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By Bradford C. Wesstrom, Ricardo Parra

The Freeport McMoRan El Paso Refinery uses co-generation to produce some of its electricity and all of its steam. This paper will cover the operation of the co-generation plant natural gas turbine at a fixed RPM for blade longevity and energy output. The by-product heat from the turbine passes through boilers with additional heat from a duct burner to produce steam for the Tank House and auxiliary operations. The steam demand varies dramatically throughout the day based on unloading activities in the Tank House. The use of an automated steam control system within the El Paso Refinery will help stabilize line pressure by incrementally controlling steam consumption based on electrolyte temperature. This will minimize steam line pressure fluctuations. INTRODUCTION In the mid 1920’s the Nichols Copper Company of Laurel Hill, New York recognized the need for a modern copper refining facility in the southwest. Due to the many railroad heads, affordable power and abundant labor supply, and the close proximity to regional copper smelters in Mexico, Arizona, and New Mexico, El Paso became the logical location. In December 1928, ground was broken for the joint venture refinery between the Nichols Copper Company, Phelps Dodge, and the Calumet and Arizona Mining Company. In September 1930, Nichols Copper Company became a part of Phelps Dodge Corporation after a stock exchange. In July 1938, Nichols Division officially became Phelps Dodge Refining Corporation. In March 2007, Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold acquired Phelps Dodge. Energy costs (electrical and thermal) are critically important in the viability of modern copper electrorefineries. The El Paso Refinery produces electricity and steam through its cogeneration system. The El Paso cogeneration facility is a natural gas, 15-megawatt facility containing five turbine generators and associated waste heat recovery boilers. The facility is divided into two phases. Phase I consists of two Allison 2.2-megawatt turbine generators. Phase II consists of three Solar Taurus 3.5-megawatt turbine generators. Presently three units in Phase II are operated. The Phase I units were purchased and installed in 1986 and the Phase II units in 1992 (Solar 1991). The facility operated at full capacity until 2003 when steam demand was significantly reduced due to decrease in cathode production and closure of the copper sulfate and precious metal operations. Phase I units were taken out of service and put on care and maintenance status.

Jan 1, 2019

By William R. Yernberg

Most citizens take it for granted, but minerals produced in the mines of the western United States, including Colorado, are crucial to nation’s standard of living and quality of life, said Colorado’s Gov. Bill Owens in his welcoming remarks at the 106th National Western Mining Conference. The conference, which was organized by the Colorado Mining Association (CMA), was held Feb. 4-6, 2004, in Denver. Attendance was425, up substantially from last year’s meeting. The meeting included the CMA annual membership meeting as well as the CMA chairman’s and president’s reports. The meeting also included awards presentations in which companies were recognized for their efforts in pollution prevention, health and safety, and reclamation. The conference also included a tradeshow.

Jan 1, 2004

The status and outlook for mining, in your view. Minerals remain a major part of the world’s economic foundation. The fortunes of the mining industry rise and fall with general economic trends, but mining is no less important today on a global basis than it has been historically. Certainly, portions of the industry are critically depressed — domestic copper to name one area —but other sectors are prospering. Mineral consumption, both worldwide and in the United States, has increased steadily since the Great Depression, hitting all-time highs in 2000, the last year for which I have seen data. The highly developed economy in the United States tends to obscure the continuing importance of minerals here. But in less developed nations the critical nature of minerals is obvious and well accepted. In short, although there is no shortage of problems or challenges facing mining — there never has been — mining remains an essential business with great global opportunity.

Jan 1, 2003

By Russell R. Trengrove

The Copper Canyon lead-zinc mine is in the Battle Mountain. District, Lander County, Nev. It was discovered in 1866 and mined for copper until 1935 and for copper and gold until l948, when the main production became lead-zinc ore. The rocks in the area are carboniferous (Pennsylvanian and Mississippian) sedimentaries that have been intruded by quartz monzonite of Mesozoic age. They have been intensely folded, faulted, and tilted. Lead-zinc ore occurs as sulfides disseminated along fractured zones in a conglomerate arid hornfels. Development was carried out by the Bureau of Mines in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey and comprised a study of the geology, making maps and. cross sections, and exploring the deposit by diamond drilling from underground. Eighteen holes were drilled, for a total of 2,594 feet. This report contains a brief history of the property and a description of mining methods and beneficiation of the ore, geology, ore deposits and drilling done by the Bureau of Mines. It also contains detailed analyses of the ore samples taken and logs of the holes drilled.

