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By R. Kossowsky

Structural changes in Be-Cu, Be-Ni. Be - Ag, and Be-Fc alloys pressurized in a solid medium were invesligated by resistivity measurements , X-ray diffrac lion in situ and metallogvaphic examination. Some limited tests in liquid medium were also conducted. Good correlation was oblained between diauges of slope of relative resistance us pressure and changes in diffraction pattern. Metallographic examination rez:ealed that the copper, silver, and nickel alloys lwiu heauily due to the applicalion of pressure at room temperature. Using polarized light technique {1012}, {1011}, and possible {1010} twinning planes were identified. At eleuated temperature twinning was moslly confined to the {1012} planes. Although twin-ning could be promoted by application of hydroslutic pvessure (liquid medium), it was strongly enhanced by the pvesence of a nonhydvostatic shear component due to pressurizalion in a solid medium. It was further obserced that a decrease in grain size inlnibiled twinnitzg activily. A great deal of effort has been expended in recent years to render beryllium useful for structural applications. Efforts were concentrated towards a possible phase change and to promoting other than basal deformation modes. Quenching experiments to obtain the high-temperature bcc phase have failed,' nor were alloying additions successful in improving ductility of the brittle hcp phase.2 Herman et a1.3 have reported a new {1011} twinning mode in a Be-4.4 wt pct Cu alloy oriented for a C axis compression sustaining loads to 440,000 psi. A new approach using high-pressure techniques was undertaken at Curtiss-Wright, Wright Aeronautical Division Laboratories. Marder4 reported a 25 pct decrease in relative resistance of commercially pure beryllium at 92 kbar. He proposed that this discontinuity corresponded to the bcc phase found at high temperature; however, X-ray diffraction in silu did not confirm a phase transition.5 contre6 has recently shown that the bcc transition in pure beryllium is lowered to 800°C at 80 kbar accompanied by a 50 pct increase in relative resistance. The purpose of this paper is to report on one phase of an investigation of the effects of high pressures and temperatures in beryllium alloys, namely, twinning behavior in Be-Ni, Be-Cu, Be-Fe, and Be-Ag alloys pressurized to nearly 100 kbar and temperatures up to 200°C. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Material was obtained from Nuclear Metals, Inc., in the form of a 1.5-mm-diam wire extruded in stainless-steel cladding at 1600° F. Nominal composition of the alloys is listed in Table I, and the major impurities are are given in Table 11. Pressures to 100 kbar* were ob- tained using a National Bureau of Standards type 100/400 ton tetrahedral unit supplied by Barogenics, Inc. This type of apparatus contains a retaining sleeve with a conically tapered internal surface and four pressure-intensifying anvil assemblies with tungsten carbide tips. The 10-mm-long specimen fits into a pyro-

Jan 1, 1968

By Charles F. King

THE only investigations on record of the reactions occurring during the Bessemer blow are of charges containing a large percentage of manganese, with the exception of two partial analyses by Snelus and Barker of the. English method, where a low percentage of manganese was used. They do not give the analysis of the spiegel, nor do they report any graphitic carbon after the first stage of the process. Both report only traces of manganese after the first stage until the addition of spiegel. The slags corresponding to the samples of metal were not analyzed.

Jan 1, 1881

Estimation of local recoveries is an important issue in a selective mining operation. Two techniques, probability kriging and multigaussian kriging, are applied to estimate local recoveries at Jerritt Canyon. The pros and cons of each method are discussed in light of the results. Both methods provide simple and satisfactory solutions to the problem of estimating local recoveries. Consequently, they can be useful tools to work with in a selective mining operation.

Jan 1, 1986

The Iron and Steel Committee of the American Institute, of mining and Metallurgical Engineers held a joint session with the American Foundrymen's Association during the Annual Meeting of the Institute in February, 1928, for the purpose of discussing blast-furnace operations and the character of pig iron and castings. Dr. Richard Moldenke presided. H.. H. Sweetser, who was named on the program as the presiding officer of the session, was unable to be present, but sent a letter in which he said: " The meeting we had here last year and the meeting held in Chicago last June showed a desire on the part of blast-furnace men and users of pig iron to get the facts regarding the influence on castings made from pig iron produced in blast furnaces under varying conditions of temperature, mixture and local furnace operations. It has been my hope that at this Round Table we might he able to formulate a series of tests that, would give us the desired information. "Several independent blast-furnace investigations have. been, and still are being, carried on in different sections of the country. The furnaces investigated include a southern furnace, a middle-west furnace, a western furnace and a Chicago district furnace. The results so far show distinct characteristics for each of the four furnaces. It is possible that a furnace in the eastern part of the United States would be different from all the others. "It is hoped that a plan of action can be worked out at your meeting today whereby the IT. S. Bureau of Mines will be able, to carry on more extensive work in connection with the research departments of the different iron and steel companies and the big consumers of pig iron. "No one group can get all of the, information but if the different investigations can be coordinated it will he possible for us to (Iran. conclusions regarding the effects of varying conditions in blast-furnace practice on the pig iron produced and the castings made there from." DISCUSSION R. Moldenke, Watehung, N. J.—I was across the -water this summer and saw some of those interested in an investigation of this kind. 'I'hey told me that in Germany, where they had a joint committee of blast-furnace operators and foundry-

