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By J. C. M. Li

The steady state shape of a shrinking cylindrical grain boundary of miform boundary energy is shown to be circular. This is based on the principle of either the minimum rate of entropy production or the minimum thermokinetic potential. The circular shape corresponds also to a state of minimum (not maximum) velocity. The steady state shape of a grain boundary moving between two inclined surfaces is a circular cylindrical arc whose position and curvature will be afjected by the nature of the surfaces. The minimum thermokinetic potential is the only valid criterion in this case. THE preceding paper1 reports an interesting experiment in which it is shown that a grain boundary moving between two inclined surfaces assumes a circular cylindrical arc whose axis nearly coincides with the line of intersection of the two surfaces. The driving force is well defined since it is the energy of the grain boundary itself. The velocity of the grain boundary is found not to vary linearly with the driving force. Several interesting questions arise: 1) What principle determines the shape of a moving grain boundary? 2) What is the effect of the inclined surfaces? 3) How do we understand the nonlinear velocity-driving force relationship? It is attempted in this paper to discuss the first two questions based on irreversible thermodynamics and in a following paper to discuss the third question based on dislocation theory. STEADY STATE SHAPE OF A SHRINKING LOOP (A CYLINDRICAL GRAIN BOUNDARY) In irreversible thermodynamics, there are two criteria for the steady state. One is the minimum rate of entropy production2 which is based on the symmetry of phenomenological coefficients and is applicable to linear force-flux relations with constant coefficients. The other is the minimum thermokinetic potential3 which is based on the integrability of a certain Pfaffian differential equation and is applicable to nonlinear systems with variable coefficients. In the case of a shrinking grain boundary loop (a two dimensional version of a cylindrical grain), the flux of atoms across the grain boundary can be taken as the local boundary velocity v measured perpendicular to the boundary (the number of atoms transferred per unit area per second is equal to the product of atom density and the velocity of the boundary). The local thermodynamic driving force can be taken as y/p with y being the grain boundary energy (invariant with respect to the orientation and curvature of the grain boundary) and p being the radius of curvature. Such driving force can be understood by considering the loop as an elastic string with tension y. As shown in Fig. 1, across a length ds along the loop, the direction of y changes by an angle d@ which is ds/p. Because of this change of direction, the tension exerts a force perpendicular to the curve equal to yd@. The force per unit length is then y/p. According to the experimental observation, the velocity v is a power function of y/p, where M is the velocity at unit driving force and 'n is a constant. The rate of entropy production per ds along the loop is vyds/pT, where T is the temperature. For a given length L of the loop, the total rate of entropy production is The thermokinetic ptentia13 has only a differential definition and its existence depends on the integrability of this definition. In this case, Eq. [3] happens to be a total differential and the thermokinetic potential can be defined as which turns out to be the same as the rate of entropy production, Eq. [2], except for a constant factor n + 1. Strictly speaking, since the flux-force relation is not linear, the rate of entropy production may not be a minimum at the steady state. However, because of the proportionality between Eqs. [2] and 141, the state of minimum thermokinetic potential happens to be the same as that of minimum rate of entropy production. The steady state shape thus can be obtained by minimizing either integral [2] or [4] for a given L.

Jan 1, 1970

By M. B. Kahle, A. D. Pernichele

Four types of slope failures in waste dumps are recognized debris flow, foundation failure, edge slump, and blowout. The first three types, although at times causing considerable damage to property and interfering with mine operations, are not usually dangerous to personnel because of their slow rate of movement. The fourth type, the blowout, is the most dangerous because of its explosive mode of failure and lack of forewarning. The December 1969 failure at Verona dump is presented as an example of a blowout. Data from piezometer holes indicate that the blowout was due to perched leach solutions near the face of the dump. The level of water in this zone is very closely related to the rate of leach water application on the dump. A detailed analysis of core samples indicates that the impounded water was perched on a zonal accumulation of jarosite which is associated with a buried dump surface. Drain holes proved successful in controlling perched leach solutions in the critical zone near the face of the dump. Monitoring of the water level in the perched zone is considered essential in preventing blowouts. The use of drain and piezometer holes has allowed an increase in the rate of water application on the dump while preventing additional failure.

