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By W. J. S. Craigen, G. E. Wittur

"In the context of today's continuously changing world, there are many factors which must be considered when attempting to assess the ability of Canada's primary copper producers to remain competitive in the face of increasing competition in world markets. In this paper, we have attempted to document those factors that will have the greatest impact on the future viability of Canada's copper industry, and to suggest possible strategies to fully utilize whatever inherent advantages Canada may have to enhance its competitive position. Technological factors related to the efficiency of precious and by-product metals recovery, energy type and utilization efficiency, production and sale of sulphur by-products, and control of 502 emissions are given high priority in this evaluation of Canada's future needs to remain competitive. Particular emphasis is placed on assessing the relative viability of hydrometallurgical versus pyrometallurgical processes for copper; to address uniquely Canadian conditions and problems. Due consideration is also given to the economic incentives required to allow Canada's copper producers to compete under anticipated world market conditions and to facilitate the continued development of Canada's copper resources. IntroductionWhen we try to assess the viability or competitiveness of any industry the bottom line is still usually, ""Can we produce a pound of product cheaper than the competition?"" Canada's copper industry is certainly no exception. However, as with most resource-based industries dependent upon exports, there are many factors which have a significant effect on the cost components which make up the total cost of producing and selling a pound of copper. It is desirable therefore to have as clear a picture as possible of the cost components, the major factors affecting them, and how they compare with the competition, particularly the third-world copper producers.In this paper we have attempted to provide a brief outlook for world copper markets and a brief overview of Canada's competitive position. We have also attempted to document those factors which will have the greatest impact on future production costs, and have suggested possible initiatives to utilize inherent Canadian advantages to enhance our competitive position. Special emphasis has been placed on technological initiatives designed to make full use of these ""advantages"", to develop superior beneficiation and extraction! refining technologies. Major factors considered in the present study are:"

Jan 1, 1986

By L O. Montpetit

The economics of the asbestos mining industry of Canada, and the physical and chemical characteristics of asbestos fibre, as well as exploration, mining, milling and quality control methods, have been described by several authors in the past few years. The scope of this presentation is to survey the application of asbestos fibres in the major product groups of the construction industry in North America. Principal categories considered include flooring materials, asbestos-cement pipes and building products, high-temperature insulation, textiles, saturated asbestos felts and asphalt com pounds. During 1962, the asbestos mining industry of Canada produced an estimated 1.3 million tons of chrysotile fibre grades, and production capacity is expanding. The market demand for chrysotile fibre, on this continent, has been in the order of 50 per cent of the production volume. The asbestos industry is dependent for growth on the construction industry. Product research is active in finding new uses for asbestos fibre; some of the new developments are presented, including the use of short-fibre asbestos grades for extending the life of asphalt pavement.

Jan 1, 1963

By C. R. van Staal, L. R. Fyffe, J. A. Winchester

"The geochemical characteristics of Early Paleozoic volcanic rocks are used to establish the following tectono-volcanic regimes in the northeastern mainland Appalachians: foreland continental rift volcanics; fore-arc ophiolites; island-arc volcanics; back-arc ophiolites; and back-arc ensialic volcanics. A Late Precambrian calc-alkaline magmatic arc bounds the Early Paleozoic volcanics to the southeast.The Precambrian calc-alkaline volcanics of the Caledonian Highlands, primitive Cambro-Ordovician oceanic-arc volcanics of the Eastern Townships, and within-plate Ordovician volcanics of the Miramichi Highlands can be related to a progressive change in mode of subduction from compressional Andean-type in the Late Proterozoic to extensional Western Pacific-type in the Early Paleozoic. The development of marginal oceanic basins in the Paleozoic created a more favourable environment for volcanogenic sulphide deposition, particularly in back-arc areas.The influence of tectonic setting is reflected in the distribution, size and metal ratios of the massive sulphide deposits associated with the volcanic rocks; deposits within intra-oceanic arcs in the Eastern Townships of Quebec average two million tonnes grading 2.2% Cu, 4.0% Zn, and 0.6% Pb, whereas those within a back-arc, ensialic rift near Bathurst, New Brunswick, average nine million tonnes grading 0.6% Cu, 5.4% Zn, and 2.2% Pb."