By Y. S. Bonillas

Page I. Introduction.......................... 286 II. Physiography.......................... 286 : 111. Introductory Geology...................... 287 IV. Rocks of the District ...................... 288 (A) Sedimentary Rocks..................... 288 Pinal Schist ........................ 288 Bolsa Quarteite....................... 289 Abrigo Limestone...................... 290 Capping Quartzite..................... 291 Martin Limestone...................... 292 Escabrosa Limestone .................... 295 Naco Limestone....................... 296 Cretaceous Deposits..................... 296 Glance Conglomerate................... 296 Morita. Mural and Cintura Formations........... 297 (B) Igneous Rocks........................297. Pre-Cambrian Granite.................. 297 Pre-Cretaceous Granite Porphyry............. 298 Rhyolite........................301 Other Dikc Rocks.................... 301 V. Structural Geology........................ 304 General Structure of Mule Mountains............. 304 Fault Blocks and Other Divisions............. 304 Igneous Rocks...................... 312 Copper Queen Block..................... 313 Fault Blocks...................... 313 Intrusions....................... 315 Don Luis Block....................... 315 Intrusions and Orebodies................. 316 VI. Geologic History......................... 316 VII. Metamorphism and Mineralization................. 318 General Metamorphism.................... 318

Jan 1, 1917

By Holbrook Botset

EXPERIMENTS performed in this laboratory on the flow of gas-liquid mixtures through unconsolidated sands have been described and discussed in an earlier paper.4 In these earlier experiments a definite relationship was found between the liquid saturation of a sand and its permeability to the liquid or gas phase. Furthermore, the nature of the sand, the permeabilities of the sands over a range between 17 and 260 darcies, appeared to have a negligible effect upon the saturation-permeability relation. Likewise experiments indicated that the viscosity of the liquid, or the substitution of an immiscible liquid for the gas phase, had only a very slight effect on the permeability-saturation relation. This con-clusion has since been definitely confirmed by the experiments of M. C. Leverett3 on the flow of oil and water through unconsolidated sands. The sands used by Leverett were of very low permeability (between 6.8 and 1.04 darcies), while the oil-water viscosity ratio varied between 90 and 0.057. Since the sands that constitute petroleum reservoirs are largely con-solidated, although of widely varying degrees of consolidation, it was desirable to extend the experiments on gas-liquid mixtures to consolidated sand. In the study of consolidated sands additional variables are involved, but for the initial experiments the only new variable to be intro-duced was the cementing material.

Jan 1, 1939

[Trans. No. Place Date Vol. Page 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa.* May, '71.. 1 3 2. Bethlehem. Pa Aug., '71.. 1 10 8. Troy, N. Y Nov., '71.. 1 1S 4. Philadelphia, PaFeb., '72.. 117 5. New York, N. Y.*May: '78.. 120 5. Pittsburgh, PaOct., '72.. 125 7. Boston, MassFeb., '78.. 128 8. Philadelphia, Pa.* May, '78.. 2 3 9. Easton, POct., '78.. 27 10. New York. N. YFeb.. '74.. 2 11]

