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By J. A. Every-Brown

Case studies are presented of three derelict sites in Kent and Essex that provide a good cross-section of opportunities for second-generation commercial uses of former chalk, limestone, clay and gravel workings. A 240 ha abandoned chalk quarry at Grays in Essex, now known as Chafford Hundred, is undergoing mixed development to include leisure facilities, a range of housing and commercial areas and an enhanced environment. The 120 ha of Stone Marshes now comprises the Crossways business park and the Dartford international ferry terminal. Reclamation and servicing required more work than had been anticipated and the fact that the area was within the green belt added to the delays, but Blue Circle was eventually able to provide a comprehensive development of the entire area to a high environmental standard. Stone Pit 1 landfill, at Dartford in Kent, is a former chalk quarry 40 ha in area and with an original average depth of 35 m. Landfilling commenced in 1976 and during the period 1979-1984 the site operator designed, developed and installed a gas collection and flaring system. From 1986 a gas plant supplied up to 5 000 000 therm/yr of landfill gas to a local cement works and in 1989 a 1 MW power generation scheme, later expanded to 3 MW, was commissioned. Gas is currently also supplied to a metal refining company for use in internal combustion engines

Aug 1, 1994

By R. G. Kidel, S. C. Doming

The project has shown that it is feasible for a junior company to reopen a narrow vein-style gold mine and successfully take it into production. An intimate understanding of the mineralisation and a flexible approach to mining are crucial, as are stringent cost control and efforts to keep overheads low. The project has confirmed the geological complexity of the Main Lodes, which consist of highly sheared quartz-sulphide infill in strongly sericitised granodiorite. The existence of discrete high-grade zones within the Hangingwall Lodes has also been confirmed. Broad low-grade zones continue to be recognised and require the local application of bulk longhole mining methods. The initial mine plan called for predominantly longhole stoping, but adverse ground conditions have meant that a switch to air-leg mining has produced higher run-of-mine grades. The excess capacity at the processing plant can best be used by batch processing, with its reduced maintenance requirements

Jun 21, 1905

By N. Krauland, A. Nystrom, M. Board, S. Sandstrom

Several deep Swedish cut-and-fill mines experience severe ground control problems, including roof collapse and wall sloughing, as a result of variable rock quality and high in situ stresses. A project to examine the problem included two main areas. The first was prediction of mining conditions at depth and the adaptation of cut-and-fill mining to such conditions; the second was the assessment and improvement of support methods at present and future depths. Simple, elastic, mine-scale numerical models were used to optimise stope sequencing and more detailed, stope-scale models to simulate the failure processes around a stope and the interaction of rock mass and support. Kristineberg was chosen for testing and calibration of the predictive methods because of its long history of severe ground conditions and the large base of observational and monitoring data available for comparison. Horizontal cut and fill was found technically suitable to depths beyond 1 000 m and economically viable if ore value covers support costs. Stability can be achieved with the present support technology down to 1 000 m but the 7-strand 15.2 mm cables have poor deformation properties (5% failure strain) compared with rebar rock bolts (17%). Reducing the intervals between levels from 100 m to 50 m will cut support costs and improve production reliability and capacity. Simulation of sill-pillar mining indicated that conditions would be most severe when pillar height was reduced to 15-20 m; mining of a sill pillar has been carried out successfully to the last 3 m, whose extraction is planned for the near future

Dec 1, 1995

By M. Gallego, R. Oyarzun, L. Ortega

Evidence of metallogenic activity in an area dominated by Upper Precambrian and Palaeozoic metasediments was partially explained in the 1980s when drilling and a geophysical survey detected hidden intrusions, but questions remained to be answered about the nature of the fluids. Sb mineralisation at El Juncalon vein-type deposit was selected for geological, geochemical and fluid inclusion studies as a model with a relatively simple quartz-stibnite-pyrite paragenesis. Many of the characteristics were those of Chinese-type vein Sb deposits, which can be regarded as atypical of the epithermal type as they are hosted by clastic rocks

Aug 1, 1995

By A. G. Pasamehmetoglu, N. Bolukbasi, O. Koncagul

A study has been undertaken to establish the relationships between the O&K wedge test cutting resistances and the geotechnical parameters of rock materials in the context of bucket-wheel excavator operation. Prediction equations were formed to estimate the cutting resistance from the geotechnical parameters by multiple regression analysis. The cone indentor index, uniaxial compressive strength and Shore hardness parameters have been found to be the most significant predictors