Jan 1, 1990

By Penny C. Stewart

Narrow vein underground stope design engineers in Australia have expressed significant interest in the requirements and methodology for developing site-specific stability charts. This is largely due to a concern that existing stope stability charts inadequately take into account factors influencing narrow vein stope stability, such as the effect of backfill abutments and the effect of in stope pillars. This paper presents conclusions from a comprehensive statistical examination of case history requirements for a site specific stability chart and critiques literature arguments for site-specific charts. A new statistical analysis technique and a large comprehensive stability database enabled the authors to quantify case history requirements and any site-specific effects the model exhibits. The analyses indicated that a reliable stable-failure boundary requires at least 150 case histories, of which a minimum of 10 percent should be unstable stope surfaces. Marginal site-specific effects were observed for the operating conditions captured within the database. The authors conclude that the apparent site-specific effects noted in previous literature are attributable to operating conditions inadequately represented in the database. Such operating conditions could induce erroneous stability predictions at any site, and are therefore not truly site-specific. Following from these conclusions, a strategy for taking into account operating conditions particularly relevant to narrow vein mining has been proposed. In particular, the development of a chart that accounts for the effect of backfill abutments on stope stability. Backfill abutment effects are particularly relevant to mechanised narrow vein mining methods such as modified Avoca. Collaboration from at least five sites is required to obtain access to relevant data and underground drives for geotechnical mapping. Preliminary estimations indicate that approximately three months fieldwork is required to meet case history requirements. CMS data in conjunction with 3-dimensional design software will be used to calculate equivalent linear overbreak/slough (ELOS). In contrast to stable, failure, major failure and caving categorical variables, ELOS is an objective and continuous stability variable and is therefore, more conducive to mathematical modelling.

Oct 1, 2001

By Marc Arpin

La Bolivie possède tout pour réussir. Son vaste territoire de plus d'un million de km2 et qui occupe une position stratégique au coeur du continent sud-américain recèle des ressources naturelles (forêts, minéraux, gaz naturel, etc) variées et abondantes. Elle a une frontière avec pas moins de 5 pays dont le géant que constitue le Brésil ainsi qu'avec l'Argentine, l'autre puissance régionale. Pourtant, malgré tous ces atouts, la Bolivie demeure l'un des pays les plus pauvres du continent. Ce paradoxe n'est nulle part mieux reflété que dans le secteur minier. Celui-ci fait face à une situation de crise en dépit d'une tradition minière de plus de quatre siècles et d'un potentiel géologique indiscutable ayant conduit à la découverte et à l'exploitation de fabuleux gisements d'argent et d'étain. Les habitants des districts miniers vivent dans des conditions de pauvreté extrême et les indicateurs de développement humain de ces régions sont parmi les plus bas en Amérique du Sud. La Bolivie réussit difficilement à attirer les compagnies minières alors que, chez les voisins, et particulièrement en Argentine, qui n'a pas de tradition minière, les investissements miniers majeurs affluent. Dans cette conférence, nous chercherons à expliquer les causes de cette situation et proposerons des solutions possibles.

May 1, 2001

By C. Cano

One of the main concerns within the mining industry is to minimize the impact of tailing facilities to the environment and nearby communities. Since the implementation of the first thickened tailings disposal (TTD) methodology at Kidd Creek in 1964, the thickened tailing disposal has been growing alternative disposal technology to mitigate the environmental impacts. Technical investigations on the TTD technology have been studied in detail to counteract the increasing shortage of water resources. One of the benefits observed with TTD is its resistance to potential earthquakes, particularly in zones with high seismic activity (Los Andes). TTD technology optimizes the maximum possible density for the material and generates a negative internal pore pressure in the material due to the surface and sub-surface water evaporation. This internal pore pressure should be enough to resist the pores pressure to which tailings are subject due to an earthquake action. The objective of this study is to verify the Shrinking Limit (SL) of thickened tailings during initial deposition and in the long term and the ability of tailings deposited by TTD would resist liquefaction. Fresh tailings coming from a flotation process of a copper plant concentrator were used. The samples put under cyclical three-dimensional tests associated with maximum credible earthquake magnitude range of 7.0 8.0 to develop a curve for the safety factor v/s depth for dry densities related to the maximum density obtained at the SL. At a dry density of 1.65 t/m3 liquefaction did not occur at any depth. At 90 % of dry density of 1.51 t/m3, liquefaction did not occur at earthquake magnitudes of 7.0 or 7.5 nor at any depth but liquefaction occurred at magnitude 8.0 between 0 m and 14.5 m; below 14.5 m, liquefaction does not occur.

