Search Documents

By K. H. Nimerick, B. E. Scott, F. J. Beafore

A unique freeze conditioning agent (FCA) which functions by forming structurally weak ice rather than suppressing the freezing point of water has been successful in alleviating frozen coal problems. Frozen coal treated with FCA has been quickly unloaded at temperatures below -17.8OC (O°F). Other applications of FCA include deicing: conveyor belts, idler, idler arms, and other moving parts that have been impeded by ice.

Jan 1, 1980

By A. P. Anderson, J. H. Jensen, W. E. Breckoff

Bromine is the intermediate member of the halogen family of elements between iodine, a solid, and chlorine, a gas. The name is derived from the Greek "bromos," meaning stench. Bromine is the only nonmetallic element that is liquid at room temperatures with a melting point of -7.2° C and a boiling point of 58.78º C. Reddish brown in color, it dissolves easily in water to yield a red solution. Bromine volatilizes at ordinary temperatures to a red vapor that is very irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat. Density of the liquid is 3.12 and gas weighs 7.59 gpl at standard conditions. As the element is highly active, it exists in nature only as bromide compounds. Bromine was discovered by Antoine Jerome Balard in seawater bitterns in 1826 and first prepared in quantity in 1860. Distribution Bromine is widely distributed in nature and compounds occur in solution in natural brines, in seawater, saline lakes, oil and gas well brines, and in evaporite chloride minerals. The concentration of bromine salts ranges from 60-65 ppm in seawater to several thousand ppm in oil well brines and saline lakes. The distribution of bromine in marine evaporite minerals and in the solutions from which they crystallized was determined many years ago by H. E. Boeke (1908). Theoretical aspects regarding the geochemistry of bromine have been published in numerous papers (Raup and Mite, 1969). Bromine occurs in solid solution in carnallite and sylvite associated in potash deposits; in halite in salt beds; salt in oil shales; and in trona deposits. Its presence is useful as a guide in geochemical exploration. The analysis of small amounts of bromides in the presence of large amounts of chlorides is discussed by W. Schwerdtner (1963). Manganese, iron, and iodine may interfere with the determination. Other analytical methods are discussed at length in the literature (Stenger and Atchison, 1964). Sources and Reserves The sources and reserves of bromine, given in Table 1, appear ample to meet present and foreseeable requirements in all producing countries. With the occurrence of bromine salts in seawater and other brines, the potential for bromine production is worldwide. It has been estimated that 99% of all commercially recoverable bromine is in the ocean. However, actual subterranean brines having a higher bromine content than seawater will continue to be the preferred sources of bromine for the foreseeable future. [ ]

Jan 1, 1983

By Lawrence Adler

For openings in bedded rocks, analyzed by simple beam theory, it has been shown that roof loads can be shifted from one support to another.' This transfer is effected by controlling the relative deflection of adjacent supports. If this action is used to reduce loads in the props or bolts and increase them in the ribs or pillars, it could be productive of economies averaging 30 pct. Such savings can be realized by: 1) using smaller artifical supports such as props and bolts, and 2) increasing loads in the rib to induce eventual failure for longwall caving. Since the rib is relatively load-insensitive, it provides a natural load sink. However, caution must be used in applying such permissive deflections, for while the supports are being handled properly, the stresses in the roof itself are very sensitive to such manipulations.'