Sep 1, 1991

By P. H. Morris

Nineteen field trials of the co-disposal of fine coal tailings and coarse coal wastes were conducted at the dual Goonyella-Riverside mine in Queensland and at the Hunter Valley No. 1 and Warkworth mines in New South Wales, Australia. The profiles of and the sorting that occurred on the co-disposal deltas are described and an existing theory of subaerial deposition, originally developed for mine tailings alone, is shown to apply to the co-disposed wastes. This enables the dimensionless profiles of large deltas, which may take years to deposit, to be predicted from data obtained from a small delta formed in a few days or even hours

Jun 19, 1905

By P. H. Davenport, L. W. Nolan

Paper presented at the 28th International Geological Congress held in Washington DC, July 1989 (International geochemical mapping sessions). Geochemical mapping provides a direct approach to delineating areas of epigenetic mineralisation and for relating the regional distribution of this mineralisation to an overall tectonostratigraphic and structural framework, as well as to extensive areas of hydrothermal alteration. Organic lake sediment is a widely available and effective sampling medium for regional geochemical mapping in Newfoundland, that has proved to be valuable in Au, Sb and W exploration

Jul 1, 1991

By A Cox

It has been demonstrated that all the cadmium from spent batteries, typically 4 g per battery, can be recovered by burning polyvinyl chloride waste to yield hydrogen chloride; this reacts to produce volatile calcium chloride, which can then be condensed and collected in a separate reactor. Alternatively, chlorine may be used to chlorinate the cadmium with equal efficiency. There is also a prospect of using very low concentrations of these gases, less than 1%, to effect the separation. The Cd was recovered more quickly when exposed to sustained, controlled flow rates of chlorinating gases, whereas when PVC was burnt most of the gas was produced in a very short time, not allowing complete reaction. This problem can be overcome by recirculation of the gas into the reactor. The technology is efficient and clean and the equipment used is simple, enhancing the prospects for a pilot-scale version of the process

Jun 21, 1905

By T. Lenarcic, R. Svrkota, J. M. McNeal, E. Prohic, S. Pirc

Paper presented at the 28th International Geological Congress held in Washington DC, July 1989 (International geochemical mapping sessions). Surface drainage samples, the usual media employed in mapping national territories, cannot be used for the geochemical mapping of carbonate terrains because there is no regular surface-drainage pattern on karst. Suitable sampling media have been studied in Yugoslavia, one-third of which consists of karst terrain. Sampling designs for the work were based on analysis of variance techniques. During initial investigations of various sampling materials in NW Yugoslavia sediment and aquatic moss from karst springs, along with soil, were established as the most appropriate media. Modified sampling procedures were then carefully applied along the entire Yugoslav karst belt, which includes terrains of contrasting topography, climate, pedology and vegetation. The studies indicate that climate and relief do not systematically influence the geochemical composition of soil. Regional and local variability was assessed for 21 chemical elements and the feasibility of producing stable regional geochemical maps was determined for a number of elements on the basis of sampling aquatic moss and sediment from karst springs and soil

Jul 1, 1991

By C. S. Spirakis, A. V. Heyl

Paper presented at the conference Economic geology in Europe and beyond II, models for mineral deposits in sedimentary basins, held in Keyworth, UK, 13-14 April 1994. The modified basinal brines, containing partly oxidised sulphur species, scavenged metals from basement rocks and sediments and transported them through the host rock, which contained local concentrations of organic matter. Reacting in various ways with the mineralising solution as temperatures at the sites of mineralisation changed, organic matter caused the precipitation and dissolution of a variety of minerals in the ore zones; it was organic matter that caused all of these reactions to occur at the same sites. Thus all components of the mineralising fluid - salt, water, heat, sulphur and metals - were obtained within the ore district. The siting of the mineral districts was related to the locations of faults through U- and Th-enriched granites beneath sediments containing basinal brines, and the locations of ore deposits within the districts were controlled by local concentrations of organic matter

