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Only the coal of the Sunnyside district in Carbon county is coked. Two companies, the Utah Fuel Company and the Columbia Steel Corporation, operating adjoining mines at Sunnyside and Columbia, produce coke. The Utah Fuel Company has 81 9 beehive coke ovens at Sunnyside. Only 350 ovens are being operated at the present time, largely because the smelters which had been using Sunnyside coke changed their equipment from blast furnaces to reverberatory furnaces

Jan 1, 1925

The world's production of petroleum in 1926 amounted to nearly 150 million long tons, of which India contributed 0.72 per cent. In 1927, this figure jumped to some 172 million long tons, of which the Indian proportion, on a practically stationary production, fell to 0.64 per cent. In 1928, there was another substantial rise in the world's production, which reached the figure of over 181 million tons. In 1929, there was another jump to over 202 million tons, but in 1930 the world's production fell to about 193% million tons, in 1931 to about 187 million tons, and in 1932 to about 183 million tons, while in 1933 the production rose again to about 202 million tons, in 1934 to about 215 million tons, and in 1935 to 233 million tons1. Decreases were shown by Poland, Sarawak, Egypt, Rumania and France. All other important producers showed an increase in production, by far the largest being due to Iraq, as a result of the opening of the pipe line to the Mediterranean. The United States contributed 60.9 per cent of the world's supply in 1935, Russia 10.7 per cent, Venezuela 9.4 per cent, Rumania 3.9 per cent and Iran 3.1 per cent. In 1928, India contributed 0.64 per cent, which fell to 0.60 per cent in 1929 and rose to 0.62 per cent in 1930, 0.63 per cent in 1931, and 0.64 per cent in 1932, and fell again to 0.62 per cent in 1933, to 0.60 per cent in 1934 and to 0.50 per cent in 1935; her position on the list of petroleum-producing countries fell from eleventh in 1929 to twelfth in 1930 to 1933, her place being taken by Trinidad and to thirteenth in 1934 and 1935, owing to the production by Iraq. The production of petroleum in India (including Burma2) increased slightly from 322,025,280 gal.3 in 1934 to 322,662,336 gal. in 1935, the highest figure in the history of the industry. The increase in 1935 is due to an increase of some 4 million gallons in Assam, almost offset by a decrease of 31/2 million gallons in Burma. This increase in output in 1935 was accompanied by an increase in estimated value amounting to Rs. 22,73,550 (£170,944).

Jan 1, 1937

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who' called at Institute headquarters during the period Mar. 10, 1918 to Apr. 10, 1918. W. Sinclair Brown, Lebong Donok, Sumatra. F. Laroque, Roodepoort, Transvaal. H. B. Catlin, Syracuse, N. Y. A. H. Means, Camp Upton. A. R. Chambers, New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. J. H. Miles, Nome, Alaska. W. M. Corse, Buffalo, N. 1 . Harvey S. Mudd, Washington, D. C. George C. Crossley, Toms River, N. J. Henry Noyes, Melbourne, Aust. F. A. Dalburg, Montoursville, Pa. C. L. Petzel, Camp Upton. Kuno Doerr, El Paso, Tex. J. L. Schueler, Peoria, I11. V. E. Edwards, Worcester, Mass. J. G. Scrugham, Reno, Nev. H. F. E. Gamm, Rutherford, N. J. Frank M. Smith, East Helena, Mont. J. W. Gerhard, St. Louis, Mo. W. G. Swart, Duluth, Minn. Julius H. Gillis, Sudbury, Ont., Canada. A. L. Sweetser, Boston, Mass. S. J. Gormly, Guayacan, Chile. W. N. Thayer, Cincinnati, Ohio. Fletcher Hamilton, San Francisco, Cal. Felix E. Wormser, Cornucopia, Ore. Dorsey A. Lyon, Washington,. D. C. John B. Arnold has opened offices at 606 Lyceum Bldg., Duluth, Minn. E. E. Barker, formerly mine superintendent with the Chile Exploration Company at Chuquicamata, Chile, has resigned his position to become superintendent of mines for the Cerro de Pasco Copper Corporation at Cerro de Pasco, Peru.