Jan 1, 1946

THE following nominations for officers in the, Petroleum Division have been made by the nominating committee, of which Alfred G. Heggem was chairman: Chairman, John M. Lovejoy, Vice-pres., Amerada Petroleum Co., Tulsa, Okla.; vice-chairman for Refinery Engineering, Walter Miller, Vice-pres., Marland Refining Co., Ponca City, Okla.; vice-chairman for Production En-gineering, M. E. Lombardi, Vice-pres., Pacific Oil Co., San Francisco, Cal.; associate vice-chairmen for Produc-tion Engineering, T. E. Swigart, Prod. Engr., Shell Co. of Cal., Los Angeles, Cal.; Joseph B. Umpleby, Vice-pres., Goldelline Oil Corp., Oklahoma City, Okla.; vice-chairman for Production, W. E. Wrather, Cons. Geol., Dallas, Texas; associate vice-chairman for Production, Joseph Jensen, Associated Oil Co., Los Angeles, Cal.; vice-chairman for Transportation Engineering, E. P. Bly, Engr., Pipe Line Dept., Standard of California, San Francisco, Cal..; vice-chairman for Economics., Joseph E. Pogue, Cons. Geol., New York City. The election will take place, at the annual meeting of the Division in New York in February. Any independent nominations received before Jan. 20 and endorsed by ten members, will be announced in MINING AND METALLURGY for February and placed before the meeting for considera-tion. Extensive plans are being made for the meeting and a large number of excellent technical papers have already been received.

Jan 1, 1927

By AIME AIME

THE following brief description of the main features of the, engineering work was prepared for the use of members of the American Society of Civil Engineers and members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers on the occasion of their visits to the tunnels at the time-of their respective. annual meetings in New York, January and February, 1905. DESCRIPTION. Those portions. of the Pennsylvania Extension into Manhattan and Long Island, lying east of the Terminal Station and west of the East River, have been designated as the " Manhattan ?Cross-town:. Tunnels." They traverse a section of the city second in importance only to the financial district, and one that includes the larger hotels, retail shops and theaters and the residences of many of the best known citizens. Section "D," consisting of twin tunnels for west-bound express and local passenger traffic, lies under Thirty-third Street from a point 400 ft. west of the west line of Sixth Avenue, eastward to the river shaft, situated in the block between Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth Streets east of First Avenue. Beginning at the east end, the tunnels are in separate excavations, leading westward from the subaqueous tubes, on a curve of large radius, gradually closing together until it is found more appropriate to drive them in a single excavation. At a point just west of Second Avenue they reach the tangent, aid from there westward lie directly under Thirty-third Street. At a point about 180 ft. west of the west line of Sixth Avenue, the center concrete-wall between the twin tunnels is omitted, and the excavation somewhat widened to make room for a third storage-track, and the tunnel continues to tile station portal in three-track section. Here reprinted through the courtesy of The United Engineering and Contracting Co. The half-tone blocks used for the illustration of this paper have been kindly supplied by the Chasmer-Winchell Press of New York, Pittsburgh and Cleveland.

Mar 1, 1908

By A. U. Seybolt

Experiments on both suljidation and hot corrosion have been carried out using ternary Ni-Cr-X alloys and commercial nickel-base superalloys. It has been shown that lhere are certain micro structural similarities between sulfidation using H,S/H2 mixtures and hot corvosion using Na,S04 in "crucible" experiments or hot corrosion tests using a flame tunnel apparatus. It is proposed that two key processes in the hot cowosion process are: 1) formation of chromium sulfides which deplete the alloy matrix, and 2) oxidation which can be accelerated because of chromium depletion. Other processes play an important role in the hot corrosion process, such as accelerated oxidation attack due to the presence of a N& S04 or N&SO,- NaC2 film which inhibits the formation of a protective external oxide scale. However, this latter phenomenon was not studied in this work. THE term hot corrosion has come to mean a combination of sulfur and oxygen attack on nickel-base or cobalt-base superalloys used as gas turbine blades or partitions. This attack can be initiated by any combustion process in air involving fuel containing sulfur if the sulfur level is sufficiently high. Levels of 5 pet SO2l for example, in the combusting gas have been observed to produce hot corrosion attack on nickel-base alloys. The important immediate corroding medium in aircraft gas turbines, however, has been established to be Na2S04, formed from reaction between NaCl from sea air and sulfur in the fuel.' The Na2S04 concentrates the sulfur sufficiently so that superalloy parts heated in the range 1400" to 1900°F can become sulfided by reducing the Na2S04 film which forms on the parts, and this reaction allows sulfur to gain access to the alloy. The sulfur thus released diffuses into the superalloy and forms primarily chromium sulfides of various compositions, but frequently Cr2S, has been identified. Figs. 1 and 2 show the morphology typical of hot corrosion of a cobalt-base superalloy X-45 (25 Cr, 10 Ni, 7.5 W, 0.25 C) and a nickel-base alloy, Udimet 500 (19 Cr, 19 Co, 4 Mo, 3 Ti, 2.9 Al, 0.07 C). Both alloy samples were subjected to the same hot corrosion conditions: 616 hr at 1600°F in a combusted 2.9 pct S distillate oil containing 125 ppm Na as NaC1. It will be noted at once that the nickel-base alloy is much more severely attacked. The depth of corrosion is much greater and the number and size of the sulfides present are much greater. Both alloys show a duplex oxide scale, which is more noticeable in the X-45 alloy. The external scale is probably a spinel in both cases, with CrQ3 lying next to the alloy. Many investigators1 -"ve been concerned with hot corrosion phenomena, but there has been a lack of unanimity of opinion as to the details of the hot corrosion mechanism. More than one definition of hot corrosion is possible. Some investigators con- sider as a measure of hot corrosion only the weight gain due to an accelerated oxidation. However another point of view is that the total depth of affected alloy may be used as a measure. While it is recognized that surface oxidation attack is greatly accelerated by the presence of salts like Na2S04 or Na2S04-NaC1 mixtures, sulfur penetration into the alloy also undoubtedly produces very important effects. The region of sul-fide penetration which is so prominent in Fig. 2 is one of the outstanding characteristics of hot corrosion. For highly stressed parts, such as first-stage buckets, this sulfur-penetrated region can be more significant in mechanical property loss than the reduction of cross section produced by the formation of the massive external scale. In addition, evidence will be presented that this sulfided region can be less resistant to subsequent oxidation attack. Since it appears that the sulfided region below the surface oxide scale plays an important role in the overall corrosion process,

