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By Peter Yen

This session consists of five papers. Three involved research on the properties of grout materials, specifically ultrafine cements and polyurethane grouts. Two papers present the development of soil grouting technology and monitoring methods. Of great interest are the papers on ultrafine grout penetrability testing focusing on the pressure filtration effects encountered in permeation grouting applications (Ericksson, Stille and Mittag, Savidis). The comparison testing of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polyurethane grouts submitted by Vrignaud, Ballivy, Perret and Fernagu assessed the long-term performance of these materials for repairing saturated cracks in concrete, subject to thermal expansion and contraction. Two very practical papers present the development of soil grouting, where permeation, fracture, replacement, jetting and other grouting techniques are utilized. The papers by Lees with Chuaqui and Warner present experience with ultrafine and other commonly used grout materials. Methods to measure and monitor the injection process and verify production progress are discussed.

Feb 10, 2003

By E. Mongilardi

The construction of large underground openings through cohesionless or weak cohesive soils and under the water table in particular, often requires a ground improvement to be done from the surface or ahead of the excavation face in tunnelling problems. To this purpose various injection procedures have been used in the past and new outstanding techniques have been developed recently, such as "jet-grouting", extending the feasibility range. The paper presents a review of basic principles and practical design criteria with particular reference to the newest trends of development. Case histories have been selected within the experience of specialist contractor Rodio Co. showing the variety of problems solved by manifold grouting procedures and layouts, in widely different soils ranging from the sandy-gravelly alluvia of Milan to the soft marine clays of Singapore.

Jan 1, 2010

By Bengt H. Fellenius

Session 2, Deep Foundation without Soil Excavation, has attracted no fewer than 22 papers dealing with subjects from soil improvement by grouting, injection, and deep mixing techniques through vibroflotation and special piles, including aspects pertaining to conventional driven and bored piles. In the short time available, it is not possible to both do justice to the papers and provide a critical review of the state-of-the-art. Instead, to meet the objective of making the next half hour worthwhile to the audience, I have chosen to comment on a few special points brought forward in the papers and thereafter to discuss more in detail a couple of aspects I have deemed to be of general interest. Four papers deal with jet-grouting, injection, and deep mixing techniques: DOMSKI, J. J. Reinforcement of subsoil under the foundations of historical buildings in Cracow using deep injection technique. RESTELLI, A. B, BERTERO, M., and LODIGIANI, E. Deep mixing technology to improve the bearing capacity of a very soft clayey soil under an earth embankment.

Jan 1, 1994

By Jason N. Scott

CFA piling is a ?blind? construction process that relies heavily on the rig instrumentation to produce sound piles. If the data measured and recorded during construction can be made available to engineers and managers within hours after construction then there are many economic and quality control benefits that can be realised. A state of the art CFA instrumentation and data management process has been developed in the UK. The key components of the instrumentation, GSM data service and the central database are described. Many benefits to the business have been realised and, where possible, these are quantified.

Jan 1, 2006

By J. Matos e Silva

The paper refers two examples of structures located in seismic areas (Cases 1 and 2). The first one (Case 1) is the Torroal Bridge, located about 100 Km South of Lisbon, in the road Troia-Grandola. The horizontal loads due to the seismic actions were mainly carried by an anchor curtain connected, to the abutments, by reinforced concrete struts-ties. For the some purpose diaphragm walls were also placed under the pile caps of the column foundations. The second one (Case 2) refers to a building located about 50 Km South of Lisbon, at Sesimbra, near a cliff. To reduce the horizontal displacements of the structure due to seismic actions, in order to prevent the endangering of the cliff stability, an anchor curtain was adopted and connected, to the structure, by prestressed anchors.

