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By G. A. Baird

With the exception of eight wildcat completions, which were unsuccessful and abandoned, all of the 1935 new drilling was performed in the proven fields. As of Dec. 31, 1935, 22 drilling rigs were in operation, of which 9 were at wildcat locations and the remainder were being used in new drilling in proven fields; in addition, 25 workover rigs (exclusive of cleanout rigs) were operating, all in the major fields. Production of Crude Oil.—Notwithstanding the considerable decrease in new completions during 1935 as compared with 1934, crude production mounted to a new high of 148,893,225 bbl., clean oil at 60' F., representing an increase of 12,532,579 bbl. over the previous record year, 1934, total of 136,360,646 bbl. This increase was due: (1) to the flush production

Jan 1, 1936

By Arthur F. Taggart, Nathaniel Arbiter

The fact that the floatability of minerals with fatty-acid collectors changes as the pH of a pulp varies was utilized in the early days of flotation, when sulphuric acid was used with oleic acid to float sphalerite and galena. from gangues which themselves float with fatty acids in alkaline pulps. Gaudin1 showed that this difference in floatability is a regular function of the extent of the change in pH. The present paper offers an explanation of the phenomenon, and on the basis thereof sets up recommendations for control of soap-flotation operations. Experimental Parallelism between floatability of a mineral in a given environment and its contact angle in that environment is so well established,2 and the contact angle is so readily and rapidly measurable, that contact angles have been used throughout the experimental work to indicate relative floatability. Experiments comprised contact-angle measurements on a number of representative minerals and metals, and a variety of subsidiary tests designed to check and to amplify the contact-angle indications. Contact-angle measurements were made by the method described in detail by del Giudice.3 Sequence of procedure for determination of the points of Fig. I was: I. Polish specimen. Most specimens yielded zero contact angle after polishing; a few showed a slight "cling." Cling is characteristic of specimens that pit on polishing; it is due to a residue of organic contamination, originally on the particle surface, which persists in the pits. The cling did not change total contact angle after conditioning, and is not, therefore, additive in the upper part of the curves of Fig. I. It may have broadened the bases of the curves for the affected minerals slightly. 2. The specimen was next conditioned in soap solution for 5 minutes. 3. The conditioned particle was transferred, under conditions that precluded surface drying, to an aqueous solution of the pH desired and contact angle determined. 4. The particle was thereupon transferred, again without surface drying, to water. The confirmatory tests will be described at the places pertinent in the argument. Discussion of Results Gaudin and Vincent4 have shown that contact angles with heptoic acid as a collector decrease for a given specimen when the concentration of collector present falls below a certain value. A similar reduction in angle occurs with collector-conditioned particles that are visibly slime-coated, and varies roughly with the extent of coating. Since in the last case the reduction in angle is certainly due to reduction in the proportion of total conditioned mineral surface presented to the bubble, the authors believe that the same condition prevails in the first case cited, and that similar reduction in angle and floatability will occur whenever starvation quantities of collector are present, whether by design or by reason of excessive consumption.

Jan 1, 1943

By Nathaniel Arbiter, Arthur F. Taggart

The fact that the floatability of minerals with fatty-acid collectors changes as the pH of a pulp varies was utilized in the early days of flotation, when sulphuric acid was used with oleic acid to float sphalerite and galena. from gangues which themselves float with fatty acids in alkaline pulps. Gaudin1 showed that this difference in floatability is a regular function of the extent of the change in pH. The present paper offers an explanation of the phenomenon, and on the basis thereof sets up recommendations for control of soap-flotation operations. Experimental Parallelism between floatability of a mineral in a given environment and its contact angle in that environment is so well established,2 and the contact angle is so readily and rapidly measurable, that contact angles have been used throughout the experimental work to indicate relative floatability. Experiments comprised contact-angle measurements on a number of representative minerals and metals, and a variety of subsidiary tests designed to check and to amplify the contact-angle indications. Contact-angle measurements were made by the method described in detail by del Giudice.3 Sequence of procedure for determination of the points of Fig. I was: I. Polish specimen. Most specimens yielded zero contact angle after polishing; a few showed a slight "cling." Cling is characteristic of specimens that pit on polishing; it is due to a residue of organic contamination, originally on the particle surface, which persists in the pits. The cling did not change total contact angle after conditioning, and is not, therefore, additive in the upper part of the curves of Fig. I. It may have broadened the bases of the curves for the affected minerals slightly. 2. The specimen was next conditioned in soap solution for 5 minutes. 3. The conditioned particle was transferred, under conditions that precluded surface drying, to an aqueous solution of the pH desired and contact angle determined. 4. The particle was thereupon transferred, again without surface drying, to water. The confirmatory tests will be described at the places pertinent in the argument. Discussion of Results Gaudin and Vincent4 have shown that contact angles with heptoic acid as a collector decrease for a given specimen when the concentration of collector present falls below a certain value. A similar reduction in angle occurs with collector-conditioned particles that are visibly slime-coated, and varies roughly with the extent of coating. Since in the last case the reduction in angle is certainly due to reduction in the proportion of total conditioned mineral surface presented to the bubble, the authors believe that the same condition prevails in the first case cited, and that similar reduction in angle and floatability will occur whenever starvation quantities of collector are present, whether by design or by reason of excessive consumption.