Jan 1, 1972

By R. W. Newcomb

THE constancy of calibration, and to a great extent the life, of a thermoelement is dependent on the suitability of the primary protecting tube in which the wires are mounted, particularly when used at high temperatures. An ideal thermocouple protecting tube would be com-posed of materials that would not contaminate the thermoelement wires contained in it-one that would remain absolutely gas-tight ,it all temperatures of usage, that will not be attacked by gases, or other surrounding agencies, that is not destroyed by heat, that withstands sudden and extreme temperature changes, that affords a high degree of mechanical protection and does not deform at high temperatures, that is a good heat conductor and obtainable in small diameters so as to keep down lag factors. It has not yet been possible to produce tubes of any known mate-rials that will meet all of these conditions. In selecting protecting tubes, therefore, one should be chosen the characteristics of which best fit it to the particular conditions of usage. Frequently conditions are such that two tubes have to be used, a primary gas-tight protecting tube inside of a secondary protecting tube, because certain agencies will attack the primary gas-tight tube unless it is guarded by the outside tube.

Jan 9, 1919

By Richard Kunter

INTRODUCTION Additional work has been done on the CIP circuit at Creede, and a brief description of this work is presented in this paper. DREDGE The original dredge for the Bulldog was built by Al Hack, Inc. of Denver. The dredge cutter head is mounted on a boom made of 6-inch diameter pipe which is raised and lowered by a cable-pulley system. Maximum cutting depth is 8 feet. Slurry from the dredge flows through a floating 6-inch diameter pipe supported on 55-gallon drums which runs from the dredge to the shore and then to a trash screen and pumping system. See Figures 1 and 2. The cutter head, suction pump, winches for dredge movement, and all other operations are controlled from a small operations house located toward the rear of the dredge. All of the basic dredge equipment is mounted on a chassis about 8 ft x 16 ft in size. Additional buoyancy was originally provided by sealed 55-gallon drums supported along the sides of the chassis by a small wooden framework. Additional framework and barrels on the front of the chassis on either side of the cutter boom provided additional stability, particularly when digging in hard material. The dredge was quite stable, but two problems were apparent. For one, it could have been sunk by someone from the shore firing a rifle into all of the barrels. In prime deer-hunting and sportsman country

Jan 1, 1983

By RALPH HAYES SWEETSER

IRON ore and bituminous coal are the two basic raw materials for the whole iron and steel industry. The ore furnishes the iron and is absolutely necessary-all iron and steel products come directly or in- directly from the iron ores. The bituminous coal furnishes the carbon needed for the smelting of the ores and for the fuel used in all the processes of iron and steel manufacture. The necessary carbon could be furnished in some other form besides bituminous coal. In fact, it is only since the Civil War that bituminous coal has been the chief source of the carbon for metallurgical fuel. For many years only charcoal made from the forests furnished the carbon for smelting iron ores. About 90 years ago, anthracite coal was first used as blast-furnace fuel and for many years continued to be the chief blast furnace and steel making source for carbon. Even in my own blast-furnace experience, I have used charcoal in Canada and anthracite in Pennsylvania for smelting ores in an iron blast furnace. Bituminous coal, now almost exclusively the source for the carbon used in smelting iron ores, also furnishes most of the heat used in the steel-making processes. It is seldom used in blast furnaces in its natural condition, hut is first coked in beehive, or in by-product coke ovens; such bituminous coal is called "coking coal." Bituminous coal that is suitable for making the producer gas used in the open-hearth steel process is called gas coal. Any bituminous coals suitable for making blast-furnace coke or foundry coke, or that can be satisfactorily used for making producer gas, are classed as metallurgical coals and as such are to be considered in my proposed plan for the evaluation of metallurgical coals. According to Bureau of Mines Bulletin No. 449 these coals comprised 22 per cent of the bituminous coals mined in this country in 1923.

Jan 1, 1926

By M. Tanaka, S. Kita, Y. Jinnouchi, Y. Sawada

This paper generalizes the results of the recent theoretical and experimental investigations on the air-pulsated jigs in Japan. The pulsating mechanism is analyzed as a special vibratory system, and the jigging mechanism as a mass system subjected to the law of hindered settling. The results of investigations on the following items are reviewed: dynamics of the pulsating mechanism; pulsation in a practical TACUB jig development of a new type of air valve; uniform pulsation in a large Baum jig; motion and mobility of bed particles; separating speed in hindered conditions; and standard deviation in practical jigs.