Jan 5, 1960

By J. W. Gwinn

The underground haulage system in the lead-silver mine of the Bunker Hill & Sullivan Co., situated at Kellogg, Idaho, is the most extensive in the Cæur d'Alene district, comprising about 35,000 ft. of tunnels, drifts, and cross-cuts where locomotive haulage is in use. The main working adit, known as the Kellogg tunnel, or No. 9 level, is approximately 10,000 ft. in length from the portal to the main working shaft and extends beyond that about 4,500 ft. in each of two directions. On this level all the ore from the Bunker Hill & Sullivan, the Sierra Nevada Consolidated, and the Caledonia Mining Co.—an average of 44,600 tons per month—is hauled to the mills, located a short distance from the portal. Electric haulage by the trolley-type locomotive is used on this level throughout. Below this level, at intervals of 200 ft. vertically, are five other working levels (Nos. 10, 11,12,13, and 14); and the total haulage distance on these, where electric locomotives are used, is approximately 16,000 ft. No. 13 level has but recently been opened up and is not working to capacity; while the main cross-cut on No. 14 has just been started, and has no need of power haulage. Of the four levels equipped with electric haulage, Nos. 11, 12, and 13 have storage-battery locomotives, and No. 10 still retains the trolley type by reason of the small and decreasing tonnage produced. Electrification - Electric power is supplied to the mine by two systems. The first, the 500-volt direct-current trolley, was installed in 1897 when the Kellogg tunnel was started, and was extended as the tunnel advanced, being used for the first trainload of ore on Nov. 17, 1902, since which time it has been in continuous service. The current for the line is transmitted on a No. 00 copper wire as far as the shaft, and on No. 0 wire throughout the remaining length of the Kellogg tunnel; and until the installation of the storage-battery locomotives it was used in practically all the cross-cuts and drifts on each level below No. 9.

Jan 1, 1915

By J. L. Foster, G. R. Gray, T. S. Chapman

The wall-building properties of salt-water drilling muds can be improved markedly by the addition of: (I) natural gums, such as traga-canth, karaya, and ghatti; (2) seaweeds, such as Irish moss; or (3) gelatinized starch. Results of laboratory tests have been confirmed by field trials. For drilling operations in which the mud becomes contaminated by salt, either through penetrating salt-bearing rocks or by addition of sea water to the mud, the added cost resulting from the use of one of the substances listed above is more than offset by freedom from stuck drill pipe and ease in running casing. Introduction It has been recognized for many years that oil production might be seriously hampered by infiltration of water from the drilling mud.l-4 As knowledge of the mechanism of the wall-building process advanced, methods were developed for evaluating the filtration characteristics of muds.5-ll The wall-building properties of freshwater muds are commonly regulated by the addition of bentonitic clays, or of agents to promote the dispersion of the natural mud solids. When strata bearing soluble salts are encountered in the course of drilling, the salts are incorporated in the mud; the clay solids are flocculated and water loss is increased tremendously. Methods gen-crally used in controlling filtration of freshwater muds are no longer applicable. The problem of reducing water loss from salt-water muds is not confined to any particular area, but is acute in parts of West Texas. Salt beds several hundred feet thick must be penetrated before the oil-bearing formation is reached. Since the formation drilled does not provide mud-making material, it is necessary to use large quantities of commercial clays, and even the best commercial clay does not afford relief from the problem of high filtration. A laboratory study has been made of methods of improving the filtration characteristics of salt-water muds, and some of the methods have been used in field practice. Laboratory Investigations Procedure Inasmuch as the immediate object of the investigation was the development of means of improving the wall-building properties of muds used in West Texas, an attempt was made to employ muds in the laboratory study comparable to those in field use. Samples of muds used in drilling the producing formations in six wells were secured. The properties of these samples are summarized in Table I, which lists the densities, viscosities, filtrations, and analyses of the filtrates for calcium, chloride, and sulphate. Viscosity was measured in the Stormer viscosimeter at 600 r.p.m. Water loss was determined at 80°F. with the Baroid low-pressure wall-building tester8 at a pressure of 100 lb. per sq. in. Filtration rates are considerably higher than those of usual fresh-water muds, which amount to about 20 C.C. in 30 min. Water loss was so rapid in samples 4, 5 and 6 that filtration was complete in less than 10 min. and the values for 30 min. were extrapolated from the rates at shorter