Jan 1, 1943

By HORACE V. WlNCHELL

Location. THE St. Helens mining-district, indicated in sketch-map, Fig. 1, is chiefly in Townships 9 and 10 North, Ranges 5 and 6 East, of the Willamette meridian, in Skamania county, Wash. There is no railroad or even a wagon-road at present connecting it with any base of supplies; access is usually by wagon-road for FIG. I.-SKETCH-MAP OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. about 50 miles from the town of Castle Rock to Spirit lake, and from that point by pony-trail from 6 to 10 miles farther. History. Nearly 20 years ago two German farmers, totally inexperienced in prospecting, penetrated this region upon a hunting and fishing-trip. Their attention was drawn to numerous joints and crevices filled with black, glistening tourmaline, and con-

Oct 1, 1912

By D. C. Livingston

The Pilares de Nacozari mine is located ill Sonora, 75 miles south of Douglas, Ariz. The town of Douglas is on the International Boundary and is the place at which the ores from the Bisbee mines are smelted. The Moctezuma Copper Co. owns the mines at Nacozari, and the copper-concentrates shipped to the Copper Queen smelter, at Douglas, make a good smelting-mixture with the Bisbee ores. The Moctezuma Copper Co. and the Copper Queen smelter at Douglas, as well as the railroad from Douglas to Nacozari, are owned by the Phelps, Dodge & Co. The ore-deposit occurs in the form of a large ellipse with a major axis of approximately 2,000 ft. and a minor axis of about 600 ft., the major axis bearing about 9" W. of N. The

Jan 1, 1913

By Henry Fernald

THE accounting system or bookkeeping methods of any company are principally the concern of that company and of those who are in control of its affairs. Its published financial report is, however, primarily intended for those who are not already fully informed regarding its operations and finances. Whatever may be the advantages of standardization of accounting and bookkeeping methods, it must be admitted that a company has a certain right to handle its accounts and keep its books and records in whatever manner may seem to it best adapted to its affairs, even though such methods may differ materially from those generally adopted by others. In its financial reports it should not, however, either ask or expect that the statements it makes or the terms which it uses will be given in its case a meaning and interpretation different from that which they are ordinarily considered to have in similar reports and statements of other companies. The particular form and arrangement of such reports is a matter concerning which there may be much difference of opinion. It is of little importance whether current assets come first or last in the Balance Sheet, but it is important that there should not be included under this designation any items which are not properly current assets within the generally accepted meaning of that term. The extent to which stockholders or others interested are to be made acquainted with the full details of a company's business is a question which the proper authorities must in each case decide. It should, however, be recognized that there are certain facts regarding a mining com-pany which must be set forth in a financial statement if it is fully to cover the conditions and affairs of the company. For example, a financial, statement which does not include or is not accompanied by a statement, of the ore reserves of the company does not fully set forth its financial condition. This is true whether the absence of such a statement of ore reserves is because it is not desired to make public the figures or whether it is because the ore reserves themselves are not definitely known, or accurately measured.