Jan 1, 1985

Flag Day Celebrations Develop Practical Patriotism Among the hundreds of industries which celebrated Flag Day on June 14, were a number of mines, and a report- from the United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Co. tells how the programs were carried out at Mammoth and Chrome. In the first place, Flag Day was not observed by knocking off work, but by short exercises, after which work was resumed with re-doubled energy. In this crisis, that method of showing devotion to the flag and country might be termed "practical patriotism." In other words, it could be expressed as "Hats off to the flag and sleeves up for it." Harry Hunt, first-aid man at the Mammoth mine, reports that the flag raising was marked by the spirit of high enthusiasm, which included every man, woman and child belonging to the camp. "The miners in their working clothes, still wearing their carbide lamps on their caps, with faces covered with dirt, just as they came from the mine, and the ladies and children with their bits of bright color, made a picture worthy of the brush of a master painter. The program rendered was that arranged by the National Bureau of Education." First came a bugle call, "To the Colors," given by Assistant Superintendent C. W. Plumb. Then Foreman Carpenter W. R. (Bill) Young, raised the stars and stripes to the peak, and as the banner unfurled to the breeze, all heads were bared, and the salute was given by the workers, whose toil at home is strengthening our army in France. Then the miners joined in the singing of the "Star Spangled Banner," and repeated the "Pledge of Allegiance," and the "American's Creed." Shift-boss W. J. Phinazee then addressed his fellow workers, telling them how the flag stands for their protection and that of their loved ones, and how it should be loved and respected, not only by the native born, but by all who live here under its protection. Those of alien birth, who have come here because of the greater opportunities offered in America, owe a special honor to the stars and stripes, and the point was made that these men from other lands should not love their old home less, but their adopted country more. The majority of those present were foreigners, and their hearty applause showed that they appreciated the point made by their shift-boss, who, because of his position, was able to address them as man to man.

Jan 10, 1918

By Y. Shimomura, M. Serizawa, Y. Takahashi, K. Miyagawa

The "semi-pellet" sintering method developed and currently being used at the Fuji Iron & Steel's Hirohata Works is discusssd. It is shown that the method makes fine-sized material easily sinterable and increases sinter production. The operation can be incorporated readily into conventional sintering plants. Sintering plant raw materials currently being used in the Hirohata Works consist of 40 pct pyrite cinder, 40 pct fines resulting from crushing and screening of imported ores, and 20 pct others, such as mill scale and iron sands. Pyrite cinder, a major component in the sinter feed, has been getting finer since 1952, due to the increased grinding required for the improvement of the results in the iron sulfide flotation and to the adoption of FluoSolid roasters in sul-furic acid plants; some fines pass 100-mesh sieve almost completely. Increased use of the fine-sized pyrite cinders in the sinter raw mix resulted in such difficulties as decreased bed permeability, uneven firing conditions, and low yield. In an attempt to study the cause and to find a remedy for this problem, a series of experiments were made, using an 80-kg experimental sintering pan. As a result it was established that, by rolling the fine-sized pyrite cinders into small balls of 10 to 3 mm diam (hereafter called semi-pellets) and mixing them into the sinter raw mix, the bed permeability was improved, the sintering time shortened, and the yield and production rate increased. It is proposed that this new method be called the semi-pellet sintem'ng. In recent years the pelletizing process has taken the spotlight in the agglomeration field for treating fine-sized ores here in Japan as well as in the U.S. and Europe. This process produces pellets suitable for the blast furnace charge as such, and consists of three major operations: fine grinding, balling, and firing. With regard to the firing technique, some problems still appear unsolved. In the semi-pellet sintering, however, several ad- vantages can be claimed: the balling operation is relatively simple because only small-sized balls are shown to be acceptable and the operation can be readily incorporated into the conventional sintering plant, since only balling, not grinding or firing, equipment is needed. Basic test work on the process was initiated in 1954 and favorable results were obtained. Accordingly a pilot plant was built in 1955 and the test work was continued. The semi-pellets thus prepared in the pilot plant were tested further by USing them in the actual sintering pan and their beneficial effects ascertained. In late 1956 a drum-type balling machine (2.4X4 m) was installed and it went into operation in April 1957 in conjunction with the Greenawalt sintering plant (8 pans having dimensions of 7.2 m in length, 3 m in width, and 0.3 m in depth). In October 1958 a cone-type pelletizer, with a 2.2 m diam, and later a disk-type pelletizer were further added in the plant. In the DL sintering plant (2000 tpd), newly built in July, 1960, four disk-type pelletizers (3.2 m diam, 10 tph capacity) were installed. By mixing the semi-pellets thus prepared with the feed, the sintering operation was found to be greatly improved. The results of the basic test work, and the equipment and operation of the semi-pellet sintering operation at the Hirohata Works will be described. ON THE SINTERING CHARACTERISTICS OF FINE SIZED PYRITE CINDERS To ascertain the effect of addition of fine-sized pyrite cinders on the sintering characteristics, a series of measurements on bed permeability was carried out by varying the size distribution of pyrite cinders. The composition of the raw mix used in the tests was fixed at 50 pct pyrite cinder, 20 pct Larap magnetite fines, 30 pct sinter return, and 5 pct coke; only the size distribution of the pyrite cinder was varied. Also the moisture content was changed at each size distribution. The results are given in Fig. 1. For all pyrite cinders tested the bed