Jan 1, 1996

By Mazin Adnan

The 80m high dam at the Peribonka river in the Canadian province of Quebec was designed for the generation of 385 MW of hydro electrical power (Fig.1). The complex ground conditions required the employment of a variety of geotechnical construction methods stretched to limits never experienced before. Innovative grouting and trenching techniques were used for the construction of a plastic concrete cut-off wall down to a depth of about 116m, to cut hydraulic seepage through alluvial deposits forming the dam foundation. The bedrock where the cut-off wall is embedded forms a glacial gully with steeply sloped flanks, which created further challenging conditions. [ ]

Jan 1, 2008

By Markus Schönit

Double rotary drilling combines continuous flight auger drilling with a casing for producing a cast-in-place pile. When producing a pile an outer casing and an auger (hollow auger) rotating inside the casing are driven into the ground in counter-rotation. The outer casing serves to support the surrounding soil and the inner auger excavates the drilling cuttings to the surface inside the casing. After reaching the projected drilling depth concrete is pumped through the hollow stem of the auger and outer casing and auger are extracted. After their complete extraction a reinforcement cage can be inserted in the fresh concrete. Compared to Kelly drilling the double rotary drilling method offers numerous advantages, including, for comparable diameter and length, shorter production times and higher accuracy (pile inclination and excess concrete) combined with increased occupational safety and lower noise emissions. Moreover, pile tests have proved that piles produced by double rotary drilling feature higher axial load-bearing capacities than comparable piles produced by Kelly drilling. This article offers an overview of the basic theoretical principles of double rotary drilling lists the required and currently available machinery and, finally, discusses the results and conclusions of a current jobsite.

Jan 1, 2011

By Edmund J. Cardoza

The paper describes the design, construction and quality control aspects of the installation of a cement-bentonite (CB) cut off wall to impede seepage through a flood control dike. Special emphasis is placed upon the development of a proper specification, distinguishing the CB method from the Soil-Bentonite technique. The importance of the pre-construction laboratory testing program and field quality control procedures is emphasized by the fact that the in-place properties and characteristics of the CB cut off may not be known until after a majority of the work is complete. Sections are included which describe the construction method, the specialty equipment and personnel requirements and the quality control/quality assurance aspects of the project.

Jan 1, 1992

By John F. MacDonald

From 19BS thru the present, Guy F. Atkinson Construction Company has been involved in several transportation construction projects in the Seattle area. Two of these contracts, the Mt. Baker Ridge Tunnel, and The Seattle Bus Tunnel, had unique foundation features. MT. BAKER RIDGE TUNNEL ACCESS PITS The Mt. Baker Ridge Tunnel is part of the general upgrading of the I-90 freeway between I-405 and I-5 (see Fig. 1). It is located on the western shore of Lake Washington and consists of a 1300 foot long large diameter tunnel thru Mt. Baker Ridge. The ridge consists of over consolidated silts and clays overlain by a loose to medium dense silty fine sand. The water table is perched in this upper layer of material. The clays of Seattle have a history of being very sensitive to excavation. The hills are marginally stable and numerous landslides have occurred recently in the area of the tunnel. [ ]

Jan 1, 1990

By Michael McVay

The use of augered cast-in-place piles has seen tremendous growth under commerical structures in the past twenty years. Problems with vibration, soil densification and/or heave associated with driven piles do not occur with properly installed augered piles. Augered cast-in-place piles were originally constructed (1950s) with diameters of .31 m (12 in.) and lengths up to 6.1 m (20 ft); however with the advent of better drilling equipment, diameters varying from .41m(16 in.)to .61 m (24 in.) and typical depths ranging from 18.3 m (60 ft) to 24.4 m (80 ft) are achievable. Reinforcement may vary from a single high strength rebar (Grade 60) at the top of the pile to a continuous steel cage depending on loading (compression, tension-uplift, and lateral). Typical axial design loads (compression) for a single augered cast-in-place pile are in the 445 kN (50 tons) to 890 kN (100 tons) range.