Jan 1, 1928

By R. R. French

Investigations were conducted by the lndiana Geological Survey for some dry methods of bene-ficiating low-grade gypsum ore. Seventy-two batch and continuous flow tests were performed with a roller mill, rod mill, pebble mill, electronic color sorter, electrostatic separator, and an air separator. Approximately 650 size analyses and 550 chemical analyses were performed during the investigation. Batch samples were tested by the Survey, and most of the continuous flow tests were handled by com-mercial laboratories. INTRODUCTION Although many companies producing gypsum have been interested in dry beneficiation, very little information has been published in the past. One of the most comprehensive investigations was reported by the Canadian Department of Mines.5 Other reports of interest have been published by the Canadian Department of Mines,' the South Australian Department of Mines,2 and the U.S. Bureau of Mines.3 Some beneficiating practices, such as hand picking, selective mining, crushing and screening, milling, and air classifying, were already in use in the Canadian industry prior to MacPherson's investigations.5 MacPherson examined the effect of tabling, air separation, screening, flotation, electrostatic separation, calcining, washing, and various types of milling, in his efforts to eliminate dolomite, limestone, and small amounts of silica and clay from the gypsum ore. RAW MATERIAL Gypsum and anhydrite occur within the lower part of the St. Louis Limestone (Mississippian) in southwestern Indiana. Gypsum in single beds 10 or more ft thick occur at Shoals, Martin County; near Freedom, Owen County; near Bloomfield, Greene County; and in the Devonian strata of LaPorte County. Only the Shoals deposit has been exploited commercially. The western edge of the Shoals deposit is contaminated by a continuous bed of shale, about 1 1/2 to 2 ft thick, near the top of the evaporite and by thin continuous strata or irregular masses of carbonate rock. The low-grade material used in these investigations was obtained from the waste pile of the National Gypsum Co.'s plant at Shoals. The waste ore averaged about 67.4% gypsum and was contaminated by various amounts of shale, dolomite, and limestone. All the material had been previously crushed and screened to minus 1 1/4 to plus 3/8 in. X-ray analyses of powdered, sedimentated, gly-colated, and heat-treated samples of the shale showed that it was composed of slightly structurally disordered illite, Fe-rich chlorite, and very finegrained disseminated silt. The clays and silt were partly cemented with carbonate material. Light-gray argillaceous limestone and gray or brown porous dolomite made up most of the carbonate rock contamination. Crushing Characteristics: The rate unweathered gypsum, carbonate rock, and shale reduce in size was determined by crushing handpicked samples in a rod mill and screening at minus 100 mesh (.0059 in.). Fig. 1 graphically represents the data. These data indicate that carbonate rock should be relatively easy to separate from gypsum, but that shale should be difficult to separate from gypsum by differential crushing. Controlled Samples: Eight rod mill tests of hand-picked samples of mixed gypsum and shale and mixed gypsum and carbonate rock were made. Sample weight and crushing weight were standardized, but the scalping screen size was varied from 3 to 10 mesh (.265 to .0787 in.) in order to obtain the optimum purity and recovery. The data obtained from the tests (see Table I) illustrate that the relatively hard carbonate rock allows appreciable beneficiation (13.6 to 18%), but the low strength gypsum and shale allows only minimal separation (3.1 to 7.5%).* Semi control led Samples: During the investigation considerable slaking of the shale was noted when the ore was subjected to alternate wetting and drying. As demonstrated in laboratory tests, as much as 76% shale can be removed by two cycles of wetting and drying in a 48-hour period with subsequent screening at .265 in. Five ore samples, stockpiled and weathered, were screened, rod-mill crushed and rescreened at .157 or .187 in. with excellent results (Table 11).

Jan 1, 1967

By R. C. Nelson, T. L. Weaver, A. I. Michals

This paper describes the design and performance of an apparatus for making continuous nondestructive resistance measurements throughout a spool of fine wire. Highly reproducible results on clean and graphite coated tungsten and rnolybdenum wires from 1 to 9.5 mil are presented. A linear relation between resistance and wire weight (per standard length) was obtained on clean wires, but only on those coated wires with very uniform coatings. Results indicating a correlation between tensile strength, hardness, and resistivity are reported. THE increasing demand for greater uniformity in fine tungsten and molybdenum wires destined for use as mandrels, grids, and coils in radio tubes and as filaments in light bulbs has rendered inadequate the standard (sampling) approach to the control of wire diameter and other physical properties. This ap-