Jan 1, 2007

By Gyeonghye Moon, Inhyeok Choi, Jyothi Rajesh Kumar, Jin-Young Lee

"This paper deals with the recovery of the tungsten and vanadium from spent SCR catalyst leach liquors by different hydrometallurgical methods. The first part consists of pressure leaching of spent SCR catalyst using caustic soda followed by metal recovery by liquid-liquid extraction. In a leaching process, the following experimental parameters were tested and optimized: NaOH, particle size of feedstock, temperature, and solid to liquid ratio. The optimum condition for leaching of tungsten and vanadium was under the following conditions: NaOH 3 mol/L, temperature 250°C, particle size <300 µm, and solid to liquid ratio 0.4. From these optimum conditions in this experiment, the dissolution efficiency of vanadium and tungsten was 91.5and 87%, respectively. Liquid-liquid extraction following commercial extractants were tested: TBP, Cyanex 272, D2EHPA, Aliquat 336, Primeme JM-T, Alamine 308, Alamine 304-1, and methyl-tri-octyl-ammonium chloride. The conditions for both valuable metal recoveries were optimized.INTRODUCTIONSelective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst has become the most effective to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from stationary segments such as power plants and waste incinerations around the world due to the reinforcing regulatory trend and emerging environmental issues (Forzatti, 2001; Spivey, 2002; Li et al., 2011).Currently, the most widely used SCR catalyst is V2O5-WO3/TiO2 system due to its great catalytic properties (Li et al., 2011; Marshneva et al., 1995; Marbergeret al., 2015). In general, the composition of the SCR catalyst used in the stationary application is 0.5 to 1 wt% of V2O5and 7 to 10 wt% of WO3(Marberger et al., 2015; Chen &Yang, 1992, Vuurman et al., 1991; Alemany et al., 1991). Currently spent SCR catalysts are treated as waste and disposed of in landfills. This causes a lot of waste of secondary resources of vanadium and tungsten. In terms of industrial value of vanadium and tungsten (Gupta &Mukherjee, 1990; Moskalyk &Alfantazi, 2003) and reduction of pollutant emissions, it should not be disregarded for their recovery for their material recycling from spent SCR catalyst. However, investigations for recovery of metal values from spent SCR catalyst has been rarely carried out."

Jan 1, 2017

By G. M. Hughes, R. W. Dunn

"AbstractCurrently installed an analogue instrumentation devices at Sherritt 's Ruttan Concentrator control. and/ or measure mill tonnages, grind, pH, density , some reagent and slurry flows, and cell levels. On-stream analysis is used to assay the main process streams. The history of development of process control is reviewed from startup to the present stage of selection of a process control computer. A pragmatic approach has been taken to process control to ensure compatibility with the needs and resources of Ruttan. Emphasis is made of the need to have the mill performing well from a mechanical and instrumentation point of view and to have opera tor acceptance of the computer through training. Plans for the computer phase to achieve these objectives are outlined.IntroductionTHE COPPER-ZINC OREBODY at Ruttan Lake was discovered by Sherritt exploration personnel in 1969 and by mid-1973 a 10,000-tpd mine and concentrator were in operation. After a typical startup period , the major mechanical problems in the crusher and concentrator have been resolved. Metallurgical performance is now up to standards forecast in the feasibility study.The cost of the original instrumentation installations, including an on- stream analyzer, was about one million dollars or 4% of the cost of the milling complex. Although there was no intention of using a process control computer until the plant was operating smoothly, it was understood that all instrumentation was compatible with .a computer, but this did not prove to be correct. This paper cover s the development of the instrumentation loops to date and the control strategies that will eventually be implemented through a process control computer."