Jan 1, 1997

By Jacques Moraille

The public is asking for more aesthetic designs if they can be proven cost-effective at providing an appealing element to new dams. Lake Lenexa was designed and built around the idea of providing for basic dam functions such as flood control, enhanced water quality, recreation but also to provide an inviting community focal point for the residents to visit and enjoy; truly interact with the dam. The architecturally unique dam and ?one of a kind? spillway were designed to symbolize the water cycle as water moves from nature into the urban environment and the back to nature. A pedestrian bridge that spans the spillway offers visitors a good view of cascading pools and a fountain. The original Lake Lenexa dam layout incorporated relatively high, cast-in-place concrete retaining walls to form the spillway structure. The Black & Veatch project team performed a Value Engineering (VE) study to determine cost-effective means for implementing architectural features within the spillway, which resulted in innovative uses of construction materials not typically used in dam and reservoir construction. The VE study concluded that mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) retaining walls that are normally used for transportation projects would be a cost-effective alternative to the originally planned cast-in-place wall systems for the main spillway and stilling basins. The Black & Veatch study added value by mixing cement-kiln dust (CKD) with on-site clay soils to produce a stabilized material for use under the spillway. The CKD stabilized material properties include low compressibility, high strength and low permeability, which reduced seepage and uplift pressures under the spillway slabs. The cost savings provided by the VE alternatives reduced total costs and enabled architectural elements. The award winning dam design also used drilled caissons, expanded polystyrene (EPS) block forms, customized steel forms and external concrete vibrators to build the pedestrian bridge and upper spillway structures.

Jan 1, 2009

By Tobias Hansson

The quality of Lime Cement (L/C) columns is to a great extent dependent on the installation procedure. At a site in the south of Sweden, the client reported problems with the installed columns. To evaluate the operator and equipment dependent part of the installation, Hercules Grundläggning AB was appointed as a competitor to the site contractor. The purpose was to install a number of L/C columns with equal installation parameters for both contractors. A total of 65 test columns were installed in June 1999. The geology is a typical Swedish organic soil profile with a top layer of peat overlying gyttja and clay. Two different binders were used in the comparison; blast furnace slag with cement and lime with cement. After installation, the quality of the columns was monitored by penetration tests and a column sampler for extracting whole columns. The column penetration test were performed 28 and 134 days after installation and extraction 134 days after installation. Inspection and tests of the extracted columns showed that by using a fully computer controlled procedure, the contractor produces columns of superior quality and homogeneity.

Jan 1, 2000

By Arpit Parikh

"Ground Water or Pore water pressure development in Sandy Soil formation is Critical situation in foundation analysis and design.Moreover it become severe while associated with higher liquefaction probability in river bank areas. It is difficult to find cost optimized solution for liquefaction mitigation under limited budget allocated for the project. Here in these research paper the attempt has been made to have clear picture of liquefaction by using various techniques and field tests. And its mitigation by suitable foundation type. In Bangladesh, On Bank of River Meghana, Power plant structures are proposed. The particular site is full of fine sand having partial silt throughout from EGL to 55 m depth. Hence in addition to Conventional Boring / Drilling operations, CPLT, SCPT, SCHT and PMT had been performed to arrive deterministic effect of liquefaction. By use of Geologismiki software and some excel based programs developed which indicates that Certainly liquefaction occurs under the event of earthquake. By Checking past records of Bangladesh we found, there are small magnitude earthquakes are inevitable and frequent. Hence fourth to overcome the bad effect of liquefaction, the deep pile foundation -Driven Pre Cast Solid Square Pile of 400 mm dia. had been suggested for various types of power plant structures. Which densify the soil and ground will improve in resisting liquefaction.1. INTRODUCTIONA Detailed Geotechnical/Foundation design Analysis had been done to arrive at optimum foundation design solution in highly probable liquefaction zone of Silty Fine Sand near Dhaka City of Bangladesh for proposed 750 MW Cyclic Power Plant. Hence about 24 no. of (Borehole) Boring and Drilling up to depth of 55 m from existing ground level has been carried out. Additionally, 09 nos. of Static Cone Penetration Test (SCPT), 02 Nos. of Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT), 02 Nos. of Pressure meter test (PMT), 02 nos. of Cyclic Plate load test (CPLT) of suitable capacity with 06 nos. of Seismic Cross Hole Test (SCHT) in boreholes had been carried out. The purpose of PMT and SCHT was to have clear idea about the Seismic behavior - knowhow of site. According to Basic principles of Soil Mechanics and foundation design, it is proved that PMT & SCHT are dynamic test. These tests stimulate field condition of occurrences of earthquake. In later stages of analysis, it is found that site have high probability of liquefaction through use of Geologismiki – Liquefaction Analysis Software. Author of these research paper also felt earthquake vibrations – strong aftershocks during site study where Epicenter of the earthquake was in Myanmar during month of august 2016."