Jan 1, 1961

By H. J. Modi, P. L. De Bruyn

IN recent years interest has been aroused in flotation rate studies both from a technical and a more practical aspect. With increasing fineness of grind becoming a necessity in treatment of low grade ores, difference:; in flotation rates of various size ranges will assume importance in the evaluation of overall recovery results. Theoretical analysis of flotation kinetics was initiated by Schuhmann,' who sought to define flotation rate of a given mineral and specified size range in terms of certain physical variables of the flotation system. Using as a basis for his analysis the bubble-particle encounter hypothesis previously advanced by Gaudin,' Schuhmann writes for the rate of flotation (R,.) of particles of average size x, Rx = PcPa(x) V F. [1] In this relation Pc and Pa represent, respectively, the probability of collision between particle and gas bubble in a given time interval and the probability of adhesion of particle to the bubble after collision. Rigorously speaking, the term PC does not have the significance of a probability factor, since it depends on the time interval and therefore can be numerically greater than unity. The term c(x) expresses the concentration of particles of an average size x in the flotation cell in weight per unit volume of pulp, and V denotes the total volume of pulp in the cell. The product, P,c(x)V, defines the frequency of particle-bubble collisl.on, and when it is multiplied by P,, the number of collisions per unit time resulting in successful adherence is obtained. The factor, F, measures the froth stability and is introduced because after fruitful bubble-particle contact some particles may still riot reach the froth launder. Coalescence of bubbles in the froth column or too short a bubble life could account for this effect. Schuhmann also introduced the concept of "specific flotation rate" (Q) to allow for the relative abundance of different mineral species in the flotation pulp. The specific flotation rate, having the dimension of reciprocal time, is defined as Eq. 2: Qx =Rx/c(x)v [2] and it also follows from Eq. 1 that Qx = PcPaF. [31 The theoretical aspects of flotation kinetics were also considered by Sutherland,3 who tried to improve Eq. 1 by expressing the probability factors in terms of such physical variables as particle radius (x), bubble radius (X), velocity of bubble relative to particle (v), the number of bubbles per unit volume of pulp (N) and the induction period (A) necessary for air-mineral adhesion. According to Sutherland's treatment, the rate equation, Eq. 1, transforms to R, = [3pX x v N] [sech2 (3 v ?/4 X) ] ?c(x) V [4] where the first term in brackets on the right-hand

Jan 1, 1957

By J. E. Owen

EXPERIMENTS on twenty-six drilling muds were carried out in an effort to establish a correlation between the apparent viscosity values for these muds as obtained with the Marsh funnel and the Stormer viscometer. This required a calibration of both instruments in which the density of the calibrating liquids was taken into account. Corresponding to the Marsh-funnel viscosity values that were obtained at 1500 c.c. in, 1 qt. out, equivalent Stormer viscosity values were obtained at a Stormer cylinder test speed of approximately 1100 r.p.m. Further, a linear relation between the logarithms of the Stormer cylinder test speed and the resulting apparent viscosity was found to exist for the muds tested for 200 to 1000 r.p.m. The significance of the slope of this linear relationship is discussed as it applies to the field use of drilling muds. It was concluded that Marsh-funnel viscosity measurements are expressible in absolute units that may be correlated with Stormer viscosity measurements, provided these are made in the manner described in the paper. INTRODUCTION The Marsh funnel is used almost universally to determine the viscosity of drilling muds in the field. The Stormer viscometer is commonly used to determine the viscosity of drilling muds in the laboratory. With the Marsh funnel, the time required for one quart of mud to flow out of the funnel originally filled with 1500 c.c. is often taken as the measurement of viscosity. With the Stormer instrument, drilling mud is tested at a cylinder speed of 600 r.p.m. and by means of calibration data the apparent viscosity is expressed in absolute units. Neither of these instruments is an absolute viscometer, and apparent viscosities obtained with either are influenced by the arbitrarily standardized conditions under which the measurements are made. It is disconcerting to the man in the field to be told that laboratory measurements of the viscosities of a group of muds differ widely, when he has already observed that they have identical viscosities when tested in the Marsh funnel. Drilling muds are not perfect fluids, therefore it is not surprising to find a lack of correlation between the apparent viscosity of a mud as determined with the Marsh funnel and that determined with the Stormer viscometer. The work described here was undertaken to develop a correlation between Marsh-funnel and Stormer viscosity measurements. To a considerable degree this has been accomplished. This study has resulted not only in a better understanding of the two viscosity instruments and the data obtainable from them, but has given considerable information regarding the viscosity characteristics of drilling muds. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Calibration of Harsh Funnel and Stormer Viscometer The first step in the experimental procedure was the calibration of the Marsh funnel and the Stormer viscometer with

