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By R. E. Old

THROUGH the use of pressure and production records, formation properties and bottom-hole sample data, the performance of an oil reservoir may be studied analytically to define and evaluate the natural forces acting on and within the reservoir. Use is made of material-balance methods and the equations for natural water encroachment to estimate reserves. Methods for calculation of pressures are given. A study of the Jones sand, Schuler field, Arkansas, has been made and is given here to illustrate the value of the methods discussed.

Jan 1, 1942

By Leland H. Johnson

THE Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co.'s ore mines began experimental tests with trackless mining units early in 1947. The units had many weaknesses to overcome, but are now well beyond the experimental stage and are becoming a necessity to ore seams that are amenable to this type of equipment. The development of this type of mining with the problems of increased underground supervision, maintenance, and training personnel, along with the benefits derived, are discussed.

Jan 12, 1950

By N. A. Ziegler

A CERTAIN amount of interest has been indicated recently in the resistance to oxidation at high temperatures of iron-aluminum alloys (rich in iron). Hautman1 published a paper in. which some interesting results are given. According to his paper, only alloys containing at least 8 per cent aluminum indicate a marked improvement in their resistance to oxidation. At about this aluminum content, however, alloys become brittle, which considerably reduces their commercial value. About two years ago the author, performed a series of experiments, the results of which are presented here. A series of iron-aluminum-carbon alloys was prepared by melting electrolytic iron, aluminum and high-carbon iron alloy in an induction vacuum furnace.2 The list of these alloys is given in Table 1. Each alloy was forged in the ordinary way to

Jan 1, 1932

Jan 1, 1894

By M. E. Gershon

A mixed-integer formulation of the mine scheduling problem is discussed and applied for the purpose of optimizing both the mine production sequencing and the mill blending and processing problem simultaneously. Previous attempts at solving these problem separately, although successful, fail to take into account the interrelationships between these problems. Project structure selves as the outline of this paper Generalized in its organization, this concept is useful for long, intermediate, and short range scheduling. Actual applications that show the concept also is applicable to mining a variety of ore are mentioned.

Jan 1, 1984

P. W. SHIMER, Easton, Pa. (written discussion*).-When lump calcium cyanamid is immersed in the melt of mixed chlorides of the alkalies and alkaline earths in the manner described in the paper, the amount of sodium cyanide formed in the melt, as shown by numerous analyses, is but a small fraction of that formed by the reaction referred to by Mr. Johnson. The case-hardening effects in my process are, however, at least as good as when the common cyanide baths are used. Moreover, when compared with the cyanide baths, the gases evolved in the new process are harmless, consisting of nitrogen, carbon monoxide (which burns to carbon dioxide on the surface of the melt), and occasionally a little carbon dioxide. These gases are not irritating or poisonous, whereas the vapors arising from cyanide baths are both irritating and poisonous. The complex chemical reactions that take place in and on the surface of the melt are being investigated by the writer, who hopes, in due time, to communicate the results of his work.

Jan 7, 1919

[Appalachian Petroleum Section: James M. Kimbrough, chairman; John H. Adair, first vice-chairman; Walter L. Diddle, second vice-chairman; Byron M. Finch, secretary-treasurer. Balcones Section: Robert V. West, chairman; Frank W. Jessen, first vice-chairman; Zane V. Morgan, second vice-chairman; Brantley G. Myers, secretary-treasurer. Meets 4th Wed., Petroleum Club (San Antonio) or Terrace Dining Room (Austin) Billings Petroleum Section: Charles B. Evans, chairman; L. M. Lyon, first vice-chairman; Gordon E. Lansford, second vice-chairman; Fred. A. Haddenhorst, secretary-treasurer. Meets 3rd Tues., Billings Petroleum Club. California Coastal Section: Robert L. Richardson, chairman; David K. Hayward, first vice-chairman; W. Jackson Bransford, secretary; William N. Harwell, treasurer. Meets 3rd Thurs., Pierport Inn, Ventura. Caracas Petroleum Section: Edwin A. Moo re, chairman;. Jose Cirigliano, vice-chairman; Frank B. Davis, secretary; Robert N. Powers, treasurer. Meets 2nd Tues., Caracas Theater Club.]