Jan 1, 1961

By M. G. Corson

THE theory of hardening by interference with slip which has been so clearly developed by Jeffries and his co-workers requires that an alloy to be amenable to age or heat hardening should contain among its components some that will stay in solid solution at high temperatures and precipitate as a secondary phase on cooling. This secondary phase may be either a more or less pure individual element (chromium in the case of copper, anti-mony in the case of lead), or some intermetallic com-pound. Those cases of hardening which depend on the precipitation of a compound are not only the most frequent, but are also far superior in the efficiency of hardening obtained. However, the slip interference theory as stated in its most general form is not sufficient to foretell new cases of this type of hardening and also will not explain some phenomena of a more intricate nature. It is not sufficient that a secondary phase might be absorbed by the main one at high temperatures and precipitated at the lower ones. The kinetics of this precipitation and the accompanying. physical phenomena of dimensional changes play independent and highly important parts. These kinetics, while not yet sufficiently studied to he formulated in the shape of physicochemical equations, might find their expression-in a qualitative systema-tization of the phenomena of precipitation according to two different viewpoints. To begin with, we encounter the question as to the velocities of the precipitation and of the growth of the phase precipitated. To harden a metal in an efficient manner we must be able to control the precipitation on one hand and also to bring the total of the secondary phase to such a number and size of the particles pre-cipitated as, will produce a desirable hardening effect under commercially feasible conditions of. age or heat hardening. From this viewpoint six different cases may be dis-cerned.

Jan 7, 1928

Extractive Metallurgy Division Institute of Metals Division Iron and Steel Division OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES John Chipman, President W R Hibbard, Jr, Past President C C Long, Vice-President T D Jones, Treasurer R W Shearman, Secretary AIME, 29 West 39th Street New York 18, N Y

Jan 1, 1959

By Francis J. Dennis

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) MANY factors govern the value of dredging-ground, and much capital can be wasted by the mistaken policy of contracting for the purchase of property and the installation of machinery before a thorough, examination has been made. To the uninitiated investor the presence of gold is generally the criterion,, and very superficial evidence is necessary to satisfy him as to this point. He considers the comprehensive report of a competent engineer as a wasteful extravagance and cannot understand why the engineer requires so much time and money to ascertain the information on which to base his conclusions, when the promoter can furnish him such pleasing and satisfactory data with but little expenditure of time and money. The uninitiated investor will often optimistically risk capital for purchase and equipment, and not until the venture comes to grief does he learn that the conditions are wholly unsuited for dredging. In many instances, a short preliminary examination by a competent engineer would have disclosed these facts. The mere presence of gold is by no means sufficient; some of the other factors necessary to be ascertained in determining the value of placer-ground for dredging-purposes are : (1) character and distribution of gold, and how much can economically be recovered; (2) character of bedding underlying the gravel, its contour, and whether its gold can be recovered by ordinary dredging-operations; (3) area and depths of gravel, surface contour, over-burden, water-level, proportion of fine material and boulders, and the presence of any material which might interfere with the dredging-operations and the recovery of the gold; (4) water-supply, power available, labor, transportation, and supplies, and cost of these ; (5) climatic condi-tions; (6) title to property, cost and royalties, and legal obstacles to carrying on dredging-operations. A brief reconnaissance may be sufficient to determine that some of the essential conditions for successful dredging are