Jan 1, 1941

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Jan 1, 1938

By J. E. Tobey, David R. Mitchell, J. H. Kerrick

DETAILED knowledge of purchase specifications established by coal consumers is essential to the successful design and operation of a coal-preparation plant. ANTHRACITE Specifications should be considered by both the consumer and the producer as guide posts outlining a certain path for both to follow. Plants differ, therefore specifications must differ to meet the varied requirements. Specifications are not of themselves a "cure all" or an assurance of complete satisfaction in fuel utilization. Specifications should not be regarded as a license to engage in an orgy of buying any and all coals that may happen to fall within their limits. This would lead to the indiscriminate mixing of coals which may vary in their burning characteristics. Different coals of equal grade tend to be individualistic in their burning characteristics. Rather, specifications should be used to help simplify coal selection, to reduce the actual number of coals used over a given period; in other words, to have a stabilizing influence on coal or customer turnover. In the final analysis, the use of too many coals per year in a plant is costly to both the consumer and the producer. Too many sources usually result in higher operating and maintenance costs for the consumer and higher sales costs for the producer. Finally, the statement included in the report accompanying the com¬prehensive Coal Selection Charts prepared by the Coal Committee of the National Association of Purchasing Agents, and released in 1938, is significant. This Committee worked diligently for a period of 15 years seeking to find a scientific and reliable method for selecting coals. The two following paragraphs are quoted from its report: More important is the fact that no ready-made classification or set of specifications can possibly replace the judgment and resourcefulness of an experienced combustion engineer or fuel technologist, nor the usual need for full scale plant tests under the exact conditions of use before a final decision is made ...

Jan 1, 1943

By Lucien Eaton

INCREASED mining activity during the past year has brought to light changes in mining practice and advances in technique, born and incubated in the period of depression from which the mining industry is now emerging. Although the tendency toward large output from individual mines has continued, a salutary trend is evident toward greater efficiency at small mines, in which the gold mines of Canada have led the way. Improvement in excavating machinery and washing plants for small placers has continued, and knowledge of the possibilities and limitations of this kind of equipment has increased. Greater portability through sectionalization has been the keynote. Power, shovels and draglines mounted on caterpillar treads move from one deposit to another under their own power, and floating washing plants mounted on pontoons can be taken down, moved, and set up again by a small crew of men in only a few days.

Jan 1, 1937

By Walter Remmers

THE fact that gray iron increases in volume, cracks and distorts upon repeated heating and cooling is rather common knowledge. In ingot molds, Diesel engine pistons, carburizing boxes, continuous furnace parts, grate bars, stoker parts, and all castings that are subjected repeatedly to high and low temperatures, the phenomenon of growth presents a vital problem. Ingot molds distort and produce cracks which result in seams or laps and later appear as defects in the finished product. The heads of Diesel pistons frequently fail by cracking in a stellar shape. This is attributed usually to the result of permanent growth. Distortion and change of dimension of furnace parts frequently renders them entirely unusuable. In chain grate stokers, mechanical difficulties frequently are caused by the growth of the links. In proper operation these links should never attain a temperature sufficiently high to start growth; nevertheless, some have grown 1/8 in. on an 8-in. length when improperly operated. Even though the phenomenon is generally known there still exists a deficiency in the explanation of the mechanism of this growth. The field of investigators of this subject has a decided variation in opinion concerning the causes. The problem is of sufficient importance therefore to warrant further consideration.

Jan 1, 1930

By A. C. Dittrick

THE Simon-Carves washer, originally known as the Baum jig washer, was first built in Europe about 1892. It was probably the first washer to use intermittent pressure of air on water in one part of the wash box to obtain water pulsations in another part. This type of washer was also the first to successfully clean various sizes in the same unit. Previous practice was to size closely before washing. Today there are several large firms abroad, and a few in the United States, that are constructing the Baum type washer. The design of all is practically the same, their differences being only in details. In 1928, the Hanna Coal Co. first gave consideration to the question of coal cleaning. It was believed at that time that by efficient removal of so-called noncombustibles appearing in the Pittsburgh No. 8 seam, certain markets that had been lost due to poor preparation might be recovered. Mechanical cleaning and mechanical loading were under consideration. This type of cleaning was considered the most practical means of removing impurities in the sizes below 4 in. It was decided to adopt mechanical cleaning and develop a system of mechanical loading that would be successful on No. 8 coal.