Apr 1, 1995

By P Stone, J. M. Cook, P. R. Simpson, C Mcdermott

Paper presented at the conference Economic geology in Europe and beyond II, models for mineral deposits in sedimentary basins, held in Keyworth, UK, 13-14 April 1994. The SW part of the Southern Uplands is a back-arc section of an accretionary thrust system, divided into structural blocks by major NE-SW shear zones and NW-SE faults forming the margins of Permian half-grabens. The highest arsenic levels in stream sediments (over 65 ppm) are associated with those blocks carrying brittle-ductile transition fabrics. Three factors combine to recomend the area as having potential for gold mineralisation: As-rich greywackes as country rock, felsic intrusions and a major shear zone. Selected stream sediments were analysed for gold using lead fire assay with ultra-pure flux and ICP-MS finish. Several localities showed over 15 ppb Au, the three most significant being within the hanging wall of the Orlock Bridge Fault and each having distinct characteristics

Aug 1, 1995

By J Hadijigeorgiou, R. W. Lawrence, R Pouling

The layered co-mingling method involves the disposal of waste rock with the addition, at predefined construction stages, of layers of dewatered mine tailings. The resulting waste structure displays bulk properties that are more favourable to acid rock drainage (ARD) control than the constituent materials alone. A laboratory test programme was conducted to examine the potential of this method. Columns containing different configurations of waste rock and tailings were percolation leached for 40 weeks and the leachates examined for various parameters. In the short term the chemical reactions that result from the introduction of dewatered tailings into rock waste can significantly improve the quality of the drainage. Columns with co-mingled material produced leachate with pH levels of 8, whereas leachate from the control column containing waste rock alone had a pH of 4. Larger-scale field tests are planned to determine the effect of the disposal method over the longer term

Apr 1, 1996

By T Grenne, R. B. Larsen

Paper presented at the conference on Economic geology in Europe and beyond II, models for mineral deposits in sedimentary basins, held in Keyworth, UK, 13-14 April 1994. Paper originally entitled: Processes in a newly discovered sulphide-PGE mineralisation in Norway. The Stormyrplutten mineralisation is hosted by a minor tholeiitic metagabbro of low-Ti composition intruded at a high level in the volcanic lithology. It is thought to be the subvolcanic counterpart of submarine basalts generated during an extensional episode of ensimatic arc evolution. The sulphide-PGE mineralisation occurs as stratabound pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite disseminations with average grades of 376 ppb Pd, 313 ppb Pt, 40 ppb Au, 0.5% Cu and 0.08% Ni in a deposit 15-25 m thick. Locally the PGE content peaks at 2 ppm over 1 m. Microprobe analysis isolated 14 different platinum-group minerals, dominated by sperrylite, temagamite and borovskite and occurring as 1-20 micron compounds embedded in the main sulphide minerals or along the sulphide/silicate grain boundaries. Mantle-normalised plots reveal strong depletion in Os, Ir and Ru and enrichment in Pt, Pd, Cu and Au. The general decrease in Pd and Pt and increase in S up through the stratigraphy is similar to PGE distribution in the Darwendale subchamber of the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe, and may reflect strong fractionation of Pd and Pt in favour of the first droplets of sulphide melt; two reversals of the trend at the 4 and 12 metre levels represent replenishment with fresh magma and repetition of the cycle. In contrast to the Darwendale system, Cu and Ni also show peak concentrations in the first-formed liquids and Pt appears to have fractionated more strongly into the sulphide melt than Pd

Aug 1, 1995

By J. Temporal

An introduction to the conference material in this issue is given together with the issue contents list, closing remarks by its chairman Dr. J. Temporal, the list of contributors and their companies, and the information that the 26th Sir Julius Wernher memorial lecture had had to be presented by the lecturer's wife, M. Biggart, in his absence due to site problems on the Storebaelt project

Jun 16, 1905

By D. C. Bailey, D. I. Hodson

Paper presented at the annual joint meeting of the IMM and IMinE held in Harrogate, 31 January 1991. The Neves-Corvo copper-tin mine is the highest-grade large-tonnage copper operation in the world and is now arguably the most significant producing base-metal mine in Europe, rating in the top ten world producers of both copper and tin. A description is given of the initial exploration work and the development of the project from the orebody discovery in the Iberian Pyrite Belt of southern Portugal in 1977 to full operating capacity in 1990. The chronological account includes discussion of the main organisational, financial, technical and environmental decisions and of the various difficulties encountered, and the challenges of the future are identified. The project was brought in on schedule and within budget