Jan 1, 1942

By G. R. Gray, T. S. Chapman, J. L. Foster

The wall-building properties of salt-water drilling muds can be improved markedly by the addition of: (I) natural gums, such as traga-canth, karaya, and ghatti; (2) seaweeds, such as Irish moss; or (3) gelatinized starch. Results of laboratory tests have been confirmed by field trials. For drilling operations in which the mud becomes contaminated by salt, either through penetrating salt-bearing rocks or by addition of sea water to the mud, the added cost resulting from the use of one of the substances listed above is more than offset by freedom from stuck drill pipe and ease in running casing. Introduction It has been recognized for many years that oil production might be seriously hampered by infiltration of water from the drilling mud.l-4 As knowledge of the mechanism of the wall-building process advanced, methods were developed for evaluating the filtration characteristics of muds.5-ll The wall-building properties of freshwater muds are commonly regulated by the addition of bentonitic clays, or of agents to promote the dispersion of the natural mud solids. When strata bearing soluble salts are encountered in the course of drilling, the salts are incorporated in the mud; the clay solids are flocculated and water loss is increased tremendously. Methods gen-crally used in controlling filtration of freshwater muds are no longer applicable. The problem of reducing water loss from salt-water muds is not confined to any particular area, but is acute in parts of West Texas. Salt beds several hundred feet thick must be penetrated before the oil-bearing formation is reached. Since the formation drilled does not provide mud-making material, it is necessary to use large quantities of commercial clays, and even the best commercial clay does not afford relief from the problem of high filtration. A laboratory study has been made of methods of improving the filtration characteristics of salt-water muds, and some of the methods have been used in field practice. Laboratory Investigations Procedure Inasmuch as the immediate object of the investigation was the development of means of improving the wall-building properties of muds used in West Texas, an attempt was made to employ muds in the laboratory study comparable to those in field use. Samples of muds used in drilling the producing formations in six wells were secured. The properties of these samples are summarized in Table I, which lists the densities, viscosities, filtrations, and analyses of the filtrates for calcium, chloride, and sulphate. Viscosity was measured in the Stormer viscosimeter at 600 r.p.m. Water loss was determined at 80°F. with the Baroid low-pressure wall-building tester8 at a pressure of 100 lb. per sq. in. Filtration rates are considerably higher than those of usual fresh-water muds, which amount to about 20 C.C. in 30 min. Water loss was so rapid in samples 4, 5 and 6 that filtration was complete in less than 10 min. and the values for 30 min. were extrapolated from the rates at shorter

Jan 1, 1942

By R. M. Stewart, C. W. MacQueen

Anaconda's Berkeley pit at Butte produces 34,000 tpd of ore averaging 0.8 pct copper. Two-and-one-half tons of waste is stripped per ton of ore, approximately 40,000 tpd by the company and an added 45,000 tons by the F&S Contracting Co. The company truck fleet consists of 24 Euclid and 18 Mack 34-ton, rear-dump diesel trucks.

Jan 7, 1961

By AIME AIME

THE annual fall meeting of the Institute of Metals and the Iron and Steel divisions, in conjunction with the American .Society for Steel Treating and the Metal Congress and Show, at Boston was from many standpoints the most successful we have had to date. While many faces were missing from the various gatherings, the Institute registration reached the high mark of 324 members and guests. Cooperating with the Steel Treaters were also the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Society of Automotive Engineers and the American Welding Society. ,The meeting was, as usual, a three-ring circus with technical sessions 'galore, plant .trips, visits to the Exposition, social events such as lunch- eons and dinners as well as entertainment for the ladies present.

Jan 1, 1931

By K. H. Nimerick, B. E. Scott, F. J. Beafore

A unique freeze conditioning agent (FCA) which functions by forming structurally weak ice rather than suppressing the freezing point of water has been successful in alleviating frozen coal problems. Frozen coal treated with FCA has been quickly unloaded at temperatures below -17.8°C (O°F). Other applications of FCA include deicing: conveyor belts, idler, idler arms, and other moving parts that have been impeded by ice.

