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By Marcus Vinicius Laudares Mendonça

SMS calculates and improves tooth and flank profiles individually to realise a homogeneous pressure distribution over the complete load flank. With a tooth profile and flank profile according to AGMA, ISO or DIN standard the contact pressure varies along the load flank. To realize a homogeneous distribution of the contact pressure and to avoid a premature mesh, SMS improves the tooth profile and flank profile in three steps. First SMS is doing a preliminary calculation and design according ISO, DIN or AGMA standard, with safety factors based on more than 125 years of experience. Second SMS calculates and checks the local contact pressure at the load flank under consideration of shaft, gearing and housing deformation, as well as the bearing behaviour. Finally SMS calculates and designs an improved tooth profile and flank profile to receive a homogeneous contact pressure at the load flank. The result is an increase of the torque transmitting capacity of up to 30% of the SMS advanced gears with the same outer dimensions than traditional gears.

Aug 17, 2017

By Afonso Cardoso da Silva, Romeu Thomaz Viana Jr, Emanuelle Garcia Reis, José Herbert Dolabela da Silveira

The Gerdau Ouro Branco Mill, three years after the implementation of its new plate mill, has started to develop high complexity products. The plate mill’s learning curve has been increasingly challenging since products are being developed to their highest grades. This work aims to present the first results of the development of steels of the strength class of 510 MPa produced by TMCP (Thermomechanical Controlled Processing) followed by accelerated cooling. These results show the potential and advantage of the accelerated cooling process regarding to obtain products of high mechanical strength and high toughness, associated with a low equivalent carbon.

Oct 1, 2019

By Li Shanqing, Xu Jianghua, Li Hongmei, Huang Peijie

Cold rolled high strength steel are playing a very important role in reducing automobile weight for energy saving and environment protection. In recent year, more and more high strength steel were manufacturing in steel company. But there are some problems in the cold rolling process for high strength steel products. Periodic thickness deviation especially in strip head or tail is an important one in these problems. In this paper, the reason of periodic thickness deviation was analysed and a new AGC algorithm called Property FFC for high strength steel in tandem cold rolling was developed. The application of this new algorithm shows that it can reduce the thickness deviation.

Oct 1, 2019

By Benito Barbabela Silva, Michel Garant, Mathieu Dubé

Pellets market challenging scenario has stimulated pelletizing experts to pursue innovative alternatives to process development in order to increase pellets competitiveness vis-à-vis sinter. When it comes to indurating process, pelletizing productivity is still limited and its OPEX inflated by the lower input of carbon into mixes due to quality impairment caused by magnetite formation in pellets core. This obstacle led to the rethinking of carbon distribution strategy within the green balls. To achieve such purposes, COREM through its precompetitive research program dedicated to its members, has proposed the layered pellets®, a two-stage balling technology. Balling in disc and pot-grate tests in COREM’s pilot plant were carried out to proof the concept, support the arising technology and evaluate its potential. According to first results, while CCS strongly improved, tumble and abrasion indexes as well dynamic LTD must be further investigated. Tests on four classes of equivalent carbon content pellets to evaluate layering strategy gave very good perspectives concerning the increase of productivity, and the reduction of fuel consumption and GHG emissions.

Oct 1, 2019

By Rodrigo Fina Ferreira, Jacek Kolacz, Luciana Gois, Neymayer Pereira Lima

The recent developments on the sensor detectors together with the higher capacity of the machines, due the high-speed computing recent advances, have made possible extending the application in the mining industry. The use of x-ray fluorescence, x-ray transmission and radiometric sensor based sorting can selectively remove gangue minerals in different size fractions for different minerals. This paper summarizes the potential application of SBS for an iron ore in three size fractions aiming to increase the %Fe after the removal of particles with main gangue minerals associated. Pilot plant tests were carried out with samples of iron ore in different size fractions and different content of hematite and gangues. The use of x-ray transmission sensor showed the possibility to increase the %Fe from about 63% to above 68% for particles below 80mm and 45mm, after the removal of low density particles. The presence of fines on the feed affected the performance of the SBS X-rays transmission machine, especially for the fine fraction feed. The mineralogical determination, carried out to know the association between hematite and gangue minerals, and the density of the particles on the feed, can be used to preview the quality of products of the x-transmission sorting process.