Jan 1, 1969

By Arthur A. Center

WAR demand- motivated developments in the zinc industry during 1942. Stocks of Prime Western were built up and High-Grade remained tight. The Prince The Prime Western stocks are expected to be cut down and the demand for High-Grade more easily filled as the Depue reflux plant of the New Jersery Zinc Co. increases - production. Subistition of steel for brass in artillery shell cases will have a considerable effect on the zinc situation of the country one estimate of the saving in zinc in 1943 by this substitution being a little under 100,000 ton, of metal. The metal saved will, of course be High-Grade. If the substitution occurs, the present tight situation in High-Grade may be entirely relieved as new production comes on the market and zinc may find itself approaching a situation as comfortable as that of lead provided the supply of zinc-hearing raw materials is sufficient to keep all reduction plants tip to capacity production. The premium price of the per pound of zinc over set quotas which went into effect early in 1942, helped to bring about the new lead-slag-fuming plant and other new sources of raw materials.

Jan 1, 1943

By W. Luyken, E. Bierbrauer

A number of articles have been published, notably those by R. S. Handy, R. T. Hancock and A. P. Watt in Engineering and Mining Journal, dealing with the calculations involved in ore dressing. These publications demonstrate both the importance of the subject and the lack of success in developing a generally recognized method for comparing enrichment effects. Considering that we may wish to compare enrichment results on similar or dissimilar ores, that we may desire to make the comparison on the basis of either the absolute or the economical efficiency, and that the number of factors upon which the result depends is large, the question arises whether it is possible to set up a positive method for such calculations. In the following pages it is our aim to show that a sure, complete and successful way to overcome existing difficulties has been found. Graphical Analysis of Ore-dressing Processes The following is from Truscott's Text Book of Ore Dressing (London, 1923): x = assay of ore treated (feed). y = assay value of the concentrate. 2 = assay value of the tailing. a = weight of feed. 6 = weight of concentrate. c = weight of tailing. C = fractional concentration = = . a y - z K = ratio of concentration = 1/c a/b = y-z/x-z 2 B = fractional recovery = 9 = C y/x (3) 100R = percentage recovery. Copt. = theoretically best concentration. 100 — Copt = waste in the feed.

Jan 1, 1930

Jan 1, 1888

By AIME

A NATIVE son of Salt Lake City. David Douglas Moffat has contributed greatly to both the mineral industries and civic progress in the State of Utah. He was born in 1880 and his whole life bas been intimately associated with mining and milling. His father, one of Utah's pioneer mining men, was superintendent of a mill at Park City. When Moffat was only 18 years of age he went to Philipsburg Mont., where he spent several years as a machinist, and later as master mechanic for the Granite Bi-Metallic Mining Co. He returned to Park City in 1903 as master mechanic and night mill foreman for the Ontario Silver Mining Co. After a few years of varied experience he became, in 1910. general foreman of the Boston Consolidated Will at Garfield, Utah.