Jan 1, 2017

By Marc Dondelinger

Interlocking H sections with deep webs and high section modulus are being used for cofferdams and shore enclosures where pressures are excessive. The H sections can be as much as a meter deep; they can be used as continuous interlocked wall. A steel saving alternate is spacing the H and driving deep for stability then filling between with shorter interlocking sheet piles. Templates provide for exact positioning.

Jan 1, 1985

By Jeffrey A. Schaefer

The Olmsted Locks and Dam project is located on the Ohio River approximately 16.5 miles upstream of its confluence with the Mississippi River. It consists of twin 1200 ft. locks with floating and fixed approach walls, five 110 ft. wide tainter gate bays, a 1400 ft. wide navigable pass boat operated wicket gate section, and a 400-ft. section of fixed weir (Fig. 1). The project will have a total cost over 1.0 billion dollars, and as such is one of the largest civil works project underway in the Corps of Engineers.

Jan 1, 2001

By George Piscsalko

There are numerous methods currently available to assess the integrity of drilled shaft and ACIP piles. Each method has its advantages and limitations. This paper will compare the various available methods as well as introduce a new method for assessing integrity of drilled shafts and ACIP piles. This new method, known as Thermal Integrity Profiling, determines the integrity of the shaft both inside and outside the reinforcing cage by measuring the hydration temperature of the concrete along the length of the shaft. These temperature measurements can be made by either passing a thermal probe through a standard Cross Hole access tube, or from embedding thermal wires within the shaft. This Thermal Integrity Profile method will be described in detail and one case history will be presented. Additional testing methods which will be compared include low strain Pile Integrity Testing and Cross Hole Sonic Logging. Advantages and limitations for each method will be discussed.

Jan 1, 2011

By Helmut Hass, Marco Ziller

"Abstract: 1 Sophia Spoortunnel Marco Ziller, Trevi S.p.A.:For the construction of 14 cross passages connecting the twin tunnels of the Sophiaspoortunnel the Artificial Ground Freezing technique was applied as temporary soil improvement. AGF by Brine and Liquid Nitrogen was implemented. Automatic data acquisition and recording systems were installed to monitor the variation of the temperatures in the soil during the freezing intervention in order to control the behaviour and the efficacy of the treatment.IntroductionThe Sophia rail tunnel is a bored tunnel with a length of 4.24 km, comprising two separate parallel tubes with an outside diameter of 9.45 m. The twin tunnels were excavated by a TBM equipped with hydroshield. Seven service shafts, approximately 30 m deep, were constructed in between the tunnels. From each shaft two cross passages were constructed connecting the shaft with both tubes, for a total of 14 cross passages.The Artificial Ground Freezing technique utilizing both the Brine and Liquid Nitrogen methods was used for temporary waterproofing and soil support to allow the excavation of the cross passages. The natural soil to be frozen was consisting in loose sand and clay under a hydrostatic pressure up to 250 kPa.For the measurement of the ground temperature. Automatic data acquisition and recording systems were installed to monitor the variation of the temperatures in the soil and at the contact with the tunnel lining. Furthermore, a comprehensive computerized system of sensors and cryogenic valves was designed and implemented in order to manage the whole Nitrogen process.Soil Main CharacteristicsThe soil stratigraphy is generally consisting in Clay (Holocene) from ground level to -15 m depth, followed by Pleistocenic Sand, from -15 to -25 m, and Clay below -25 m."