Oct 3, 2019

By Emanuele Osto

In late 2013, the installation of the world's first application of a break-through technology for rail hardening was started at Baogang Iron & Steel (Group) Co. Ltd. in Inner Mongolia, China, one of world's leading rail producers. The "Injector Dualphase Rail Hardening" (idRHa+) system was developed by Primetals Technologies and Centro Sviluppo Materiali S.p.A. (RINA-CSM) a Technical Center headquartered in Rome, Italy. Baogang was a key partner, providing its large expertise of premiumrail producer, including its experience with existing offline technologies. With a design based on thermal, mechanical and metallurgical models, idRHa+ can apply customized cooling protocols, so to obtain the desired microstructure and hardness distribution across the rail head, with a high degree of accurateness and operation flexibility. idRHa+ can be installed in inline or offline configurations. During 2014, the system was successfully commissioned at rail mill #2 in the city of Baotou, Inner Mongolia, and entered the regular commercial production. This paper gives an overview of the key concepts behind idRHa+'s design, the progression of its commissioning and testing till the ramp-up to consistent industrial operation. Derived from idRHa+ research and experience, other water-cooling technologies are available for different applications such as: quenching & tempering of medium-large sections, control of distorsion of merchant bars, quenching of stainless grades for improving the resistance to corrosion.

Aug 16, 2017

By Marcos Paulo da Silveira, Carolina Conter Elgert, Messias Prado de Almeida, Rafael Stella Galdino

Microalloyed steels have been intensely studied as an alternative to increase strength by grain refinement and/or precipitation hardening. Long steel products have a wide range of opportunities to apply well-defined principles of controlled rolling (CR) in order to increase strength and toughness with reduced costs. To evaluate the effect of microalloying elements as Nb and Ti with thermomechanical treatment, three conditions were tested: DIN 16MnCrS5 with hot rolling (HR), DIN 16MnCrS5 with Nb and CR and DIN 16MnCrS5 with Nb+Ti and CR. Austenitic grain size, obtained by direct quenching after rolling, has shown a decrease 32% with Nb addition, and 29% when Nb and Ti was added. Controlled rolling generated higher grain refinement and pancacked grains near the surface. When comparing ferritic grain size, controlled rolling plus niobium and titanium additions resulted in significant reduction of 35%. Yield strength increased 15% with microalloying and CR and more than 270% in impact toughness, even at -40°C.

Oct 1, 2019

By José Adilson de Castro

In this paper a new technology for a compact iron ore sintering machine is analyzed. The compact sintering process is based on the massive injection of gaseous fuels and the solid fuel is only agglomerated fine charcoal obtained by biomass. The solid fuel used in this study is obtained by agglomeration of fine charcoal produced from elephant glass which has very short period for production and CO2 capture(less than 6 months in tropical climate). To overcome the lower heat supply into the combustion front of the sintering process the simultaneous injection of oxygen and gaseous fuel is proposed. The proposed methodology is to combine the solid fuel (agglomerated fines charcoal) and steelworks gases in a compact machine to enhance heat and mass transfer with high productivity (about 5 times the conventional large machine). A multiphase mathematical model based on transport equations of momentum, energy and chemical species coupled with chemical reaction rates and phase transformations is used to analyze the inner process parameters. A base case representing a possible actual industrial operation of the sintering machine is used in order to compare different scenarios of practicable operations which represents advanced operations techniques. The model was used to predict six cases of combined operation with biomass and fuel gas utilization with oxygen support.

Aug 2, 2018

By Johan Richaud

Achieving high surface quality steel in the continuous casting process requires optimal mould level control. The design of the casting channel from the tundish to the mould is crucial to prevent formation of undesired instabilities or biased flows that can cause level fluctuation. With the aid of CFD and with physical water models, the geometry of the stopper nose and the nozzle seat have been studied and optimized to improve the overall mould flow stability. A special stopper nose; Ripple Stopper (RST), has been developed that reduces the formation of large and unwanted eddies in the liquid steel that destabilize the port exiting jets. Instead, the RST produces a fast release of turbulence in the form of a large number of small eddies. The large sudden fluctuations in the mould level are reduced, which in turn reduces the occurrence of surface defects. An additional benefit is derived from the local pressure around the stopper nose region being greater which reduces the refractory erosion. For a tundish gate type flow regulation, a new design encompasses an offset in the Tundish Well Nozzle (TWN) that realigns the flow and reduces the bias flow that is common to tundish gate regulation. The steel recirculation regions below the throttling gate are decreased reducing the risk of oxide depositions. The RST and the Offset bore casting channel have been applied successfully leading to a superior flow control performance between the tundish and the mould.

