico, neither of rhich was charged with an explosion in the two previous years, were on the list for the past fiscal year; New Mexico had the bad record of three explosions, though fortunately with but a total of eight fatalities. Ohio reported 3 explosions to the safety division of the Bureau of Mines in the past fiscal year, 2 in the pre- vious year, and 3 in the year before that, or 8 in the past three fiscal years with 92 fatalities; all of these eight explosions were in open-light mines.

Dec 1, 1931

By W. R. ARGYLE, R. A. SHERMAN, Henry Kreisinger, John Blizard, B. J. CROSS, A. R. Mumford

On entering the World War the United States was confronted with the necessity of building in a short time a large number of ships of tonnage adequate to transport troops and war materials to Europe and to carry food supplies to the allied countries, whose merchant fleets had suffered greatly by submarine warfare. The necessity of building ships quickly led to the formation of the United States Shipping Board, which was charged with the duty of developing an efficient organization for the purpose. Such an organization was developed under the name of the Emergency Fleet Corporation; it was under the control of the Government, but could conduct its business in the most direct way, like a private corporation. In order to build the largest- number of ships possible without drawing too heavily on the steel industry, which was already taxed heavily by the production of munitions, it was decided to build wooden as well as steel ships. These ships were built from a few standard designs to enable a large number of duplicate parts to be fabricated in inland shops and transported by railroad to the shipyards on the seacoast, where they were assembled into ships. In other words, the plan was to manufacture the ships rather than to build them. The shops on the seacoast were reserved to make those parts of the ships' equipment that could not readily be transported. The inland shops made the parts that could be transported to the seacoast by railroad. Among the more important parts of the ships' equipment to be standardized were the boilers. As the Scotch marine boiler in large units is bulky and can not be transported by railroad, and as, for the same capacity,much more steelis needed in its construction than for water-tube boilers, a few simple designs of water-tube boilers were developed that inland shops having ordinary equipment could make in large quantities.

Jan 1, 1924

By R. V. Ramani

One area of study in the Coal Mine Injury Analysis project was to illustrate and enhance the ability o mine safety management personnel to apply analytical techniques to Injury experience data and to justify requests for funds for safety enhancement actions on a cost/benefit and other quantitative basis. Four volumes of this final project report detail (1) the objectives and scope of the mine safety management research, (2) the results of literature review, and case studies, and (3) models developed for mine safety management. The four volumes are titled as Volume III: Mine Safety Management, Volume IV: Analytical Techniques for Mine Safety Management; Volume V: Mine Safety Management Case Studies and Volume IX: Training Cost Model. In this volume, the application of the quantitative procedures to mine-specific accident/injury experience data is discussed in detail in the form of case studies. The accident data from three mines are analyzed, and recommendations for training are proposed for each of the mines on the basis of this analysis. The procedures to apply cost-benefit analyses are described along with the cost benefit ratios for the training program/policies for the mines.

Jan 1, 1993

By J. C. Gerdeen

SAP-S information on the following element types are included in this appendix: Type 1. Three-Dimensional Truss and Bolt Element Type 4. Two-Dimensional Finite Elements Type 8. Variable-Number-Nodes Thick Shell and Three-Dimensional Elements Type 9. Two-Dimensional Joint Element (to be used with Type 4 elements) Type 10. Three-Dimensional Joint Element (to be used with Type 8 elements) Additional SAP4 elements, Types 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 12, are also contained in SAP-S and information on these elements is readily available in any SAP4 user's manual. These elements are as follows: Type 2. Three-Dimensional Beam Elements Type 3. Plane- Stress Membrane I-r .n Elements Type 5. Three-Dimensional Solid Elements (8 Node: Brick) Type 6. Plate and Shell Elements (Quadrilateral) Type 7. Boundary Elements Type 12. Three-Dimensional Straight or Curved Pipe Elements

Jan 1, 1976

During the period 1979 thru 1982, Multi Mineral Corporation conducted a mining research program at the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau of Mines Oil Shale Mining Environmental Research Facility in the Central Piceance Creek Basin, Rio Blanco County, Colorado. The program consisted of mining, environmental and geotechnical research data and. the results are described in this report.

Jan 1, 1983

By Charles L. Kimbell

Comprehensive world mineral industry investment data do not exist, but limited material published on aggregates of in vestment in some elements of the world mineral industry suggest a continued up-turn in the investment level, at least in market economy countries in 1989. Steel industry investments in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries are not yet available for 1989 but, as shown in table 6, increased by 22.1% in 1988, after showing a decrease of 5.2% (revised) in 1987. The pattern of investment ups and downs varied during 1988 within country blocs and economic alliances showing no particular trends. Investment in the steel industry by the United States increased by 58.3% between 1987 and 1988 and was 1 1.9% higher than the previous highest amount invested during the 1984-88 period but was still 41.5% less than the amount invested in 1983. Investment in the steel industries of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) dropped again in 1988 from the revised amount for 1987, which became the first drop after several years of steady growth in what became the expanded ECSC in 1986. This drop in 1988 was the result of lower investments by Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Nether- lands, and Spain, investments grew or remained level in Belgium, Portugal, and the United Kingdom in 1987 and 1988. A decrease in investment in the Canadian (-26.6%) steel industry was offset by in- creases registered by the members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) of 31.7%, by Japan of 19.8% by Turkey of 22.4%, and a slight increase by the nations of Latin America. If data for the world steel industry as a whole, including those of the centrally planned economy countries, were available, the same pattern presumably would be shown as that reported; that is, it would remain fairly stable, with increases in some countries being offset by decreases in others. However, the lack of comprehensive information on the centrally planned economy countries makes it impossible to determine whether the overall trend was up or down despite recorded increases or decreases in production of the materials involved. Preliminary data show that investment levels in industries dealing with the production and/ or processing of mineral commodities for

Jan 1, 1992