Jan 1, 1935

By J. R. Long, T. R. Graham, R. S. Dean

FOLLOWING the development of elec¬trolytic manganese production by the Bureau of Mines, an extensive program was planned to study the character of this high-purity product and its possible utilization in various alloy combinations. Previous work reported in the literature concerning alloys containing substantial amounts of manganese dealt largely with material prepared from relatively impure grades of the metal, and in many instances the impurities thus introduced did not permit true evaluation of manganese as an alloying element. One phase of the Bureau's program included a general review of the system and the establishment of the physical properties of copper-manganese-zinc alloys, using electrolytic manganese, and with particular emphasis directed to com¬positions within the alpha solid solution area. A number of reports of the work on alloys in this system, giving specific data concerning the equilibrium system and some of its alloys, have already been published. One study1 established the alpha solid solution area at various temperature levels and composition ranges up to 50 pct manganese. Other investigation reports presented the properties of selected alloys; namely, a 65 pct copper, 10 pct manganese, 25 pct zinc alloys' a sensibly white manganese brass composed of 70 pct copper, 20 pct manganese, 10 pct zinc,3 and a series of alloys with a constant copper content of 60 pct and 5 to 25 pct manganese, balance zinc.4 In these reports tensile properties as influenced by cold-working and subsequent annealing were given in detail. Additional data are now available on other alloys of the alpha region up to 50 pct manganese, and these, together with previously published information, are sufficiently complete to establish the relationship between properties and composition for this portion of the ternary system. The present report is a summary of the tensile properties of wrought alloys in the form of sheet and rod stock. The summary is necessarily limited to data for only one condition of cold-work and a single annealing temperature, since a complete exposition of all the data available would be too extensive for this presentation. Nevertheless, it is possible to make a reasonable approximation of the tensile properties in other conditions of cold-working and annealing by a correlation of the data previously presented on specific alloys and the data given here.

Jan 1, 1947

Jan 1, 1885

By E. A. Peretti

BEFORE embarking on a detailed investigation of the system indium-antimony-bismuth, experiments were carried out to determine the existence of quasi-binary sections. The bordering binary systems are known1 and show the occurrence of three intermetallic binary species corresponding closely to InSb, InBi and In2Bi. Attention was focused on the low-indium end of the ternary diagram where the possible quasi-binary sections, excluding ternary compound formation, would involve the pairs: InSb-Bi, InBi-Sb and InSb-InBi. The latter pair revealed itself as a true quasi-binary, so it was investigated fully by thermal analysis, x-ray and microscopic examinations. All compositions were made by proper combination of three elements involved. The indium had a guaranteed purity of 99.97 pet; the antimony contained 99.99 pet Sb, and the bismuth had a purity of 99.99 pet. Alloys were made by melting together antimony, bismuth and indium in evacuated, sealed pyrex-glass tubes at a temperature of 600°C with vigorous agitation. The melts, weighing about 80 grams, were allowed to freeze in the sealed tubes and finally were transferred to glass tubes for the taking of cooling and heating curves. A protective atmosphere of helium was used, and the melts were stirred mechanically while cooling at rates of from 0.5 to 3°C per min. Temperatures were measured with a calibrated chromel-alumel thermocouple and were recorded graphically on a Minneapolis-Honeywell extended-range recorder working in conjunction with a Leeds and Northrup type K-2 potentiometer. Conventional polishing techniques gave satisfactory results in preparing specimens for microscopic examination. Etching was carried out with Vilella's reagent or aqueous mixtures of chromic oxide with either nitric acid or sulfuric acid plus dichromate. Conclusions deduced from the thermal analysis and microscopic examinations were confirmed by X-ray photograms using Co-K alpha radiation. The phase diagram is shown in Fig. 1. The liqui-dus consists of an uninterrupted line running from the freezing point of InSb (525°C) to a eutectic point experimentally indistinguishable from the freezing point of InBi (110°C). X-ray patterns of the InSb show a slight expansion of the lattice with the addition of InBi, and microscopic work indicated the solid solubility of InBi in InSb to be less than 0.5 pet at room temperature. Acknowledgment We wish to thank the Indium Corporation of America for the loan of the indium used in this investigation. References 1 E. A. Peretti and S. C. Carapella, Jr.: Trans. ASM., 1949, vol. 41, P. 947. T. S. Liu and E. A. Peretti: Trans. ASM, 1952, vol. 44, p. 539. Metals Reference Book, vol. 1, 2nd ed., AIME, p. 345.