Jul 30, 2018

By Pierre Montmitonnet, Yukio Shigaki, Jonatas Mezêncio Silva

A precise roll stack deformation model of a flat rolling mill is crucial for strip profile assessment as it depends strongly on the roll’s deformation. The need for more and more advanced products with stringent both geometrical and mechanical tolerances (e.g., Advanced High Strength Steels – AHSS), with thinner and harder steel strips, demands more advanced simulation models. The present paper addresses assumptions made in Finite Element Method (FEM)-based roll stack models on some important, yet barely discussed features: What is the impact on precision of the simplifications such as symmetry and anti-symmetry? Should roll neck boundary conditions in bearings be considered as fixed or simply supported? In this paper a hybrid model developed by the authors for a general flat rolling mill is used to assess those questions. This model runs much faster (100x in some cases) than a whole-FEM-modeled 6-high rolling mill with the elastoplastic strip deformation, thanks to its simplifications adopted. This model assumes a steady state rolling condition, and the roll stack is modeled with tridimensional finite elements, and the loads are calculated via a slab method adopting a plane strain state for the strip deformation (especially true for thin strips). An industrial 6-high cold rolling mill is modeled and results on the application of symmetries and different boundary conditions on the roll’s necks are presented. It is concluded that the application of symmetries and anti-symmetries for the 6-high rolling mill is possible for thin strips. And the way the necks are modeled does not impact on the final strip shape, though it influences the magnitude of the roll’s displacement. The coupling of the strip with the work roll applied assuming a symmetry plane of the arc of contact has little influence on the strip shape.

Oct 1, 2019

By Sander Mul, Michael Brandner, Armin Paar

Graphitic HSS roll grades such as ESW’s brand VANIMO can be considered as the latest developments for the last finishing stands in hot strip mills. These roll grades are developed on the basis of the alloying concept of (Carbide Enhanced) Indefinite Chill work roll materials. During the development of VANIMO, the amounts and types of carbide forming elements were increased and adjusted into the direction of cast HSS roll grades. The microstructure of graphitic HSS roll grades therefore consists of tempered martensite, cementite and several different carbide types as well as a well-defined amount of free graphite. The main purpose of graphitic HSS roll grades is to combine the high surface quality of Indefinite Chill alloys as well as the high wear resistance of HSS roll grades. Several systematic steps were taken to increase the wear performance from Carbide-Enhanced Indefinite Chill grades to the more advanced VANIC grade and further on to the highest alloyed roll grade VANIMO. In every development step, the surface quality of the roll grades was carefully monitored. The decision to invest in new testing equipment at ESW’s plant was driven by the wish to see microstructural effects of different alloys in a macroscopic dimension. Usually samples are taken from cast rolls and investigation is done in comparably small areas compared to the total surface of a roll. Rolling of strip is done with the entire barrel, so effects of alloy and microstructure can appear anywhere on the barrel surface. To ensure better understanding and deeper knowledge about influences of alloying trials we decided to install the last version of LRI (Lismar Roll Inspection). LRI includes the latest technology of Eddy Current with an enormous resolution. Depending on the formation of carbide precipitations, carbide network as well as matrix and free graphite, the EC test can detect smallest differences. The possibility to analyze the different results of EC and UT surface wave inspection will be discussed. A few examples of surface effects in the mill application will be discussed and improvement strategies explained.

Oct 1, 2019

By Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório, Marcela dos Passos Galluzzi Baltazar, Lidiane Maria de Andrade, Márcio de Morais Tavares, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, Bruno Karolski

A contaminação de solos e do ambiente hídrico por hidrocarbonetos de cadeias longas, geralmente por rompimentos de dutos ou por acidentes ocorridos no seu transporte afetam o meio ambiente de forma deletéria. Visando aplicabilidades futuras na remediação de solos e águas, existe a necessidade de estudos de biodegradação específicos, como por exemplo, bactérias que utilizam óleos de cadeias longas como fonte de carbono, visando melhorar o entendimento do mecanismo de interação do óleo com as bactérias. Baseado neste raciocínio, para desenvolvimento deste trabalho que visou encontrar, estudar e entender o metabolismo de uma microbiota capaz de utilizar hidrocarbonetos de cadeias longas como fonte de carbono, foram isoladas linhagens de bactérias provenientes de uma comunidade encontrada em borra de petróleo. Esta comunidade bacteriana teve avaliado seu poder de biodegradação de várias moléculas, constituintes do petróleo, assim como a sua preferência metabólica por cadeias específicas, resultando em um melhor entendimento do processamento dos componentes do óleo derivado de petróleo por micro-organismos. Os resultados de cromatografia comprovaram a biodegradação através da redução dos picos, e através do estudo dos cromatogramas foi possível identificar as substâncias biodegradadas.