Jan 1, 1991

By Bakker J. de, P. A. Leest, W. L. Dalmijn, H. J. Glass

The test facility at the Delft University of Technology, in the Netherlands, was characterised. Advantages include the possibility of separating particles with high but different densities up to 9 g/cm3, the ease of adjustment to any required separation density and the absence of moving parts. Simultaneous separation of more than two types of particles is possible and the magnetic fluid is safe and convenient to use compared with other heavy liquids. Disadvantages include loss of magnetic fluid with outgoing particles (cost approx US $10/l) and degeneration of fluid due to bacterial activity, reaction with particles and with surroundings. Only non-magnetic materials can be separated, there is limited potential for scaling up and high investment is required on account of the cost of magnets. Future improvements in the design of the apparatus and the properties of the magnetic fluids can only enhance its attractiveness for commercial applications

Jun 18, 1905

By R. J. Gochin, M. A. Diaz

A modified Hallimond tube is described which allows the determination of the ultimate recovery R and the flotation rate constant k in a single, continuous experiment. The range of fine particles which can be satisfactorily floated with the modified apparatus can be extended by increasing the length of the bottom part of the tube. Findings suggest that pyrite and arsenopyrite can be separated in alkaline suspension using the so-called F series of collectors. Lime was found to act as a depressant. The collectors operate under pH and dosage control and do not require other depressants. Collectors used in the study were thio-amine (a cationic surfactant) and alkyl propionamide (a non-ionic surfactant)

Apr 1, 1995

By L Besra, A. R. Prasad, B. P. Singh

The role of surface-chemical phenomena and the physical processes that participate in the dewatering of a suspension of alumina trihydrate were subjected to a systematic investigation, which has increased understanding of the influence of surface tension, contact angle and adsorption in the process. The residual moisture content of the cake can be reduced significantly through the use of surface-active agents in slurry pretreatment or as wash-water additives. The effectiveness of a particular surfactant is hard to predict from any single parameter, but is dependent on its ability to reduce surface tension and possibly to modify the solid-liquid contact angle. If scaled up to industrial operation of the dewatering step of the Bayer process in India, the use of these chemical additives could substantially improve its process economics, reducing the fuel costs for thermal drying by a much as Rs 50/t

Jun 21, 1905

By K. Nielsen, J. Kristiansen

A series of laboratory blasting and grinding tests on three types of hard and competent rock (coarse-grained monzonite, fine-grained granite and very fine-grained gabbro) showed that a higher level of applied explosive energy enhanced grindability and produced a larger amount of fine (-0.106 mm) material. This confirmed reported industrial experience and the results of previous investigations. However, the results did not provide any information on the quantitative relationship between the energy applied in primary blasting and that required in subsequent comminution. Only about 1% of energy consumed in conventional grinding is used to create new surfaces, while power efficencies in cone crushers have been estimated at 70-80%. In blasting, up to 20% of explosive energy may be transmitted to the surrounding rock as elastic strain energy, leading to both primary rock breakage and the generation of microcracks

Dec 1, 1995

By A. D. Mukherjee, H. N. Bhattacharya

Middle Proterozoic sulphide ore mineralisation occurs in isolated blocks of the NE-SW trending Delhi fold belt composed of Delhi Supergroup rocks. The Ajari-Basantgarh-Pipela belt forms part of the longest, widest and westernmost tectonic unit of the Delhi fold belt and consists of amphibolites, metapelites, quartzites and carbonates. The metapelite lenses and associated amphibolites host pyritic copper mineralisation. Mineralisation takes the form of sheet-like bodies consisting of ore lenses of various sizes interlayered with host or associated rocks. Massive, banded and disseminated varieties of ore are found. Pyrite is dominant with subordinate chalcopyrite and sphalerite. Pyrrhotite, galena, cubanite, mackinawite, marcasite and freibergite constitute the minor minerals. The characteristic features of the ores suggest a possible correlation with Besshi-type deposits, and the closely associated amphibolites are interpreted as low-K tholeiites of a fore-arc setting

Jun 19, 1905