Jan 1, 1951

By J. Eriksson

Slag from stainless steelmaking is known to disintegrate, which is an environmental problem and prevents the cooled slag from being utilized. This disintegration is due to the transformation from the ßto the ? polymorph of di-calcium silicate. The transformation is accompanied by an increase in volume of about 11% and a total disintegration of the slag. AOD slag from stainless steelmaking was re-melted in a laboratory induction furnace, together with olivine and calcinated dolomite, to investigate the prevention of disintegration by increased MgO content of the slag with small changes in CaO to SiO2ratio. The modified slag was examined with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The trials showed that an increased MgO content can change the mineral composition towards formation of more Merwinite and Bredigite, which prevents disintegration of the slag. Keywords: slag, disintegration, di-calcium silicate

Jan 1, 2004

By Harry D. Lewis

Gilsonite is a lustrous black material that can be easily crushed into a chocolate-colored powder. It is a solid but relatively soft, lightweight hydrocarbon that visually resembles the volcanic glass obsidian. It was once thought to be a type of coal, but because it is thermoplastic it melts rather than bums. Gilsonite is found in commercial quantities only in the Uinta Basin of eastern Utah and western Colorado, where it forms vertical, nearly parallel veins of varying depth, width, and length. Gilsonite from different veins has different properties, most notably variations in softening point and solubility. These differences result in its use in a variety of industrial applications. Gilsonite's earliest commercial uses were in varnishes, buggy paints, and beer vat linings. Eventually it came to be used in more than 160 products ranging from inks to explosives. It is exported from the United States to most industrialized countries throughout the world. Today, due to competition from synthetics and other hydrocarbon products, its use has narrowed to several specific industries. Although sold mostly as a commodity, current research is focused on applications for gilsonite as a value added product. Historical Overview The discovery of gold in California and the dawn of the mining era in Nevada, Colorado, and Utah around 1850 brought a wave of prospectors to the western United States. One of those pioneers, Samuel H. Gilson, is generally credited with a major role in the discovery of gilsonite. The material now known as gilsonite was discovered several times from the late 1860s through the mid-1880s. It was William P. Blake who, after receiving samples of the material, wrote a paper in 1885 describing "a new variety of asphaltum from the Uinta Mountains." He termed the material uintaite. Although Sam Gilson was not the first to discover the mineral, he was an-inventor who used gilsonite in products that he patented. It was his conviction that the substance was of great value, which caused some to refer to it as gilsonite. The term Gilsonite became the registered trademark of the American Gilsonite Co., and it continues to be in use today. When the first company was formed to mine this substance in 1886 it was named the Gilsonite Manufacturing Co. This firm acquired many gilsonite mining claims and marketed a varnish made from the material. It was the unusual properties of gilsonite varnish that attracted the attention of Adolphus Busch of the Anheuser-Busch Brewing Co. In 1889 Anheuser-Busch bought out Gilson's interests and formed the Gilson Asphaltum Co. Busch had been importing asphalt from Sicily for use in lining beer barrels and saw gilsonite as being more readily available and cheaper. Although gilsonite did not work well in this application, Busch did acquire a large number of mining claims in the Uinta Basin. In 1903 the parent firm of Gilson Asphaltum financed the building of an 85-km railroad from near Grand Junction, CO, to Dragon, UT, to haul gilsonite ore to market. Underground mining was initially centered near Dragon and then later at Bonanza, UT, as different veins were mined. The railway was abandoned in 1937 in favor of truck transportation. In 1938 Gilson Asphaltum changed its name to Barber Asphalt Co., the predecessor of Barber Oil Corp. In 1946 Barber Oil teamed with Standard Oil of California to form a partnership, American Gilsonite Co., which today has its operational headquarters at Bonanza, UT. Barber Oil investigated many new uses for gilsonite, including the making of petroleum derivatives such as gasoline. This work led to the construction of a 116-km pipeline to carry slurried gilsonite to a refinery in Colorado for the production of gasoline, fuel oil, and coke. Pipeline operations began in 1957 but stopped when the economics of competing with petroleum became unfavorable, and the refinery was sold in 1973. In 1981 Standard Oil (later Chevron) became the sole owner of American Gilsonite and remained so until 1991, when it sold its interest to Stratford Enterprises Co. of Tulsa, OK. The companies have since been merged and now operate under the name American Gilsonite Co. with headquarters in Salt Lake City, UT. American Gilsonite continues to be the world's largest miner and supplier of the mineral. The American Asphalt Association was formed in 1902 by former stockholders in Gilson Asphaltum. This company mined various gilsonite claims until it was dissolved in 1953 and its properties were sold to American Gilsonite and Gordon S. Ziegler and Associates. The Utah Gilsonite Co. was established in 1920 and mined several claims until 1952, when its holdings were sold to Gordon Ziegler. Several other gilsonite mining ventures have been pursued in Utah, although they were significantly smaller in scale than those described above. There are currently three companies which mine gilsonite resin in Utah. They are American Gilsonite Co., Ziegler Chemical & Mineral Corp., and Lexco.