Jan 9, 1979

By E. V. Potter

For a nurnber of years, it has been known that manganese made by electro-deposition under certain conditions is ductile while under other conditions it is very brittle. The ductile metal is gamma manganese normally stable only between 1100 and 1138°C1; the brittle metal is alpha manganese, stable up to 727OC. The ductile metal is not stable, but gradually changes to the brittle form; the time required to complete the transfornlation is about 20 days at room temperature. Other observations have indicated that the transformation is completed in 10 to 15 min. at about 125°C, while at — 10°C, no appreciable change occurs in 9 months. The properties of gainma and alpha Illanganese in the pure state are ordinarilj difficult to determine because the gamma structure cannot be retained by normal quenching procedures and alpha manganese is so brittle, it is difficult to obtain specimens free from flaws. In a recent investigation2 some properties of gamma and alpha manganese were determined by studying the ductile electrolytic metal and determining the changes in its properties as it transformed to the brittle alpha form. These investigations provided an excellent opportunity for following the progress of the transition and studying its mechanism. The results of a series of such investigations are reported in this paper. Procedure Various properties of manganese were determined starting with the metal in the original ductile gamma form and following the subsequent changes in its properties as the metal transformed to the brittle alpha form. These observations were made at various temperatures, the data providing information regartling the mechanism of the transformation as well as the effect of temperature 011 the transition rate. Structure and resistivity values gave the most significant results, so this paper is concerned primarily with them. The structure was studied microscopically as well as by X ray diffraction. The resistivity was determined on strips of the metal by measuring the potential drop across a given length of the specimen. Current was passed through the specimen by wires soldered to its ends, and the potential connections were made by wires looped around the specimen near its center. The current was determined by the potential drop across a standard resistor connected in series with the specimen, the potential drop being measured on a potentiometer. In the temperature range from room temperature to 100°C an ordinary drying oven was used to heat the specimen. This was entirely satisfactory except at 100°C, where the time required to heat the specimen was long compared to the transition time, making the initial section of the resistivity curve unsatisfactory. To overcome this limitation, at 100°C and higher a thermostatically controlled oil bath was used to heat the specimens. The block on which the specimen was mountetl was plunged into the hot oil at the start of each test. The heating time was thereby reduced from 5 min. to about 6 sec, and dependable resistivity values could be obtained through 160°C. At this point the whole transition, including the warm-up time for the specimen, required only about 20 sec and it was not considered worth while trying to extend the temperature range further. Aside from the heating problem, the problem of making a sufficient number of accurate resistivity determinations became more and more difficult as the temperature was raised. Using the manually operated potentiometer, 100°C was about as far as it was possible to go. At this temperature and above, a self-balancing photoelectric recording potentiometer was used. Its response was quite rapid, and it proved to be entirely satisfactory all the way through 160°C, where the tests were stopped because of the specimen heating problem rather than any limitation of the potentiometer recorder. The metal used in these tests was prepared at the Salt Lake City laboratory of the Bureau of Mines. The method of preparation is discussed in a paper by Schlain and Prater.3 The sheets were about 2 3/8 by 5 3/16 in. and varied from 10 to 16 mils in thickness. They could be cut readily into pieces suitable for the various tests. X ray and microstructure determinations were made on pieces about 1/8 to 1/4 in. wide and about 1 in. long, while resistivity measurements were made on strips as long as possible and about 55 in. wide. The thickness of each sheet was not uniform over all its surface. This had no bearing on the X ray and microstructure determinations, but sections as nearly uniform and free from flaws as possible were chosen for the resistivity determinations. The gamma manganese was electro-deposited at 30°C, the time of deposition ranging from 5 to 12 hr for each sheet. Whenever possible, the tests were started directly after the metal was stripped from the cathode; otherwise the sheet was placed immediately

Jan 1, 1950

By Clyde E. Williams

THROUGHOUT its history the American iron and steel industry has constantly striven to improve the quality and reduce the cost of its products. No one needs to be told how well it has succeeded. Its success in making steel products at such a low cost has been achieved mainly through large-scale production. While costs have gone down as the rate of production and the degree of mechanization increased, quality of product has been actually improved. Thus high-tonnage records are important only in the light of high quality of the steel. Quality is the watchword! Continual improvement in quality has come as a result of research, not only in the laboratory but in the large commercial units in the plant. In fact, so many operations of the industry are on such a huge scale that experimental work must be done under commercial operating conditions so every progressive steel plant is a research laboratory.