Jan 1, 1977

By James K. B. Booth

The natural crustal abundances of the principle metals of commerce are examined in relation to production and prices for each metal. Two factors, the abundance x price ratio (BP factor) and abundance/production (B/T factor) are listed for each metal. Ideally, for these desirable commercial metals, each factor should be a constant and the same for all metals; comparing the divergences for the full list of metals allows conclusions to be drawn on the relative degree of natural availability of each metal and the ease or difficulty of winning the metal from the earth's crust. Plotting the two factors for each metal over the past decade of steady industrial usage illustrates the anomalous position of copper and, to a lesser degree, molybdenum and it is concluded that over the long term the price of copper will continue to rise steeply. Possible future prices for copper are examined and a suggested preferred order of ranking of the metals as exploration targets would be copper, nickel, tin, zinc, silver, molybdenum and lead, for the near term, with molybdenum possibly increasing its ranking in the list within the next decade.

Jan 1, 1971

By R. Le Houillier, M. Nagamori, A. J. Plumpton

"Asbestos tailings are a typical serpentine, hydrated magnesium silicate, consisting primarily of antigorite and a few per cent of unrecovered fibrous chrysotile. Serpentine has unique thermal properties in that dehydroxylating calcination at 600 to 700°C can yield an amorphous structure in which most of the magnesia is liberated from the original bond with silica and thereby rendered chemically active. The amount of activated magnesia can be quantified by selective leaching with a weak acid such as acetic acid. Many wet processes have been proposed to extract magnesium values from calcined or natural serpentine by means of various acids and their ammonium salts. However, the only commercial utilization of serpentine today is found in dry processes such as the production of fused magnesium phosphate fertilizer .The present paper reviews the physical chemistry of the dehydroxylation of serpentine and also various wet and dry processes in order to provide a general view regarding the chemical transformation of asbestos tailings.IntroductionAsbestos fibers occur as chrysotile, a serpentine polymorph. More than nine tenths of mined asbestos ores consist of massive non-fibrous serpentine, primarily the polymorph antigorite, which is discarded as tailings after fiber extraction. For many decades, Quebec has been a world leader in the production of asbestos fibers. As a result, colossal tonnages of serpentine have accumulated in the Eastern Townships&apos;!&apos;. Serpentine minerals are found in large deposit s throughout the world, and significant research efforts have been made, particularly in Japan and the USSR, mostly in attempts to extract magnesia or silica values therefrom.The chemical composition of serpentine (chrysotile and antigorite) may be ideally expressed as Mg3Si2Os(OH). which corresponds to 43.7% MgO and 43.3% SiO2. Natural serpentines often contain a few per cent of Ni-bearing magnetite and other impurities, and therefore the contents of MgO and Si02are both about 40% or lower.Serpentine (hydrated magnesium silicate) is virtually insoluble in weak acids. However, when dehydroxylated under controlled conditions, &apos; it decomposes to an amorphous state in which magnesia and silica are isolated and chemically active. The magnesia so activated is readily soluble in weak acids. This unique characteristic of calcined serpentine, first discovered in 1942,, has since attracted the attention of innumerable researchers, whence many processes have been proposed."

Jan 1, 1980

By L. A. Wrigglesworth, A. S. Dadson

The orebodies of the Giant Yellow-knife mine occur in zones of schist, in an assemblage of typical Precambrian greenstones which form part of the Yellowknife Greenstone Belt. One of the most interesting problems at the mine concerns the fold-like attitudes assumed by the schist zones. The internal structure of the zones and orebodies provides much evidence of folding. A logical conclusion would be that the zones represent a single horizon which has been folded and drag-folded in the ordinary course of mountain building. However, surface mapping, and correlation of certain marker horizons, in underground work, indicate a homo-clinal succession of steeply dipping flows. If this concept of the geology is correct, the zones must cross-cut the regional strike at a small angle and, in the over-all aspect, the regional dip at a large angle. A mechanical interpretation of the zone structure is presented as a suggestion for the present until new evidence is found.