Mar 1, 2019

By Letícia Miranda Alves

Os fluxantes são misturas de minerais que em contato com aço irão fundir e gerar uma escória líquida que irá permitir a troca térmica e favorecer a lubrificação ao longo da interface placa/molde. Durante o processo de lingotamento contínuo de placas parte do filme de escória irá solidificar-se tendendo a formar fases amorfas e/ou cristalinas. O aumento na temperatura de solidificação bem como a formação de camada cristalina reduz a transferência de calor e pode repercutir em uma pele de aço mais fina favorecendo o breakout. Por outro lado, estas condições, como promovem uma solidificação do aço mais cuidadosa reduz a formação de trincas longitudinais a quente, depressões entre outros defeitos. Neste trabalho usando o software Thermocalc® simulou-se a formação de fases para dois tipos de pós fluxantes em função da temperatura. Usando o software FactSage estimaram-se os valores de viscosidade. Através de análise por difração de raios-x, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e análise térmica diferencial, buscou-se estabelecer as relações entre as propriedades e resultados esperados para cada tipo de pó fluxante no processo de lingotamento contínuo de placas.

Jul 30, 2018

By Jose Carlos D'Abreu

O presente trabalho se refere a um programa de pesquisa cooperativa Universidade- Empresa, que objetivou analisar a metalização de briquetes autorredutores quando submetidos à redução sólida e quando adicionados a um banho de aço fundido, atendidas as similaridades impostas pelos processos industriais. Focando principalmente a recuperação dos resíduos particulados gerados pela siderurgia integrada, foram formulados sete tipos de aglomerados autorredutores. O presente trabalho considerou duas rotas experimentais: primeiramente, a que realizou a autorredução em fase sólida numa atmosfera de nitrogênio, e a monitoração da conversão reacional resultante através da análise dos gases de exaustão gerados. Em segundo lugar, a que promoveu a autorredução via a imersão dos briquetes num banho de aço carbono, e a realização posterior das monitorações das variações de composição do aço fundido e de sua temperatura, visando comparar o “potencial refrigerante” dos briquetes e das sucatas. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados experimentais relativos a seis briquetes, no caso da rota de autorredução sólida, e de um briquete (tipo A), no caso da segunda rota. Finalmente, com base nos resultados laboratoriais, foi possível concluir pela viabilidade técnica preliminar das duas rotas de reciclagem.

Aug 16, 2017

By Sandra Goulart-Santos

Os aços galvanizados são amplamente utilizados devido à sua excelente resistência à corrosão. Além disso, esses aços apresentam alta qualidade superficial, o que é um requisito importante para aplicações exigentes como as da indústria automobilística. Dentre os parâmetros de processo importantes para a qualidade dos revestimentos está o teor de alumínio no banho de zinco. Nesse estudo, foi utilizado o simulador do processo de galvanização a quente (HDPS), para investigar a influência do teor de alumínio efetivo do banho na qualidade superficial do revestimento galvannealed (GA), sendo avaliados os teores de 0,09% e 0,14%. Para acompanhar os estágios de formação das fases Fe-Zn foram realizadas interrupções do ciclo de galvanização ao longo das etapas de imersão no banho e de tratamento térmico de galvannealing. Utilizando a técnica GDOES, foi possível acompanhar as variações da concentração de alumínio ao longo do revestimento durante a formação das fases Fe-Zn. Os resultados das simulações mostraram que o alumínio efetivo mais baixo no banho favoreceu a cinética de formação das fases Fe-Zn durante o tratamento térmico e diminuiu a ocorrência de regiões com aspecto brilhante no revestimento, melhorando a qualidade superficial.

Jul 30, 2018

By Elisiane Maria Berton

Neste trabalho propõe-se o estudo do efeito do processo de SHTPN (Tratamento térmico de solubilização após nitretação por plasma), e do tratamento térmico de têmpera e revenido sobre a microestrutura, dureza e resistência à corrosão do aço inoxidável ferrítico AISI 409. Por meio do SHTPN obteve-se uma camada martensítica de nitrogênio na superfície do aço. Após o SHTPN as amostras foram temperadas de 950°C e revenidas nas temperaturas de 200, 400 e 600°C. A resistência à corrosão foi avaliada por meio da técnica de polarização cíclica e a dureza através de ensaios Vickers. Verificou-se que o SHTPN afetou significativamente a dureza do aço e o tratamento de têmpera refinou e melhorou a distribuição da martensita de nitrogênio. A camada martensítica formada apresentou espessura da ordem de 660 ?m. Os resultados indicam que é possível obter uma camada martensítica com dureza de 620 HV e aumento da região passiva, bem como do potencial de nucleação de pite quando comparado à condição não tratada (ferrítico). O melhor resultado de corrosão foi obtido para a amostra revenida na temperatura de 200°C.