Jan 5, 1918

Receipts, Jan. 1, 1914, to Dec. 31, 1914 Cash on hand, Jan, 1 1914 General Funds $1,843.54 Special Funds 1,039.00 $2,882.54 Initiation Fees $8,500.00 Annual Dues 44,060.84 Life Memberships 1,950.00 54,510.84 Sale of Transactions 4,798.87 Sale of Binding 10,029.06 Sale of Bulletins and Pamphlets 2,508.25 Sale of Special Editions 1,290.74 Sale of Advertising 8,783.29 Sale of Library Books 54.97 Sale of Pins and Fobs 347.65 Miscellaneous Sales 21.66 Space Released 5,943.00 Interest on Investments and Bank Deposits 230.15 34,016.64

Jan 1, 1917

PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR JOHN R. SUMAN HOUSTON, TEXAS PAST PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS DONALD B. GILLIES CLEVELAND, OHIO H.- G. MOULTON NEW YORK, N.Y. TREASURER AND DIRECTOR KARL -EILERS SEA CLIFF, N. Y. VICE-PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS W. B. HENRY HOUSTON, TEXAS HENRY KRUMB NEW YORK, N. Y. ERIE V. DAVELER , NEW YORK N Y W. M PEIRCE PALMERTON, PA. PAUL D. MERICA NEW YORK, N. Y. LEROY SALSICH DULUTH, MINN.

Jan 1, 1941

PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR DONALD B. GILLIES CLEVELAND, OHIO PAST PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS R. C. ALLEN CLEVELAND, OHIO D. C. TACKLING SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. TREASURER AND DIRECTOR KARL EILERS NEW YORK, N. Y. VICE-PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS H. G. MOULTON NEW YORK, N. Y. HARVEY S. MUDD Los ANGELES, CALIF. PAUL -D. MERICA NEW YORK, N. Y. WILFRED SYKES CHICAGO, ILL. WILLIAM B. HEROY HOUSTON, TEXAS HENRY KRUMB NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 1, 1939

We have seen that the first coal development in Pennsylvania was in the Pittsburgh bed in the southwestern corner of the state. The next mining, in point of time, was done in Clearfield County along the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, but the amount of mining done was quite small for a number of years and was soon exceeded by that from the area north of the Susquehanna River in Tioga, Bradford and Lycoming Counties, which will be considered now. It is claimed that coal was first noticed in Tioga County, in 1792, by Robert and Benjamin Patterson who were leading a party of settlers from Williamsport to southern New York, and while clearing a road near the site of Blossburg, found coal, which was said to be good. About 1815 David Clemons made an arrangement with Aaron Bloss, owner of the land, to work some of the coal and hauled the first load down the river to Painted Post, N. Y., as there were no available markets in his own state. Smiths found it an excellent fuel and apparently he found a ready market for the small amount he could transport by wagons and sleighs. As wood began to become scarce around the towns in New York State, the knowledge of the coal deposits in the mountains at the head of the Tioga River attracted attention to the field and the necessity, for means of transportation from it. Some coal had been floated down the river, but navigation was uncertain and dangerous. In 1827 an iron plant was built, and to ship its product and coal, it was proposed to build a canal along the river to reach Corning, N. Y. A company had been chartered in 1826 in Pennsylvania to "make a navigable canal or slack-water navigation" to the state line and coal was shipped on rafts of logs, both being sold, during highwater. In 1828 the company was authorized to build a railroad instead of a canal, and in September 1840, the railroad was completed from Corning to Blossburg.1 That some coal from Pennsylvania had been reaching southern New York towns prior to the improved means of transport is shown by the report of a committee to the New York Assembly: "the bituminous coal has been brought to us either from Great Britain or from that part of our own country which borders on, and lies west and south of the Susquehan-