Apr 1, 1912

By Ernest F. Burchard

(Pittsburg Meeting, March, 1910.) IN connection with the work of testing structural materials for the use of the U. S. Government at the laboratories of the technologic branch of the U. S. Geological Survey at St. Louis, Mo., from September, 1904, to April, 1909, and since then at Pittsburg, Pa., large quantities of sand, gravel, and crushed stone have been needed from time to time, besides samples of building-stone, clays, and other quarry-products. In many instances it has been necessary to obtain single samples of sand, gravel, or crushed stone in lots of a car-load or more. For obvious reasons all these collections have had to be made by a representative of the Survey. As the work progressed it was found essential that numerous geologic data should be gathered regarding the materials collected, in order that they might be properly classified as to kind of material, source, geologic age, etc., and that they might be rated according to quantity available, accessibility to transportation facilities, approximate costs, suitability for special purposes, etc., and that notes might be taken regarding undeveloped deposits of possible value. Furthermore, it was desired that the selection of materials for tests should be made broadly, so as to cover, first, the representative types of material, and later, if possible, the typical materials of the more important building-centers in the United States. In order to insure a certain degree of uniformity in this work and economy of effort and expense, it was decided that as much of the sampling as was practicable should be done by a member of the. geologic branch, whose regular field-trips could be combined conveniently with those necessary for procuring materials for the laboratory. During parts of the last three years I have been engaged in field-work of this sort.

Jun 1, 1910

Joseph LeConte, Berkeley, Gal.: I have read with some care and with extreme interest the work of Dr. Don, and have 110 hesitancy in expressing my high estimate of its value. We have here an example of laborious work undertaken in the true scientific spirit and by right methods. Loose statements and rash conjectures are here brought to the test of chemical analyses. By such work only may we hope to reach reliable conclusions and finally to solve the complex problems presented by the occurrence of ore-deposits. Such work as this is not only scientific but Is in the highest degree practical; for while a crude and imperfect science, by interfering with the results of approved empirical methods, may be positively hurtful, a more perfect science must eventually become the only sure guide to practice. Such a more perfeet science can only be reached by such work as Dr. Don's. I am sure every member of the Institute will unite with me in the hope that Dr. Don will continue his work, and that his example will incite others to similar work. S. F. Emmons, Washington, D. C.: I desire to bear my humble testimony to the great value of Dr. Don's paper to the science of ore-deposits, the thoroughness and accuracy of his work, and the immense amount of care-taking and tedious labor which it represents. The only regret with regard to it is that it could not have been published in full. No more important paper in its line has ever appeared in the Transactions. Indeed,

Jan 1, 1898

By W. O. Hotchkiss

RECOVERY and profits in the mining business do not go hand in hand. Some part of an orebody can usually be recovered at a lower cost per ton than the whole orebody or a higher proportion of it. Similarly, the total of the profits that may be made from mining an orebody is in itself not a true measure of the value of the business. The yardstick for money value should be present worth, and this is particularly so for purposes of com-parison. A simple example, well within the bounds of practicability, illustrates these points: Assume a mine to have known ore reserves of 4,000,000 tons. The ore is of uniform grade but is so situated that 1,000,000 tons could be mined more cheaply than the remainder. Present operations are on the basis of complete recovery of the ores. Output is 100,000 tons per year at a profit of $1 per ton. It is estimated that the 1,000,000 tons of readily accessible ore could be mined at the same production rate but at a profit of $2 per ton. For an output of 100,000 tons each year at a profit of $1.00 per ton, the mine will have a life of 40 years; will produce $4,000,000 of total profit, and, at Hoskold rates of 8 and 4 per cent, will have a present value of $1,104,690. If only the easy one-quarter of the ore is considered, with an output of 100,000 tons each year, at a profit of $2.00 per ton, that part of the mine will have a life of 10 years, will produce total profits of $2,000,000, and at rates of 8 and 4 per cent will have a present value of $1,224,800. . Under conditions such as these, then, one-quarter of the reserve ore promptly mined is worth some 10 per cent more than the entire reserve would be on an average basis extending over the longer period. Assume further that one-half, or 2,000,000 tons, of the reserves could be promptly mined at the same yearly rate of 100,000 tons at a profit of $1.50 per ton. Then this part of the mine would have a life of 20 years, would produce total profits of $3,000,000, and would have a present value of $1,320,630; approximately 20 per cent greater than for the whole ore-body on an average basis for the longer period.