Jan 1, 1938

By W. Klement

By quenching liquid alloys, single-phase solid solutions are obtained in the ranges 0 to 42.0 at. pct Co-Au and 0 to 15 and 75 to about 100 at. pet Co-Cu. Metastable solid solutions are also found in multiphase 42.0 to 49.0 and 69. 0 to about 100 at. pet Co-Au alloys. fie inability to achieve complete solid solubiliiies in Au-co and cu-co alloys is rationalized by a conszderation of the rate processes during cooling and solidification. Trends in lattice distortion and shifts in the compositions of the melting-point minima and critical points are discussed for the binary alloys of copper, silver, and gold with some of the transition metals of the first long period. By rapidly cooling alloys from the melt, a continuous series of metastable solid solutions can often be obtained for components of similar crystal structure which normally form eutectic systems.' The eutectic system Au-Co, Fig. 1, and the peritectic system Cu-Co, Fig. 2, were investigated in order to determine the extent of the metastable solid solutions attainable with the present technique.* EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Most of the alloys were prepared by melting weighed quantities of the elements (purity greater than 99.9 pct) under hydrogen in alumina crucibles by means of induction heating. After reweighing, the alloys were cast under argon into 1 mm diam wires. However, it was not possible to prepare some of the Cu-Co alloys with the requisite homogeneity (over about 1 mm3) in this way. For these alloys, reduced powders (purity greater than 99.9 pct) were mixed for 12 to 48 hr, pressed into compacts that were sintered at 1000º to 1050°C for 6 to 48 hr under hydrogen, and then furnace-cooled. Alloy charges of a few mm3, cut from the cast wires or chipped from the sintered compacts, were heated to 1550º to 1600°C in 30 sec in an alumina insert held within a graphite support and then ejected by a pulse of helium onto a lightly polished copper strip on the inner periphery of a rotating wheel. The