Aug 8, 2018

By Isaias Moreira de Freitas

Componentes de alto custo como rodas ferroviárias estão em pleno desenvolvimento a fim de aumentar o desempenho em operação. Para isso, diversos materiais microligados têm sido testados para obter melhores propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas. Esses materiais estão fortemente sujeitos a fraturas devido às solicitações térmicas e mecânicas durante o trabalho. Muitas dessas fraturas frágeis são ocasionadas por propagação de trinca, impacto, fadiga ou alguma falha metalúrgica. Essas fraturas e riscos operacionais vêm aumentando gradativamente com as maiores cargas transportadas. Portanto, novos materiais e processos produtivos devem ser exaustivamente testados a fim de garantir alto desempenho e confiabilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as propriedades dos materiais atuais e de diferentes composições de aços microligados de rodas ferroviárias de vagões, fabricadas pelos processos de fundição e forjamento. As amostras foram submetidas a ensaios metalográficos, mecânicos e de tenacidade à fratura. Foram avaliadas rodas convencionais, microligadas ao vanádio e microligadas ao nióbio. Nas rodas forjada e fundida, foram observadas propriedades de tração e dureza similares, e superioridade para o microligado em relação ao aço convencional. As rodas forjadas apresentaram melhor resistência ao impacto e a tenacidade a fratura, destacando-se a microligada ao nióbio.

Aug 16, 2017

By Felipe Farage David

A laminação de tiras a quente de bobinas de aço apresenta alta relevância devido a possibilidade de obtenção de diversos produtos para diferentes aplicações, tais como: construção civil, industria automotiva e implementos agrícolas. O controle das variáveis de processo, tais como temperatura de reaquecimento de placa, velocidade de resfriamento e temperatura de bobinamento, é determinante para obtenção da microestrutura e, por conseguinte, das propriedades mecânicas do material. O propósito desse trabalho é estudar o comportamento da microestrutura e das propriedades mecânicas com a variação da composição química (adição de microligas de nióbio e titânio), mantendo uma rota de laminação termomecânica similar na laminação de bobinas a quente. Os aços aplicados neste estudo foram o aço microligado ao nióbio e titânio equivalente ao ASTM A1018 HSLAS 50 Classe 1 e o aço carbono comum equivalente ao ASTM A1018 SS36 Tipo 2. Apesar do aço carbono comum apresentar carbono equivalente superior ao aço microligado, foi verificado maior limite de escoamento (se) no aço microligado ao nióbio e titânio. Dessa forma, aplicando tratamento termomecânico adequado no aço microligado é possível conseguir propriedades mecânicas melhoradas principalmente devido ao refino de grão e ao endurecimento da ferrita.

Aug 16, 2017

By Walter Valery, Kristy Duffy, Alex Jankovic, Peter Holtham

Hatch’s Mine to Process Optimization projects integrate mining and processing strategies, minimizing operating costs and maximizing overall profit. The methodology involves ore characterization, blast audits, plant surveys, analysis of historical data, and integrated modelling and simulation of mining and processing. Blast designs are tailored according to ore type and the downstream process is optimized for the changed feed. This approach has increased throughput and minimized costs for many operations worldwide. The implementation of this methodology at an iron ore operation that faced challenges with increasing mining strip ratio and ore body mineralogy changes is presented in this paper. The larger stripping ratio increased mining costs and constrained the run-of-mine (ROM) delivery to the process plant. Process performance was affected as the ore mineralogy shifted from predominantly hematite to include greater proportions of magnetite. The project objective was to minimize overall cost per ton mined and processed and maximize profit. Tailoring the blast designs according to ore type and process optimization increased the throughput of all process lines. This provided the potential to shut down one of the five processing line, aligning the mine and plant capacity and significantly reducing the processing costs.

Oct 3, 2019

By Nathanael Wagner Sales Morais

Os aços maraging tem grande importância tecnológica devido sua aplicação nas industrias aeroespacial e nuclear. Uma das aplicações para esse material é a fabricação de cilindros de alta resistência pelo processo de estampagem profunda, logo o conhecimento da textura cristalográfica torna-se fundamental. Este trabalho investigou o efeito da laminação à frio seguida por um recozimento sobre a microestrutura, textura e anisotropia plástica no aço maraging 350. A anisotropia foi medida pelo cálculo dos coeficientes de Lankford e dos coeficientes de anisotropia normal (Rm) e planar (?R). Os resultados mostraram o aumento na deformação a frio gera um aumento na intensidade da fibra acompanhada de um aumento no valor de Rm. As análises metalográficas mostram que maiores reduções induzem à um precipitação intermetálica após o recozimento.

Aug 8, 2018