Jan 1, 1942

By F. Paredes, W. R. Holman, R. W. Crawford

The diffusion coefficient for hydrogen in the ß titanium alloy containing 13 pct V, 11 pct CY, and 3 pct A1 was measured over the temperature range 20° to 500°C. Results fit the expression: D= 1.58 x lgs exp-------==-----) cm2,sec THE diffusion coefficient for hydrogen in the metastable ß-phase titanium alloy containing 13 pct V, 11 pct Cr, and 3 pct A1 was measured as part of an investigation of the effects of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of titanium alloys. Several theories on the mechanisms of hydrogen embrittle-ment include diffusion of hydrogen at ambient temperature as an important step in the embrittling process.'-5 In hydrogen-contaminated a-ß titanium alloys, it has been postulated that the rate-controlling step may be the rate at which hydrogen diffuses from the ß phase to stress- or strain-nucleated brittle hydride platelets at the a-ß interface.' However, embrittlement of the all-ß alloy investigated in this work may proceed by a different mechanism, since this alloy can be embrittled without the formation of detectable hydride platelets.6 Troiano has suggested that in this case the mechanism of delayed failure or embrittlement is similar to that proposed for high-strength steel, i.e., repeated crack initiation caused by a decrease in bonding energy as hydrogen diffuses to points of high tri-axial stress at the root of a notch. In both types of alloy the rate of embrittlement is believed to be controlled by diffusion of hydrogen in the ß phase. Accurate hydrogen-diffusion data in the vicinity of room temperature should therefore be of some assistance in understanding the mechanisms of embrittlement in these two classes of titanium alloys. Diffusion of hydrogen in pure titanium has been studied by Wasilewski and Kehl7 at temperatures above 500°C. Their measurements on diffusion in the ß phase were extended below the ß-a transformation temperature (882°C) to approximately 600°C. This was possible because of the 8 stabilizing effect of hydrogen. No results at lower temperatures have been published and there are no data in the literature on hydrogen diffusion in the ß -phase alloy used in this program. Hydrogen diffusion in metals is generally investigated by measuring the rate of transport of hydrogen past a solid-gas interface, i.e., by absorption, permeation, or degassing-rate measurements. These methods produce accurate diffusion data when bulk diffusion is the rate-determining step in the over-all process. However, at the lower temperatures of interest in hydrogen-embrittlement studies or under conditions where surface films are present, the measured rates may be surface-controlled and the calculated diffusion coefficients will be in error. Surface effects were eliminated in the present work by using a modification of the common welded-couple technique m which two bars with uniform but different compositions are joined before the diffusion anneal." The same type of step change in the initial concentration vs distance curve was produced by electrolytically hydrogenating thin-strip specimens which had been electrically insulated over half of their length. Concentration vs distance curves were determined, after appropriate diffusion-annealing treatments, by vacuum-extraction analyses of transverse samples sheared from the strips. Diffusion coefficients were calculated by the methods of Grube.M This technique was feasible because of the large concentrations of hydrogen which can be charged into p -phase alloys without the formation of hydrides15'16 and because of the extremely low degassing rates observed when hydrogenated titanium alloys are heated in air. EXPERIMENTAL WORK The diffusion couples were cut from a 0.022-in.-thick mi ll-annealed sheet.* Strips 8 in. long by 1/2

Jan 1, 1965

By W. E. Brigham, P. W. Reed, J. N. Dew

Jan 1, 1928

COMMITTEES Committee on Arrangements DAVID H. BROWNE, Chairman LAWRENCE ADDICKS THOMAS T. READ P. E. BARBOUR BURR A. ROBINSON GEORGE D. BARRON F. T. RUBIDGE KARL EILERS E. MALTBY SHIPP LOUIS D. HUNTOON BRADLEY STOUGHTON H.A. MEGRAW EDWARD B. STURGIS ARTHUR L. WALKER

Jan 4, 1917

For the convenience of members who may be traveling from place to place, the Secretary has compiled a list of libraries or other places in the United States and foreign countries where MINING AND METALLURGY or the Transactions may be consulted. This list will be sent to members if they so request.

Jan 1, 1925

By Nicholas J. Grant, Ernest P. Abrahamson

IN recent work, Bloom and Grant' and Stein and IGrant' have indicated that a high temperature chromium phase exists. In the 68 pct Cr-Ni binary they found a eutectoid reaction, P chromium transforming to a chromium plus y nickel at 1215°C. Un-

Jan 1, 1957

By B. R. Palmer, G. Gutierrez B., M. C. Fuerstenau

Flotation responses of chrysocolla and rhodonite are correlated with electrophoretic mobility and infrared spectroscopy measurements. Flotation is effected in the pH ranges in which hydrolysis of the metal ions comprising the mineral occurs. The roles of mineral solubility and precipitate formation are suggested.