Jan 1, 1963

By R. Maddin, C. H. Mathewson, W. R. Hibbard

Recent publicationsl.2 establishing the presence of cross-slip in strained metallic single crystals oriented wholly within the area of single slip as predicted from the generalizations of Taylor and Elam3 described these markings as they appeared during the initial stages of the deformation process. At that time, the plane having a common glide direction with the primary slipping plane was reported as the cross-slip plane although the specific direction was not confirmed. Consequently, in continuation of the research, it seemed advisable to investigate the micro-graphic appearance of cross-slip together with the Laue back-reflection X ray analysis and stress-strain data during the later stages of the deformation process. Accordingly, a single crystal of brass (72.75 pct Cu, 0.01 pct Fe, 0.01 pct Pb, 27.23 pct Zn) was polished mechanically and repolished electrolytically after the manner described in the earlier paper.' Three pairs of flat surfaces, parallel to the specimen axis, and (1) perpendicular to the plane containing the pole of the primary glide plane and the specimen axis, (2) perpendicular to the plane containing the pole of the cross-slip plane and the specimen axis, and (3) perpendicular to the plane containing the slip direction and the specimen axis, were polished mechanically and repolished electrolytically, resulting in a final minimum gauge diameter of 0.4864 in. in a gauge length of 3.36 in. The specimen was elongated in tension and load-extension readings were taken following the method described in the initial investigation.' Observed reorientations were obtained from a series of Laue back-reflection photograms at the center and ends of the gauge length and at various positions around the circumference of the specimen. These were interpreted after the manner of A. B. Greninger.4 Cross-slip (Fig 1 and 2) was found with the first appearance of the primary slip clusters and usually joined members of these clusters. In addition, a third set of entirely different markings (Fig 3) could be noted. The displacement of this third set by the primary slip lines was measured as 8300 at. diam (3.04 microns). Since the specimen was carefully observed at high magnifications before any deformation and no markings of any type could be noted, it would appear that this third set was formed during the deformation process prior to the initiation of classical primary slip. Additional extensions produced no unusual change in the appearance of either cross-slip or the third set of markings. The number of lines increased with increasing elongation and appeared, generally, in areas where earlier markings were present. The continuity of the clusters of cross-slip lines in Fig 4, 5 and 6 illustrates that they are neither noticeably displaced by nor do they displace the primary lines at this stage. In Fig 7, cross-slip appears in a long narrow localized band approximately 45 degrees from the stress axis. This somewhat resembles a twin band except for the lack of a sharp boundary. After a shear of 0.257, suffcient additional glide occurred on the cross-slip plane to displace the primary slip lines (Fig 8). Generally, where a large number of cross-slip lines could be observed in an area on one flat surface, few cross-slip lines appeared on the diametrically opposite position on the parallel flat (Fig 9). These, of course, were not matched observations on the same glide ellipses. It was extremely difficult to make such comparisons. The third set of markings (Fig 10) was extensively displaced by glide on the primary slip planes. A plot of the width of primary slip clusters versus their displacement of the third set of lines is shown in Fig 11. The slope and the linearity of the plot suggest that each primary glide plane slips to a constant maximum value of shear before further slip is transferred to another plane. A shear value of 0.28 was determined in this case. Heidenreich5 has presented a similar schematic representation of glide for aluminum. After the specimen had attained an elongation of 51.8 pct, corresponding to a shear of 0.973, cross-slip appeared very prominently in certain areas as shown in Fig 12, yet at diametrically opposite positions very little cross-slip could be noted, Fig 13. Classical conjugate slip was found at this advanced stage in the deformation, Fig 14, which corresponds to the axial location shown at 12 in Fig 15. It should be noted that cross-slip occurs within the conjugate slip clusters and on the same plane as the cross-slip associated with the closely spaced primary lines which constitute a background in less distinct focus. The third set of markings noted at all stages in the deformation of the

Jan 1, 1950

By Allen J. Johnson

Anthracite coals have been divided into three groups: (I) meta-anthracite, a high-carbon coal that is usually very slow to kindle and difficult to burn, at least on conventional equipment; (2) anthracite, a high-carbon low-volatile coal of widely accepted value as both a domestic and industrial fuel; and (3) semianthracite, a coal lying between anthracite and bituminous coal in carbon and volatile content, and also, generally speaking, in burning characteristics. Anthracite Groupings The technical differentiation between these groups, as defined by the A.S.A.-A.S.T.M. Sectional Committee on the Classification of Coals, is as shown in Table I. Tables 2 and 3 show typical analyses of anthracites and semianthracites and Figs. I to 3 show graphically the range of analytical samples. Table 4 shows the commercial sizes of coals. Meta-anthracite and Graphitic Anthracite Typical analyses from virtually every field in the United States indicate that there are few if any extensive deposits of meta-anthracite. Some of the anthracites of Rhode Island contain almost negligible quantities of volatile and would thus fall into the meta-anthracite grouping on a basis of analyses alone. However, their other characteristics indicate that it is doubtful whether they should be considered as fuels at all, but rather as graphite. In fact, this material is being mined for use as foundry facings and furnace linings.4 A typical analysis of Fenners Lodge graphite,4 from Rhode Island, is: graphitic carbon, 55.9 per cent; silica (ash), 40.6; sulphur, 1.6; moisture, 1.9; volatile, o. Other Rhode Island coals possess percentages of volatile that would throw them into the normal anthracite rather than the meta-anthracite class. However, this "volatile" is nearly all noncombustible,3,4 being composed almost entirely of carbon dioxide and inert gases, therefore its definition as volatile is open to discussion, leaving the exact classification of the fuel a moot question. One factor is certain, Rhode Island coal is so different from nor-mal anthracite in both analysis and burning characteristics that it should have a