Jan 1, 1959

By Warren E. Wilson

The transportation of solids in pipe lines is a matter of deep concern in many fields of engineering. Much experimental and theoretical work has been done in an effort to devise means of designing pipe lines that will satisfactorily transport given solid loads, but there remain many unanswered questions in this field. The present discussion will be confined to a rather narrow portion of this field and will endeavor to point out certain factors that may well be considered when comparing the relative economy of various installations. The data have been presented previously but a new interpretation was prompted by a suggestion in a paper by Professor O'Brien,1 of the University of California, that the friction work per pound of dry material should be considered in determining the relative efficiency of various installations. This method of considering relative economy in various pipe lines leads to some rather unexpected conclusions, especially with reference to the economy of large pipe sizes. A previous suggestion by the writer3 concerning the economy of a rather peculiar type of installation is strengthened. It is not believed that the considerations set forth herein apply directly in the case of dredge lines, where economy is largely a matter of a high rate of pumping in order to reduce the unit overhead charge. However, it is believed that some value may be gained from these considerations in cases involving the disposal of a fixed amount of solids per unit time with a minimum expenditure of energy and at a low cost for replacement of worn pipes. Such situations are not uncommon in the disposal of mill tailings and the disposal of solids deposited from irrigation waters. It was found that data leading to general conclusions for various pipe sizes were not available but certain definite trends are indicated and methods of analyzing available data are presented in the hope that they may be of assistance in preparing engineering estimates on designs of pipe lines of the type described above. Energy Requirements Carrying out the idea contained in ' Professor O'Brien's paper concerning the method of computing energy required to transport solids, the following analysis leads to some rather interesting conclusions. Let us represent: Solids load in term of mass per unit time by W Ratio of mass of suspended solids to total mass of mixture flowing by p Volume rate of flow of mixture by Q Length of pipe by L slope of energy grade line by s Mass per unit volume of solids by m. Mass Per unit volume of liquid by mi Mass per unit volume of mixture by mm We then have as an expression for the solids load: W = pQmm The work done per unit mass, P, on the mixture to move it along the pipe the

Jan 1, 1948

By Warren E. Wilson

The transportation of solids in pipe lines is a matter of deep concern in many fields of engineering. Much experimental and theoretical work has been done in an effort to devise means of designing pipe lines that will satisfactorily transport given solid loads, but there remain many unanswered questions in this field. The present discussion will be confined to a rather narrow portion of this field and will endeavor to point out certain factors that may well be considered when comparing the relative economy of various installations. The data have been presented previously but a new interpretation was prompted by a suggestion in a paper by Professor O'Brien,1 of the University of California, that the friction work per pound of dry material should be considered in determining the relative efficiency of various installations. This method of considering relative economy in various pipe lines leads to some rather unexpected conclusions, especially with reference to the economy of large pipe sizes. A previous suggestion by the writer3 concerning the economy of a rather peculiar type of installation is strengthened. It is not believed that the considerations set forth herein apply directly in the case of dredge lines, where economy is largely a matter of a high rate of pumping in order to reduce the unit overhead charge. However, it is believed that some value may be gained from these considerations in cases involving the disposal of a fixed amount of solids per unit time with a minimum expenditure of energy and at a low cost for replacement of worn pipes. Such situations are not uncommon in the disposal of mill tailings and the disposal of solids deposited from irrigation waters. It was found that data leading to general conclusions for various pipe sizes were not available but certain definite trends are indicated and methods of analyzing available data are presented in the hope that they may be of assistance in preparing engineering estimates on designs of pipe lines of the type described above. Energy Requirements Carrying out the idea contained in ' Professor O'Brien's paper concerning the method of computing energy required to transport solids, the following analysis leads to some rather interesting conclusions. Let us represent: Solids load in term of mass per unit time by W Ratio of mass of suspended solids to total mass of mixture flowing by p Volume rate of flow of mixture by Q Length of pipe by L slope of energy grade line by s Mass per unit volume of solids by m. Mass Per unit volume of liquid by mi Mass per unit volume of mixture by mm We then have as an expression for the solids load: W = pQmm The work done per unit mass, P, on the mixture to move it along the pipe the

Jan 1, 1948