Jan 1, 1994

By Claud Johnson, Kristine M. Krajnak

Vibration transmitted to the upper limb by the chronic use of hand tools can result in cold-induced vasospasms finger blanching and cyanosis, similar to that seen with Raynaud’s phenomenon (4). These vasospasms, commonly referred to as vibration white finger (VWF), are in part the result of an increased sensitivity of peripheral arteries to the vasoconstricting effects of norepinephrine (e.g., (1-3)). However, alterations in vasodilating factors could also contribute to vasospasms. The goal of these studies was to determine if exposure to a single bout of vibration alters concentrations of the vasodilator, nitric oxide (NO), in a rat tail model of vibration. To determine if vibration exposure alters NO, we exposed animals to a single bout of vibration and measured concentrations of the synthetic enzymes, nitric oxide synthetase (NOS)-1 and NOS-3 in the ventral tail artery. We also directly assessed arterial concentrations of NO using a nitrate/nitrite assay. Methods General apparatus. Animals were placed in Broome-style restrainers, and their tail was secured to a vibrating or stable platform. Rats were exposed to a single 4 h bout of tail vibration (125 Hz, acceleration of 49 m/sec2 r.m.s.) or restraint control. Animals were euthanized with an overdose of pentobarbital (100 mg/kg) and the ventral tail artery was dissected and frozen. Experiment 1: Male Sprague Dawley rats (6 weeks old, n = 32) were used for all exposures. All animals were maintained in AAALAC accredited facilities, and all procedures were approved by the NIOSH Animal Care and Use Committee, and were in compliance with the CDC Regulations for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Animals were euthanized 1 or 24 h after the completion of the exposure. Western analyses were performed on total proteins (80 µg/lane) isolated from the C16-18 artery segments. Band densities were detected by chemiluminescence and quantified using Scion Image, and analyzed using 2-way ANOVAs. Experiment 2. Nitrate/nitrite concentrations.. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 24, 6 weeks of age) were maintained and exposed as described above. All animals were euthanized 24 h after the exposure and the ventral artery was collected. Nitrate/nitrite concentrations were measured in ventral artery tissue homogenates using the nitrate/nitrite colormetric Assay Kit (Caymen). Results Analyses of band densities revealed that there was an effect of time (F(1, 17) = 6.03, p < 0.03) on NOS-1 protein in arteries exposed to vibration, with NOS levels being lower in arteries collected 24 h after the exposure than arteries collected 1 h after the exposure. Although NOS-1 proteins concentrations were slightly lower in control arteries collected 24 h after an exposure than arteries collected 1 h after exposure, post-hoc contrasts indicated they were not significantly different than 1 h controls. In contrast, NOS-1 band densities from arteries collected 24 h after the exposure were lower than those collected 1 h after the exposure (p < 0.01; Figure 1). NOS-3