Jan 1, 1944

By Allen J. Johnson

Anthracite coals have been divided into three groups: (I) meta-anthracite, a high-carbon coal that is usually very slow to kindle and difficult to burn, at least on conventional equipment; (2) anthracite, a high-carbon low-volatile coal of widely accepted value as both a domestic and industrial fuel; and (3) semianthracite, a coal lying between anthracite and bituminous coal in carbon and volatile content, and also, generally speaking, in burning characteristics. Anthracite Groupings The technical differentiation between these groups, as defined by the A.S.A.-A.S.T.M. Sectional Committee on the Classification of Coals, is as shown in Table I. Tables 2 and 3 show typical analyses of anthracites and semianthracites and Figs. I to 3 show graphically the range of analytical samples. Table 4 shows the commercial sizes of coals. Meta-anthracite and Graphitic Anthracite Typical analyses from virtually every field in the United States indicate that there are few if any extensive deposits of meta-anthracite. Some of the anthracites of Rhode Island contain almost negligible quantities of volatile and would thus fall into the meta-anthracite grouping on a basis of analyses alone. However, their other characteristics indicate that it is doubtful whether they should be considered as fuels at all, but rather as graphite. In fact, this material is being mined for use as foundry facings and furnace linings.4 A typical analysis of Fenners Lodge graphite,4 from Rhode Island, is: graphitic carbon, 55.9 per cent; silica (ash), 40.6; sulphur, 1.6; moisture, 1.9; volatile, o. Other Rhode Island coals possess percentages of volatile that would throw them into the normal anthracite rather than the meta-anthracite class. However, this "volatile" is nearly all noncombustible,3,4 being composed almost entirely of carbon dioxide and inert gases, therefore its definition as volatile is open to discussion, leaving the exact classification of the fuel a moot question. One factor is certain, Rhode Island coal is so different from nor-mal anthracite in both analysis and burning characteristics that it should have a

Jan 1, 1944

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

I. Oxides of Silicon. 11. Oxides of the Semi-Metals : Tellurium, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth ; also Molybdenum, Tungsten. III. Oxides of the Metals. The Fifth Class, that of the OXIDES, is subdivided into three sections, according to the positive element present. The oxides of the non-metal silicon are placed by themselves, but it will be noted that the compounds of the related element titanium are included with those of the metals proper. This last is made necessary by the fact that in one of its forms TiOz is isomorphous with MnOp and PbOz. A series of oxygen compounds which are properly to be viewed as salts, e.g., the species of the Spinel Group and a few others, are for convenience also included in this class.

Jan 1, 1922

Abrahamson. Guy C., (S'43) Univ. of California, Berkeley. Calif. ' Abrego, Alfredo, (S'43) Texas College of Mines Metallurgy, El Paso, Texas. Adamec, Lew, (S'42) c/o Braden Copper Co., Ran¬cagua, Chile. Adams, Charles E., (S'42) Box 1527, Stockton, Calif. Adams, John W? (S'42) Asst. Petr. Engr., Vander¬ bilt Dist., Magnolia Pets. Co., Edna. Texas. Adams, Karl S., (S'43) Univ. of New Ha mpshire, Durham; N. H. Adamson, Charles R., (S'41) Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. Aguilar, Ruperto G., (S'43) Texas College of Mines, El Paso,. Texas. Almone, Francis M., (S'41) Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada. Ainge, Ronald Farra, (S'43) Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand. Akarun, Cevdet A., (S'44) Pennsylvania State College, State College. Pa.