Jan 1, 1976

By Charles Smeal, Robert J. Schafer, Max Quantinetz

Normally metal powders cannot be ground to sub-micron sizes because of welding and agglomeration phenomena. Through the use of selected grinding aids and grinding fluids, nickel and other metal powders have been ball-milled as fine as 0.1 It was found that certain inorganic salts are more effective grinding aids for metal powders than conventionally used surfactants. METAL and alloy powders are used to produce reagents, pigments, coatings, solders, brazes, and parts for industry by powder metallurgy techniques. They are also combined with refractory compounds to produce cermets and dispersion-hardened products. One of the interests at the Lewis Research Center has been to explore the potentialities of the dispersion strengthening process. Since the work of Ir-mann, many investigators have shown that the strength of dispersion-hardened products may increase with decreasing interparticle spacing.24 One approach to achieving small interparticle spacing is to combine fine refractory compounds and metal powders, preferably below 1 in size. In attempting to obtain fine metal powders, it was found that until very recently the best that could be obtained from commercial suppliers, particularly of ductile metals, was about 1.0 . Interest was therefore developed in providing finer metal powders for dispersion-hardening studies. Information obtained from the literature, from others working in the field, and from prior experimental work performed at NASA, led to a consideration of ball-milling as a technique to produce the desired materials. Some of the variables associated with ball-milling are the size, material, and nature of construction of the grinding container; the nature and amount of the grinding material and material to be ground; and the nature and amount of the grinding liquid and grinding aid, if employed, and the grinding time. In all ball-milling, welding and agglomeration can oc- cur as well as grinding. Because of the tendency of ductile metals to weld together, they are difficult to grind.5 The ultimate particle size obtained on grinding is generally the one at which the rate of grinding becomes equal to the rate of welding. To help delay welding and thus obtain smaller particle sizes, grinding aids are often employed. The principal objective of this investigation was to produce submicron metal powders by ball-milling the powders with selected grinding aids and grinding fluids. A secondary objective has been to attempt to explain the variations observed in grinding behavior by considering possible grinding mechanisms and correlating various parameters with grinding effectiveness. Three groups of ball-milling experiments were run; one in which the grinding aid was varied, a second in which the grinding fluid was varied, and a third in which the material being ground was varied MATERIALS, APPARATUS, AND PROCEDURE In the first group of experiments in which the grinding aid was varied Inco Carbonyl Grade B nickel powder initially 2.5 (all sizes refer to average particle size as measured by Fisher Sub -sieve Sizer) was used as the material being ground and 200-proof ethyl-alcohol as the grinding fluid. Surfactants, representative of typical organic structures, were selected as grinding aids. Inorganic salts used as grinding aids were chosen on the basis of the size and valence of their ions. Water soluble salts were used in order to facilitate their removal from the slurry after grinding. In the second set of experiments, grinding of the 2.5- Ni powder was tried in four different grinding liquids; water, cyclohexane, n -heptane, and methy-lene chloride. In this study seven grinding aids selected from those tried in the first group of experiments were employed. In the third group of experiments 200-proof ethyl alcohol was again used as the grinding fluid to mill Cu, Cr, Fe, Ag, and Ni powders of various initial particle sizes' All mill charges contained 300 ml of grinding liquid and 3000 g of 1/2 in. stainless steel balls. When inorganic salts were used as the grinding aid, 70 g of salt and 210 g of metal powder were employed, and with surfactants 6 g of grinding aid and 300 g of