Jan 1, 1947

By John Mills

THREE case histories from professions other than engineering will serve to introduce ideas basic to this discussion. Case (1) Date, about 1900. A young man, B. D. from a three-year graduate course in a prominent divinity school, was for two years a successful pastor of a small church; then friction over theological matters arose with a fundamentalist deacon of the "Bible belt" type. He resigned, returned to his university for a four-year medical course, interned for two more, and thereafter was successful and apparently happy as a physician. We may assume that he was converted in early adolescence and vowed himself to service as a minister. Acceptance of his announced career by parents, friends, and teachers plus his own determination confirmed his choice until illiberal criticism threatened his usefulness and he awoke to the fact that his inner needs were not along the direction in which inertia and his conscience had constrained him.

Jan 1, 1947

By E. W. Enqelmann

DURING January, 1933, burlap or coco matting was placed in the bottom of launders handling various products of the flotation plant of the Magna mill of the Utah Copper Co., with the hope of increasing the total recovery of gold. This was soon followed by placing various materials, such as coco matting, cotton twill, and common 10-oz. burlap on the bottom of the main tailing launder. The burlap was found to be the most economical material to use. The test was first conducted in an old wooden launder, 40 in. wide and 2000 ft. long, with 10-oz. burlap fastened

Jan 1, 1935

F. L. Clerc, Chicago, Ill. (communication to the Secretary): On page 681 in Mr. Winslow's paper, he refers to me as having "advocated the view that the ores were derived from the patches of Coal-

Jan 1, 1895

By AIME AIME

THE annual meeting of the Woman's Auxiliary to the A.I. M.E. is always held in New York, in con- junction with the annual meeting of the Institute in February. Business sessions, teas, dances, a theater party, luncheons, excursions, and many other interesting activities filled the four days to overflowing. In all ,216 women were present, from all parts of the United ,/ mates, and there were several from Canada. On Mon- ' day not only the visitors, but the New York members also, gathered around the registration desks, where Mrs. E. N. Wolfes, Mrs. S. J. Jennings, and Miss Georgene Davis saw that everyone was properly registered and provided with tickets to whatever functions she desired to attend. Greetings were eagerly ex- changed as friends met at the luncheon on the fifth floor, where the hostesses of the day were Mrs. J. D. Handy, Mrs. T. T. Read, Mrs. Sidney Rolle and Mrs. H. J. Wolf. In the afternoon, there were visits to art galleries and other interesting exhibits, arranged by Mrs. Frederick Laist. Mrs. W. H. Bassett was the hostess at a very delightful Thé damant at the Italian Gardens of the Ambassador Hotel. Many of the men attended this function also. In the evening the visiting ladies were entertained at a theater party, with Mrs. Wilbur Judson as hostess. The play that was seen was Gorki's "At. the Bottom."

Jan 1, 1930

By Gordon E. Agar

Several correlations have been proposed to relate energy consumption and size reduction in comminution, and although these are arrived at from different starting points, it is postulated that they are all statements of the same basic concept. To test this postulate, the dry ball mill grindability of langbeinite was determined, and the results were analyzed according to the various methods. An examination ' of the energy-particle size relationships proposed in the recent past revealed that they had much in common. In fact, the conclusion was tentatively drawn that these expressions were essentially the same, even though they were arrived at from quite different basic premises. The equations attributed to Charles2 and Holmes3 were shown to re- duce to the same single equation, W - A K-3, and the simulated continuous test used by Maxson et al.4 was shown to give the best experimental value of the required empirical parameter, ß. Furthermore, the size distribution parameter a in the Schuhmann equation, y - (x/K)2, was shown to be equal to ß in many cases. The kinetic approach used by Arbiter and Bhrany5 should give the same results as the Maxson test procedure; however, the batch operation used by Arbiter and Bhrany could not produce data that would be as precise as the simulated continuous technique. To test the validity of these conclusions, the simulated continuous method was used to obtain data on the dry grinding of langbeinite. The results are discussed in terms of the various equations and approaches. APPARATUS AND MATERIAL A ball mill with internal dimensions of 17.5 cm (6 7/8 in.) in length by 19.4 cm (7 5/8 in.) in diam was loaded to 50% of its volume with balls 3.2 cm in

Jan 1, 1969

By GILBERT C. DAVIS

ANY thought of Morenci naturally includes its sister town of Clifton, its gateway to the outside world. Clifton, the country seat of Greenlee County, is the terminus of a branch line of the Southern Pacific railroad from Lordsburg, N.M. Carload freight incident to the Morenci operation moves from Clifton over Phelps Dodge?s standard-gauge industrial railroad. Private freight must be hauled by truck. These two communities fell far short of supplying adequate housing for the personnel concerned with the new operations so a new townsite, Stargo, was developed adjacent to Morenci. Here 234 housing units with garages have been built and twenty similar units have been erected near the reduction works.

Jan 1, 1942