Jan 1, 1961

By L. G. Evans, C. Rampacek, G. A. Freeman

A large aggregate tonnage of oxidized and mixed oxide-sulfide copper ore of the southwestern U.S. is not amenable to conventional flotation concentration or sulfuric acid leach treatment. Most of the ores contain chrysocolla as the principal oxide copper mineral, for which no successful commercial flotation method has yet been developed. Acid leaching some ores is not feasible since they contain substantial quantities of calcite and other acid-consuming constituents. Other ores decrepitate during leaching or contain excessive slime and clay minerals which cause plugging of the ore beds.

Jan 10, 1961

By G. M. Schwartz, J. N. Gundersen

John W. Gruner (Professor Emeritus, College of Science, Literature, and the Arts, Dept. of Geology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis) — It is surprising that two men as well acquainted with the taconite rocks of the Mesabi District as Drs. J. N. Gundersen and G. M. Schwartz should have concluded that the taconite of the Eastern Mesabi before the intrusion of the Duluth gabbro consisted largely of quartz and magnetite. These minerals were "locally reconstituted" into "a wide variety of silicate mineral assemblages" by the gabbro. It is well known, of course, that the silicate mineralogy of the Eastern Mesabi ('about 14 miles in length) is quite different from that of the Main Mesabi which is over 60 miles long. The change from one to the other is abrupt and cannot be attributed to any other cause than the thermal effects of the gabbro. Are we to assume or believe that the taconite of the Eastern Mesabi was radically different from that of the Main range before the gabbro metamorphosed it?

Jan 1, 1962

By Paul Sterling

The general impression regarding the preparation of merchantable anthracite is that it is confined to a colossal, grimy structure, called a " coal-breaker." This name is a misnomer; for the desired result is not to break the coal, but to prevent its being broken. Preparation may be said to begin at the face of the chamber, with the mining and loading of the coal. Local conditions vary, not only ill the same field or basin, but also in the same mine, so that there is no fixed empirical rule governing the method of blasting or cutting coal. Tests should be made, when possible, to determine the explosive, or the mechanical coal-cutter, which will produce the largest percentage of what are locally known as " lump " and " prepared sizes " of anthracite. The prepared sizes are those mostly consumed for clomestic purposes. All other sizes might be called by-products of the anthracite industry; for they are not especially desirable, being the degradation resulting from the mining and handling of a brittle or laminated material. Being low in volatile combustible matter, anthracite burns most successfully when nearly of a uniform size, permitting the easy passage of air through the voids. This accounts for the large number of sizes into which the coal is separated. Table I. gives the various sizes, the diameter of ring over and through which each size is made, and the usual purpose for which it is employed.

Jan 1, 1912

By P. Somasundaran

An experimental and theoretical treatment of the depressing effect of inorganic electrolytes on the amine flotation of quartz is presented. Experimental data obtained for the amine flotation of quartz as a function of pH with potassium nitrate as depressant was used to test the models for the effectiveness of inorganic ions as depressants. The validity of commonly used assumptions are examined. The surface tension data obtained for dodecylammonium acetate solutions as a function of KNO3, concentration indicated that the collector adsorption on bubble cannot be neglected in the treatments, since this adsorption changes significantly with the addition of the inorganic electrolyte. It also indicated the possibility of significant changes in the specific adsorption potential of the collector occurring with the addition of inorganic electrolytes.

Jan 1, 1975

The Library of the above-named Societies is open frond 9 A.M. to 10 P.M., except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated front sources of information. To these the Library, through Its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining neaps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should he made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be, sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 1, 1917

By J. R. Cooper, A. Bruynesteyn

The final results of the operation of the Cananea test dumps are discussed. Scale-up factors between shake-flask tests, column tests and the large test dumps are established for the Cananea ore. The formation of clay layers, which formed inside the dumps and markedly affected extraction, as well as secondary enrichment, are discussed.