Jan 1, 1962

T.P. 1958 D. H. DAVIS.*-Mr. Carris has ably pre¬sented the problems of coal preparation, particularly those brought about as the result of increased mechanical loading. Many mines are now crushing the run-of¬-mine raw coal through 12 or 15 in. immediately after it is dumped from the mine car and before it is handled by conveyors. At certain mines the removal of large slate mechanically has been solved by the installation of scalping screens consisting of bars or rails set at spacing of 12 to 15 in. on the top deck of the main raw-coal sizing screen. At the plants where these are in use, the plus 12 or I5-in. raw material contains 60 per cent or more free rock or slate, so that it is easier to pick coal than to pick rock. After the screening at 12 or 15 in. is accomplished, the oversize material is diverted to one side of the shaker, where a picker allows the refuse to pass off the shaker into a chute and guides the coal back onto the shaker. After the large rock has been removed, it is then advisable to reduce the size of rock by crushing before putting it onto a conveyor. A great saving in picking labor has been made by the use of such scalping screens, which in addition has maintained the plant capacity when handling a dirtier feed. The great increase in percentage of coal under 1/4 or 3/8 in., coupled with a greatly increased percentage of free impurities in this size, is the most serious problem that has been brought about by mechaniced loading. Many plants that formerly prepared good quality 1/4-in. to o or 3/8-in. to 0 slack by air¬cleaning are faced with installing facilities for wet-cleaning mechanical and heat-drying and water clarification. The change to wet prepa¬ration of fines usually affects the marketing problems for many coal companies. There will also be problems involving wastage of fine solids and stream pollution. Much work will be necessary for improvements in present practice. Pneumatic and electrostatic methods for cleaning fine coal should receive consider¬able attention in an attempt to avoid wet¬cleaning of fines. The preparation supervisor and the plant personnel should not be satisfied merely to run the cleaning-plant machinery and assume that the job will be done for them. Coal is a heterogeneous substance and in many instances is constantly changing. This is more true when full-seam methods are in use. Only persons trained to observe closely and make the necessary changes in plant operation will be able to solve the many problems that will be imposed on the preparation plants. The plants will require skillful and observant operating men. With full-seam mining methods, seams of roof coal will often be mined. Under the former mining systems these strata were not mined and frequently they contain a high per¬centage of bony and banded partings. The mining of this coal will greatly alter the washability and specific gravity characteristics of the feed to the plant. Often the percentage of 1.40 to 1.60 sp. gr. increased from 3.5 to 7.5 per cent, or nearly a 1.0 per cent increase in the ash content of the 1.60 sp. gr. float coal. Thus the cleaning problem is much more difficult, and it is unlikely the same ash content of cleaned coal can be produced as before without a decrease in recovery or the produc¬tion of a "middlings" product. Mr. Carris had this in mind when he said "The quality of the

Jan 1, 1946

Jan 1, 1917

By John V. Beall

HEAVY-DENSITY separation processes, a commercial application of the sink-float test used in mineralogical laboratories for the separation of mineral particles by their difference in specific gravity, are the biggest development in mineral dressing since flotation, which was at about the same stage of development thirty years ago. The scope of their application has broadened and, though still in the development stage, they are being accepted in a constantly increasing number of commercial installations. This progress in mineral beneficiation is especially satisfying when we realize that our high-grade ore deposits are fast disappearing and a big factor in determining whether a hole in the ground is being sat upon by a liar or an honest citizen is how economically the ore dressers can concentrate comparatively low-grade ores. As early as the middle of the nineteenth century attempts were made to use aqueous salt solutions in a heavy-liquid separation for cleaning coal. But the original and recovery costs of these liquids were high and further, the fact that they were corrosive, unstable, and toxic added to the difficulty in using them.

Jan 1, 1948

By W. W. Svendsen, J. F. Hoffmeister, W. C. Larson, R. E. Cozad

The paper presents the background, history, and current development of the retractable core bit for the wireline drilling system. Design criteria, concept development, and system design of the retractable bit system are discussed, including laboratory test results.

Jan 1, 1983

By Carleton Ellis

(Presented at a meeting of the New York Local Section of the Institute, Apr. 12, 1912.) I. INTRODUCTION. THE problem of the influence of hot surfaces upon gaseous combustion is one which, from a purely scientific stand-point, has engaged, for many years past, the attention of Prof. William A. Bone, of Leeds University and the Imperial College, London; and as his recent work has been the direct outcome of earlier scientific investigation, it will be appropriate, by way of introduction, to review briefly the present position of science with respect to this important subject, as stated by Professor Bone. One may perhaps best arrive at an understanding of the term " ?flameless " or " surface " combustion by considering certain facts which differentiate it from the more familiar processes of combustion as they occur in ordinary flames. All hot surfaces have an accelerating influence upon chemical changes in gaseous systems. If, at any temperature, a gaseous system, A, tends to pass over into another system, B, contact with a solid at the same temperature will accelerate the process. To take a very simple example, if a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in their combining proportions (electrolytic gas) were maintained in an inclosure with smooth glass walls at a temperature of, say, 450° C., there would certainly be a tendency to form steam, but the rate of change would be negligibly small. If, however, there were brought into the system some porous solid material at the same temperature, so that a large surface was exposed to the gases, the rate of change would at once be rapidly accelerated in the layer of gas immediately in contact with the hot surface. Steam, the product, would diffuse outward from the surface, and the supplies of hydrogen and oxygen at the surface would be renewed by diffusion inward. Thus combustion would proceed heterogene-

Sep 1, 1912