Jan 1, 1959

By Jean-Marc Lulin

"Depuis 1906, pres de 130 gisements ont ere decouverts dans la inture archeenne polymetallique (Cu, Zn, Au, Ag) du nord-ouest becois. Une etude regionale du developpement du potentiel inier est presentee puis detaillee pour quatre secteurs: RouynDranda, Val d'Or-Malartic, Bousquet-Cadillac et Matagami.L' analyse est conduite a l' aide des parametres suivants: temps, ethodes de decouverte, profondeur des gisements et poids metal. ~~ courbes cumulatives illustrant le nombre de gisements decouverts fonction du temps montrent une forme generale en ""S"" dont les i'iations de pentes correspondent aux variations dans les taux de ~ouverte. Initiation, realisation et stabilisation des cycles de decourte sont ainsi mis en evidence. Deux ""bourns miniers"", de 1922 a ~5 et de 1955 a 1965, rassemblent 72 % des mines identijiees squ' a present.La plupart des mines sont trouvees en subsurface: 90% ont leur fmet entre 0 et 100 metres de profondeur dont 70 % entre 0 et 10 etres. Dans le temps, il y ad' abord recolte par prospection puis par fphysique et enjin, developpement progressif du potentiel en proeur avec des methodes composites. Environ 80% du poids metal extrait de 4 camps miniers, couvrant 8% de Ia surface regionale quelques gros gisements dominent /a production.Ces donnees permettent de proposer une nouvelle approche pour lysed' une region miniere:La distribution de Ia profondeur des gisements en fonction du temps est indicatricede /amaturite d' uncampminieret peut servir a evaluer son potentiel residue/.L' analyse des courbes en ""S"" permet d' extrapoler les taux de succes relies aux differentes methodes et met en relief le role crucial de I' innovation dans I' exploration.ABSTRACTSince 1906, some 130 deposits have been discovered in the Archean polymetallic belt of northwestern Quebec. In this paper, the development of the mining potential is analyzed at the regional scale and for the following mining camps: Rouyn-Noranda, Val d'OrMalartic, Bousquet-Cadillac and Matagami.The analysis is based on the following parameters: time, discovery method, depth and weight of metal extracted. Curves showing the cumulative number of deposits discovered as a function of time are ""S"" shaped with slope variations corresponding to changing discovery rates. Initiation, realization and stabilization of discovery cycles are thus well represented. Two ""mining booms"", 1922 to 1945 and 1955 to 1965, account for 72% of the mines identified to date.Most exploitable orebodies have been found near the surface: 90 %have their top between 0 and 100 meters, including 70% between 0 and 10 meters. Early discoveries were made by prospecting, followed by geophysics while the progressive development of the depth potential is being realized by a combination of methods. Approximately 80 %of the metal extracted comes from four mining camps which cover 8% of the area, but most of the production can be allributed to only a few large deposits. Based on these data, a new approach to the analysis of a mining region is proposed:1) The distribution showing deposit depth versus time is indicative of the maturity of a mining camp and can serve to evaluate its remaining potential.2) The ""S"" curve analysis can be used to extrapolate the success rate of a specific exploration method and also stresses the crucial role of innovation in exploration."