Jan 1, 1974

By A. M. Gaudin

IN flotation lime is used to depress pyrite. For this purpose it is preferred to caustic soda. The low cost of lime and the widespread availability largely account for this preference. However, there is some evidence1 that pyrite is more readily depressed by calcium than by sodium ions at the same pH. To measure the difference in adsorption of calcium and sodium, which is thought to lie at the basis of the differences in depressing action, radionuclides of

Jan 2, 1953

By Claudia Gasparrini

Silver occurs in nature in major, minor and variable amounts in a very large variety of minerals and in several mineral species in the same ore. Because these minerals may respond differently to the same flotation or leaching agents, detailed studies to establish the correct silver mineralogy become essential for optimum recoveries in those situations where the silver is treated as a primary product. On the other hand, fine grain sizes, which often affect gold recoveries, are not generally as critical in silver metallurgy, due to the lower market price which allows for more of the element to remain In the tailings before incurring in economical losses.

Jan 1, 1984

By William J., Coulter

IN the early days of Colorado mining, between 1880 and 1900, when Leadville, Kokomo, and Robinson were boom mining camps, the entire area around Climax for a matter of fifteen miles was overrun with prospectors, so the mineralized outcrop at Climax was not unknown. The principal interest in minerals during this period was in gold, silver, and lead, and since the Climax outcrop showed none of these it drew little attention. Geology played an important part in bringing prospectors to the very edge of the Climax deposit. The Mosquito fault, which crosses near the base of Bartlett Mountain, continues as an important geological structure, at least as far as Leadville some twelve miles distant, and at the base of Bartlett Mountain the vertical throw on the fault is estimated to be between 2000 and 5000 ft. The sedimentary beds known to the Leadville district are all present on Bartlett Mountain to the north of the Mosquito fault, which cuts them off abruptly, and exposes the Pre-Cambrian rocks that underlaid them, so the prospectors, who were searching for gold, silver, and lead in the sediments

Jan 1, 1946

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A. M. to 10 P. M. except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library; through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention: The Library is prepared, to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general Information on the geology and mineral resources of-all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. HARRISON W. CRAVER, Director.

Jan 4, 1919

By D. S. Newton

Introduction Historically the production of zinc dust has been based upon residual and secondary zinc. Using horizontal retorts filled with diecasting scrap, galvanizers drosses and sweater billets, dust has been produced by condensation into static condensers on a 24 hour cycle. Although fairly flexible as regards input materials the process is not amenable to close control of the product, is labour intensive and unless carefully run can cause fume problems. With a steadily increasing demand for zinc dust of consistent properties and higher quality there is a demand for an improved method of manufacture in which dust can be produced continuously and which is capable of close control thus ensuring a minimum amount of oversize or unsaleable material. The Process in use in the works of Imperial Smelting Corporation (Alloys) Ltd. in England, and in Canada and Holland, satisfies the criteria stated above, and has proved to be easy to control with a minimum labour demand.

Jan 1, 1970

By J. E. House, J. L. Drobnick, R. R. Swanson, D. W. Agers

Since the commercial acceptance of the liquid ion exchange process in the mineral processing industry, it has been predicted that eventually the hydrometallurgist would have a wide selection of commercially available chemical reagents to make separations efficiently and economically of virtually all metals in solution under a wide range of conditions. Several years ago, General Mills began a research and development program to determine if it were possible to develop a reagent to extract a specific metallic ion from solution at a cost that would allow large scale commercial application. A giant step toward reaching this objective was announced in late 1963, when development quantities of LIX®-63 reagent, a highly selective reagent for the extraction of copper, were first offered to industry. The properties of this reagent were de- scribed in a previous paper.1

Jan 12, 1965

By B. I. Routh

A STUDY of the effects of temperature on the gel strength of drilling muds is a natural outgrowth of the present era of deep drilling. The control of the gel solids' is now considered important because it affects the wall-building qualities; the suspension of weighting material; the removal and release of sand, cuttings, and gas; and the control of cav-ing formations. With regard to the effect of temperature on gel strengths Herrick2 states: "Temperature variation within ordinary limits does not have much effect on yield points." Lewis, Squires and Thompson3 investi-gated one clay and found no marked change with temperature in either yield point or mobility. Reed4 found that potassium bentonite showed a great increase of gelation with increase in temperature and qualitatively there occurred a marked increase in viscosity upon heating. The apparatus used in these experiments consisted of a Stormer viscosimeter, Marsh funnel viscosimeter, rectangular and cylindrical shearometers, Mudwate hydrometer, and other minor laboratory equip-ment. The various methods of measuring viscosity and gel strength have been extensively described by Evans and Reid.5

Jan 1, 1938