Jan 1, 1944

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period of Apr. 10, 1918, to May 10, 1918. BALLARD, JOHN I Supt., Cable Mining Corpn., Cable, Mont. BURKMAN, JOHN M. F., Constr. Engr., U. S. Smelt. Refin. & Min. Co., Care -University Club, Mexico City, D. F. CALLEN, ALFRED COPELAND, Head, Mining Engineering Dept., West Virginia University Morgantown, W. Va. CHADWICK, LAWRENCE, Chem., Mt. Elliott Copper Co., Ltd., Selwyn, via Townsville, North Queensland, Australia. CODY, FRANK W., Skimmer, Reverberatory Furnace, Arizona Copper Co., Clifton, Ariz. COOLBAUGH, MELVILLE F., Prof. of Chem., Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo. DODGE, ALLAN WAYNE The Dodge Agency, 104 East Iron Ave., Salina, bans. DONNELLY, LEONARD G., Pet. Geol., Sinclair Oil & Gas Co., Sinclair Bldg., Tulsa, Okla.

Jan 6, 1918

US 4,181,520 - Direct reduction of iron oxide ore to sponge iron in a rotary kiln. Ore is fed into the kiln along with coal briquettes and passed through a preheating zone and then a reducing zone countercurrent to the flow of a kiln atmosphere which includes air or other oxygen-containing gas. The agglomerated coal is heated at such a rate that it disintegrates into fine particles in the preheating zone. The coal is largely recovered for reuse, while reduction is effected with a reducing flame rather than the coal. G. Reuter and W. Schnabel, assigned to Metallgesellschaft AG. Jan. 1, 1980. 6 pp. (75-36). Filed- 10-19-78 (952,870). Priority: West Germany, 1-14-75 (2,501,182). Same: British 1,532,969, dated Nov 22, 1978.

Jan 1, 1982

By H. H. Reamer, B. H. Sage

Attempts have been made to predict the volumetric and phase behavior of naturally occurring hydrocarbon mix-turesl-6 but these methods have not been extended to the higher pressures and tem-peratures that are currently encountered in some producing formations. Furthermore, the methods of prediction at present avail-able have not been tested in a sufficient number of cases to ensure their applica-bility to all naturally occurring hydrocar-bon mixtures, even at the lower pressures and temperatures. For these reasons the behavior of a number of hydrocarbon mix-tures from a field in which the subsurface pressures are above 4500 lb. per sq. in.t and the temperatures are in the neighbor-hood of 250°F. was investigated. Method The objective of this program was to determine the volumetric behavior of ma-terial as it existed in the reservoir as a function of pressure, temperature and com-position. Strictly speaking, this cannot be accomplished in any simple fashion. How- ever, the variations in composition that are encountered within a producing reservoir may be approximated roughly by means of mixtures made up of two arbitrarily chosen constituents. Experience indicates that the liquid and gas phases from a high-pressure gas trap afford a simple source of material for this purpose. Throughout this discus-sion the samples of the gas phase and liquid phase from the production trap will be called the "trap-gas sample" and the "trap-liquid sample," respectively. The volumetric behavior of both of the trap samples was determined throughout the temperature interval between 100" and 250°F. at pressures up to 5000 lb. per sq. in. In addition, the behavior of eight different mixtures containing varying proportions of the two trap samples was studied throughout the same temperature and pressure intervals. The experimental results yielded information concerning the specific volume of the material as a function of pressure, temperature and the relative quantity of the trap samples. The relative amount of each of the paraffin hydrocarbons of lower molecular weight than n-hexane was determined for each of the trap samples. In addition, the specific weight, viscosity and average molecular weight of the hexanes-and-heavier fraction of the trap-liquid sample were determined as well as similar information for each of five fractions separated from this material by distillation. From these data the weight fractions of each of the components from methane through pentane were determined for the trap samples and eight systematically chosen mixtures. Materials The gas and liquid samples were obtained from the production trap of a well in the Rio Bravo field in California during the fall of 1939. Information concerning the condi- 70

Jan 1, 1941