Jan 1, 1990

By Jean-Marc Lulin

"Depuis 1906, près de 130 gisements ont été découverts dans la inture archéenne polymétallique (Cu, Zn, Au, Ag) du nord-ouest québécois. Une étude régionale du développement du potentiel inier est présentée puis détaillée pour quatre secteurs: Rouyn-Dranda, Val d'Or-Malartic, Bousquet-Cadillac et Matagami.L' analyse est conduite a l' aide des paramètres suivants: temps, méthodes de découverte, profondeur des gisements et poids métal. Les courbes cumulatives illustrant le nombre de gisements découverts fonction du temps montrent une forme générale en ""S"" dont les i'iations de pentes correspondent aux variations dans les taux de couverte. Initiation, réalisation et stabilisation des cycles de décourté sont ainsi mis en évidence. Deux ""bourns miniers"", de 1922 à 1945 et de 1955 à 1965, rassemblent 72 % des mines identifiées sqú à présent.La plupart des mines sont trouvées en subsurface: 90% ont leur mmet entre 0 et 100 mètres de profondeur dont 70 % entre 0 et 10 êtres. Dans le temps, il y a d' abord récolte par prospection puis par ophysique et enfin, développement progressif du potentiel en proeur avec des méthodes composites. Environ 80% du poids métal extrait de 4 camps miniers, couvrant 8% de Ia surface régionale quelques gros gisements dominent /a production.Ces données permettent de proposer une nouvelle approche pour analyse d' une région minière:La distribution de Ia profondeur des gisements en fonction du temps est indicatrice de la maturité d' un camp minier et peut servir a évaluer son potentiel résiduel.L’analyse des courbes en ""S"" permet d’extrapoler les taux de succès relies aux différentes méthodes et met en relief le rôle crucial de I' innovation dans I' exploration.ABSTRACTSince 1906, some 130 deposits have been discovered in the Archean polymetallic belt of northwestern Quebec. In this paper, the development of the mining potential is analyzed at the regional scale and for the following mining camps: Rouyn-Noranda, Val d'OrMalartic, Bousquet-Cadillac and Matagami.The analysis is based on the following parameters: time, discovery method, depth and weight of metal extracted. Curves showing the cumulative number of deposits discovered as a function of time are ""S"" shaped with slope variations corresponding to changing discovery rates. Initiation, realization and stabilization of discovery cycles are thus well represented. Two ""mining booms"", 1922 to 1945 and 1955 to 1965, account for 72% of the mines identified to date.Most exploitable orebodies have been found near the surface: 90 %have their top between 0 and 100 meters, including 70% between 0 and 10 meters. Early discoveries were made by prospecting, followed by geophysics while the progressive development of the depth potential is being realized by a combination of methods. Approximately 80 %of the metal extracted comes from four mining camps which cover 8% of the area, but most of the production can be allributed to only a few large deposits. Based on these data, a new approach to the analysis of a mining region is proposed:1) The distribution showing deposit depth versus time is indicative of the maturity of a mining camp and can serve to evaluate its remaining potential.2) The ""S"" curve analysis can be used to extrapolate the success rate of a specific exploration method and also stresses the crucial role of innovation in exploration."

Jan 1, 1989

By E. W. Shaw

The past year (1950) has been a big one for the oil industry in Canada, with new records being set in almost every phase of exploration and development activity. New highs were reached in acreage holdings, in geophysical activity, in wildcat drilling, and in field development and production. The only item that did not show a substantial increase over recent years was the amount of reserves added by new discoveries. This was not due to a decrease in the number of new discoveries, however, hut rather to the fact that most of the discoveries were made during the later months in the year and could not be fully evaluated by the year end. The foregoing remarks pertain mainly to activity in Western Canada. In Eastern Canada, operations continued on a modest scale. with exploration drilling down slightly from the previous year but with development drilling and production at about the same level. Returning to Western Canada, it is observed that the general exploration play was one of expansion and intensification. The issuing of new petroleum and natural gas regulations by the province of British Columbia precipitated a moderate entry of companies into the northeastern part of the Province.

Jan 1, 1951

By C. H. Wright

Introduction The rapidly expanding and increasingly complex Canadian industrial structure, with the mining, metallurgical, and chemical industries as a large integral part, has, in recent years, brought greatly increased importance and value to our industrial minerals. In the modern economy of our mineral industry the importance which is due the non-metallics has been somewhat overshadowed by the great value of our large metal production and, in addition, by the glamour and fascination usually associated with the mining and treatment of gold ores. The term &apos;Industrial Mineral&apos; is used in this paper in its usual sense and refers to non-metallics other than fuels. Coal and petroleum products, including natural gas, are considered as industrial minerals in those applications in which they are used for strictly chemical process purposes. Certain reduction metallurgical industries are so closely allied to chemical industries that for purposes been of this discussion no attempt has made to differentiate between them. Chemical industry in Canada today is a fairly large factor in our national economy, whereas in 1898, when the Canadian Mining Institute was born, it was very small indeed. Chemical concerns are largely dependent on industrial minerals for raw materials and process supplies and, as the country has developed industrially, so have the demands for non-metallics increased, not only by chemical industry but also by other large consumers, such as the construction and metallurgical industries. At the present time there is a greater than normal incentive prevailing for new discoveries, due to the serious lack of balance that exists in our import and export trade. This fact has resulted in intensive efforts to rectify the situation by locating new deposits and re-assessing those already known in an effort to enlarge and improve our home production of raw materials and also to extend their processing in Canada for our own needs and for export. The rapid advances in science and technology that have taken place since 1900 have also resulted in many cases of beneficiation and utilization of otherwise too low grade materials in order to satisfy current demands. The purpose of this paper is to indicate the history and the trends of the utilization of industrial minerals in established industry and to indicate the important part played by non-metallics in connection with the opening up of new industries. Some consideration has been given to the continual competition between natural and &apos;synthetic products and to the general tendency towards more rigid specifications.