Jan 1, 2014

By Dean E. Harris

The realignment of U.S. Highway 95 in Sandpoint, Idaho, is being designed on a site underlain by glaciolacustrine soil that includes very thick deposits of soft, sensitive clay to estimated depths of greater than 200 m. The highway realignment will include construction of numerous embankments, mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) retaining walls, and pile-supported bridges. The area of the proposed new highway corridor also includes existing historic and commercial buildings, a railroad, sensitive environmental areas, and economically vital tourism/recreational assets. The evaluation of pile axial capacity included the use of a variety of methods, including total stress, effective stress, and empirical methods using the results of piezocone soundings and conventional borehole and laboratory tests. These methods were used along with the findings from an instrumented static loading test to design the piled foundations for the bridges. A critical factor throughout the design of the pile foundations was controlling settlements to levels that could be tolerated by the bridges. Also, because of the proximity of the pile foundations to the existing structures and the proposed new embankments, the project has required careful consideration of the potential interaction between these elements. The analysis of piles also considered the potential for settlement of embankments, drag loads on the piles, and downdrag.

Jan 1, 2003

By Qi Wang, Zengzhu Kang, Jianguo Liu, Guanglei Liu

"Due to the increase of automotive vehicles, available parking spaces become a new type of limited resource in central cities of China, especially in those old districts without visionary urban planning. Additional mechanical parking in underground space is an efficient solution to provide parking spaces under the situation where the urban space is constrained. Shichahai district is an old protected zone in Beijing which is close to the Forbidden City and there are many Hutong (alleyway) and Quadrangles (courtyard house). No spaces are available for car parking on the ground and all vehicles are parking in Hutong without order currently. The local government plan to do renovation work for this district and improve the residential environment. Several innovative solutions are studied including parking in deep shafts, parking under existing buildings by under-pinned method, parking under buildings by covered excavation method, parking under roads built together with utility tunnel etc. 5000 difference types underground parking spaces are planned to be constructed in the following three years. Project examples are also introduced in this paper. INTRODUCTIONCar parking resources are very limited in central cities, especially in old districts without planning for increasing automotive vehicle volume. Traffic get worse when cars park on the side of the roads or move slowly to find parking spaces. Investigation shows the normal (parking space/ automotive vehicle volume) ratio is about 1.2 in most big cities such as New York, Tokyo and Hong Kong, while this ratio is only 0.5 in Beijing. One solution is to move cars out of central cities. But there are still huge parking requirements for the citizens living in central cities. Shichahai district is an historic protected zone in Beijing which is close to the Forbidden City and there are many Hutong and Quadrangles (refer to Figure 1 for project location). No spaces are available for car parking on ground and all vehicles are parked in Hutong without order currently. The local government had a plan to do renovation work of this district and improve the residence environment. 5000 different types of underground parking spaces are planned to be constructed in the following three years. One project designed and to be constructed by Zhongyan Technology will be introduced in this paper. Other innovative solutions will be introduced briefly as well."

Jan 1, 2017

By Alain Pecker

The choice of a design concept for a bridge foundation is guided by various factors; several of these factors are indeed of technical origin, like the environmental conditions in a broad sense, but others non technical factors may also have a profound impact on the final design concept. The foundations solutions adopted for the Rion Antirion bridge are described and an attempt is made to pinpoint the major factors that have guided the final choices. The Rion Antirion bridge is exemplar in that respect: the foundation concept combines the simplicity of capacity design, the conceptual facility of construction and enhances the foundation safety. The design of these foundations was a very challenging task which required full cooperation and close interaction with all the parties involved: concessionaire, contractor, designers and design checker.

Jan 1, 2005