Jan 1, 1936

By I. H. Warren, E. Devuyst

A review of the physical and chemical aspects of the direct leaching of metal oxides has been given and com- pared to recent data of the authors and co-workers. The physical aspects, including the anisotropy of the dissolution, the hydration and the zero point of charge of some metal oxides are discussed first and then the kinetics of the dissolution of metal oxides are considered. A general mechanism of the leaching of oxides which describes most of the observed results is proposed.

Jan 1, 1973

By A. W. Hale

IN a work published in 1838, De Morgan, the author of the article on "Probabilities,' in the Encyclopedia Metropolitana, says " The method of least squares is not yet introduced into the affairs of common life,….that many things which are demonstrable only by the higher branches of mathematics are looked upon as useless." And he mentions an instance in which "a method was suggested for estimating the relative importance of boroughs, by considering their population and contributions to the revenue com-

Jan 1, 1881

By Arthur La Motte

I NDUSTRIAL explosives, as distinguished from military explosives, include high explosives and blasting powder. The high explosives which are best known are straight dynamite, gelatin dynamite, ammonia dynamite and permissibles. There are two kinds of blasting powder, saltpetre blasting powder and nitrate of soda blasting powder. Blasting powders are mechanical mixtures of nitrate of potash or nitrate of soda with sulfur and charcoal, highly compressed, granulated and glazed. They ignite from a spark and burn with relative slowness, the rate of burning and hence the rate of conversion into gases depending upon the size of the granulation and upon the degree of. confinement under which the powder is placed. High explosives, on the other hand, are chemical compounds which detonate; that is, when the explosive is subjected to a violent shock, provided in practice by a blasting cap or an electric blasting cap, the molecule of the essential ingredient, usually nitroglycerin, is disrupted and the energy and heat released cause any other explosive ingredients which may be present, such as ammoniuin nitrate or T.N.T., to decompose with a resultant evolution of gases at an extremely rapid rate varying from 6000 to 20,000 ft. per second.

Jan 1, 1924

Mansfield MERRIMAN,Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. (communication to the Secretary*):—The formulas established by Mr. Campbell require the use of tables in order to take into account the influence of manganese on the tensile strength of steel. On examining these tables I find that the quantities given therein may be expressed by simple algebraic forms, so that formulas for tensile strength may be written which can be used without the help of tables. Referring to the case where the carbon is determined by

Jan 1, 1906

By W. L., Yerkes

AN interesting study of the application of air-, conditioning to the problem of mine ventilation and cooling can be found on the Witwatersrand in South Africa. Here there are a large number of deep mines in a relatively small area. Due to the nature of the reef, many mines are working at a depth of 6000 ft. and some have gone down to 8000 and 9000 ft. below the surface. At such depths, even in a country geologically as old as Africa, the virgin rock temperature approaches 110°F. The flow of heat from the- rock to the ventilation air is tremendous though the shaft or drift may have been open to ventilation for some years. In addition, there is the heat produced by machinery, lights, and men at work and the heat of adiabatic compression of air introduced into the mine. The difference in atmosphere pressure between the collar of a shaft and a level 6000 ft. below is nearly 3lb. per sq. in., resulting in an increase in heat content of nearly four B.T.U. per pound of air delivered to the mine at surface. Further the exclusive use of wet mining to reduce the incidence of miner?s phthisis increases the latent- heat content of the air.

Jan 1, 1941

By HORACE V. WlNCHELL

Location. THE St. Helens mining-district, indicated in sketch-map, Fig. 1, is chiefly in Townships 9 and 10 North, Ranges 5 and 6 East, of the Willamette meridian, in Skamania county, Wash. There is no railroad or even a wagon-road at present connecting it with any base of supplies; access is usually by wagon-road for FIG. I.-SKETCH-MAP OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. about 50 miles from the town of Castle Rock to Spirit lake, and from that point by pony-trail from 6 to 10 miles farther. History. Nearly 20 years ago two German farmers, totally inexperienced in prospecting, penetrated this region upon a hunting and fishing-trip. Their attention was drawn to numerous joints and crevices filled with black, glistening tourmaline, and con-

Oct 1, 1912