Jan 1, 1948

By A. R. Chambers

Malagash received its name from the Indians many years ago on acco.unt of its turbid (milky) waters, although,&apos; the red men did not appreciate the significance of this turbidity, and were, of course, entirely ignorant of the crystal beds of pure salt that lay beneath their feet. The salt lake of the Mississippian, or Lower Carboniferous period, in which these beds occur, was apparently a large one, for there is evidence of its existence at intervals all the way from Sydney, Cape Breton, to St. John, New Brunswick, 300 miles as the crow flies, and there is no knowing what its other dimensions may have been, as much of this horizon is now buried on the one side beneath the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and on the other underneath the Atlantic ocean. About midway of the area and underlying the counties of Colchester and Cumberland, there occurs a synclinal basin of which the Malagash salt outcrop forms only a small portion of its northern limit. This basin has been described very fully by A. C. Hayes. (1) The operations carried on at Malagash since Hayes wrote his report have brought to light very little in the way of new geological data, except to confirm his pre-dictions as to the probable faulting of the salt strata, and the effect which these faults would have on mining operations.

Jan 1, 1924

By C. Hilgendorf, J. Gingerich, J. R. Boniwell, M. Drouin, D. David on, J. Boldy

The initial discovery of gold in the Eastmain River area, 310 km northeast of Chibougamau, was made by Placer Development Limited in 1970. This discovery resulted from the drill testing of an airborne E .M. Target located in an area of extensive glacial overburden, within an unexplored Archean greens tone belt considered prospective for base metal deposits. Intermittent exploration by another company between 1973-1977 failed to obtain promising results and the existing claims were allowed to lapse. In 1981, Placer reactivated the project and initiated intensive exploration during the next two years which included aerial E .M. surveys, claim staking, ground E .M. and magnetic surveys, geological mapping, diamond drilling and attendant borehole P,E.M. surveys. Beginning in 1983, exploration has been conducted on a joint venture basis with Eldor Resources Limited, The greenstone belt under investigation has an arcuate distribution pattern relative to a centrally located granitic core. Occurrences of gold mineralization defined to date are located to the south of the granite along a strike length of 7 km, and appear to be restricted to the lowermost of two mafic volcanic cycles. This lower cycle is dominated by basaltic flows with subordinate rhyolitic flows and pyroclas ties. Concordant, variably magnetic, massive to talcose ultramafic units occur towards the stratigraphic top of the lower mafic volcanic cycle and appear to crudely define areas considered prospective for gold on a regional bases. Economic interest in centered on a s tratabound, siliceous, sulphide-bearing unit hosted in a 15- 25 metre thick sequence of rhyolite tuffs, basalts and intercalated ultramafics, The siliceous ore bearing unit ( interpreted as a recrystallized chert) contains from 10%-30% pyrrhotite and pyrite with subordinate chalcopyri te and minor sphaleri te. Alteration is characterized by mica development, silicification and carbonatization. Garnets are also occasionally present in close proximity to the ore horizon. The sequence is south facing, and overturned to the northeast at 35°-55°. Explora tory drilling in the vicinity of two conductive targets has been on 100 metre centres along a 1 km strike length of the prospective sequence. To the end of 1983, two ore zones (A and B) have been partially drill tested with estimated indicated and inferred geological reserves of 1 million tonnes grading 11.7 g/t gold , 14.7 g/t silver and 0.26% copper. The system is open at depth. This discovery is the result of the effective integration of geophysics and geology with contributions by many over a long period of time. Key events that can be emphasized are: ( 1) initial area selection of a remote greenstone belt in 1969 - albeit for base metal deposits , (2) utilization of an airborne E .M. system which successfully targeted the A Zone in 1970 , (3) the timely reactivation of the project in 1981 and the subsequent recognition that the original discovery represented a sulphide bearing stratabound horizon with implicit volcanogenic connotations , (4) the intensive effort in 1982-83 deploying aerial and ground geophysics coupled to volcanogenic concepts of ore distribution which resulted in the discovery of the B and C Zones in 1982, and (5) the integration of downhole P . E.M. surveys and geology to successfully delineate ore at increasing depths . To the end of 1983 , $2.6 million has been expended, and it is hoped that continued effort will result in the eventual delineation of an economically viable ore deposit for the joint venture partners .

Jan 1, 1984

By P. Curry, H. G. Stephenson, B. Van Den Bussche

"Three Sisters Resorts Inc. currently owns a2035 acre (824 ha) parcel of land, which previously belonged to Canmore Mines Ltd. Approximately 50% of these lands, that are slated for residential, resort and recreation development, have been undermined for coal in one or more seams.Norwest Mine Services has been contracted by the developer to assess and advise them on any past mining activity that may be potentially hazardous to their development and offer solutions to how these hazards may be mitigated or avoided.The following paper deals mainly with the procedures put in place and accepted by the approval authorities, and the Staged approach to the Investigative Procedure that Norwest follows in the mining assessment and mitigation work for Three Sisters."

Jan 1, 1996

By J. R. Kadambi, J. Furlan, Kucukal E.

"Hydrocyclones are used in various industrial applications, including mineral processing and tailings management, to separate or classify solid particles and/or liquid droplets from multiphase feed. The fluid flow in a hydrocyclone (used in mineral processing) was investigated numerically and experimentally using particle-image velocimetry (PIV) and refractive index matching techniques. Two turbulence models were used in the calculations: the k–? model and the Reynolds stress model. Particle image velocimetry measurements were taken at various spatial locations along the cyclone. Computational results were validated globally using pressure and flow-rate readings at the boundaries, and locally by comparing the PIV velocity-vector maps and profiles.RÉSUMÉ On utilise les hydrocyclones dans diverses applications industrielles, dont la minéralurgie et la gestion des résidus, pour séparer les particules solides et/ou les gouttelettes liquides de l’alimentation polyphasée, ou pour les classifier. Une étude numérique et expérimentale sur l’écoulement des fluides dans un hydrocyclone (dont on se sert en minéralurgie) a été menée à l’aide des techniques de vélocimétrie par images de particules (PIV, de l’anglais particle image velocimetry) et d’appariement des indices de réfraction. Deux modèles de turbulence ont été utilisés dans ces calculs, à savoir le modèle de turbulence k–? et le modèle aux tensions de Reynolds (RSM, de l’anglais Reynolds stress model). La valeur de la PIV a été mesurée à diverses positions spatiales le long du cyclone. Les résultats de ces calculs ont été validés globalement à l’aide de relevés des pressions et du coefficient d’écoulement d’une extrémité à l’autre de l’hydrocyclone, et localement à des coordonnées spatiales spécifiques en comparant les cartes et les profils du vecteur vitesse PIV.INTRODUCTIONA hydrocyclone is a piece of equipment used to separate and/or classify solid particles or liquid droplets from liquid solid or liquid-liquid feed. Versatile in application, hydrocyclones have been widely used in industrial applications including the food, oil, power generation, chemical, and mineral processing industries. The first hydrocyclone was introduced in 1891 by Bretney to purify various liquids (Bretney, 1891). Hydrocyclones have a relatively simple design with no moving parts, which leads to an efficient separation process."

Jan 1, 2017

By J. H. C. Scrimgeour, T. Toong, R. E. Hamilton

"The principles involved in the use and application of mathematical models as an aid to the development of advanced process control computer systems are described briefly. This is followed by a brief survey of known models of this kind for the simulation of mining industry processes.The main part of the paper describes a dynamic model of the flotation process developed by Canadian General Electric. Using flotation rate constants for each species of mineral and gangue, the model provides a numerical solution of the differential equations describing cell behaviour. The cell mode] is used repeatedly as a subroutine in the •over-all-plant model. The features of the cell and plant models are described.Simulation runs from the plant model show stream .assays and other indications of plant behaviour printed typically in 1-to 10-minute steps for several hours of •Operation following typical disturbances such as changes in feed rate or reagent addition rate. The simulation can :Show expected behaviour for both uncontrolled and computer-controlled plants."

Jan 1, 1970