Jan 6, 2006

7133. Clewell, D. H. The Gravimeter. Prec. and Trans. Texas Acad. Science 1941, Austin, Tex., vol. 25, 1942, pp. 86-88. Static gravimeters, unastatized and. astatized, are considered to be the most practical for oil exploration. One gravimeter is described using a beam whose moment about a pivotal axis is elastically balanced. Magnetic or electric fields are deemed unsatisfactory for balancing gravitational force because they cannot easily be kept constant. The gravimeter described is capable of detecting a change in altitude of 3 inches and a change in latitude of about 150 feet. V. S.

Jan 1, 1944

The Mining Foundation of the Southwest will host its 24th Annual American Mining Hall of Fame Awards Banquet at the Tucson El Conquistador Golf & Tennis Resort in Tucson, AZ on Saturday, Dec. 9. The Mining Foundation of the Southwest is a non-profit organization whose objectives are public education about the mineral industries. It also recognizes outstanding accomplishments in and contributions to the fields of fuel and mineral resources.

Jan 1, 2006

By William L. Rice

This Bureau of Mines Open Pile Report on cobalt is one of a series of minerals availability commodity deposit abstracts. Nonconfidential information from the Minerals Availability Program data base covering domestic and foreign cobalt properties and deposits has been abstracted for use in his report. Abstracts include applicable data on location, published reserves and resources, geology, mine and beneficiation systems, and operation information.

Jan 1, 2011

By R. H. O. Wagner

"This paper describes the bench testing, pilot plant studies of alternative flowsheets, to determine the feasibility of gold recovery, by carbon in pulp extraction, in the Schumacher Mill gold flotation tailings. The economics were calculated based on pilot plant recoveries and actual industry operating costs.The economics of the carbon in pulp treatment of the gold flotation tailings were not justifiable. The economics of desliming the gold flotation tailings followed by carbon in pulp treatment were marginal, but favourable. INTRODUCTIONPamour Porcupine Mines, Limited is a gold, silver and copper producer located in Timmins, Ontario. In 1983 the head grade of Pamour's gold ores averaged nine one hundredths of a troy ounce of gold per short ton.Pamour operates two area mills to concentrate the gold ores. Free milling gold ores are processed at the Pamour One Mine mill, whereas the refractory carbonaceous gold ores, and complex gold, silver, and copper sulphide ores, are processed through the Schumacher Mine mill.The complex Schumacher mill feed ores do not all react favourably to flotation methods, consequently this study was commissioned to investigate the feasibility of the carbon in pulp cyanidation of the Schumacher mill gold flotation tailings. These tailings contain ten to fifteen percent of the gold in the mill feed. During the study period, the average grade of the Schumacher mill flotation tailings was nine one thousandths of a troy ounce of gold per ton, or one quarter of a gram of gold per metric tonne."

Jan 1, 1984

By Andy Cole

Barrick Gold recently implemented an oxygen roasting process to treat carbonaceous ore from its Goldstrike property in Nevada. One of the key project challenges was the design of the roaster gas cleaning system, which was driven by the requirements of a strict air permit and the need to achieve very high reliability. The roaster gas systems include multiple stages of wet particulate collection, a dual-alkali SO2 scrubber, mercury scrubbing, CO oxidation and NOx reduction. This paper describes the gas system, the influence of regulations on project implementation, and performance of the system.

May 1, 2002

By W. Timothy Adams

The production of natural abrasives varied in quantity and value compared with 1976. Output of tripoli-type materials was approximately the same in both quantity and value. Special silica stone products decreased in quantity and increased in value. Garnet production decreased both in quantity and value. The production of emery increased and the production and value of manufactured abrasive material was approximately the same. Foreign Trade Imports of abrasive materials were 23% more in value than in 1976, and exports plus reexports increased in value 10%. Net imports, the excess of imports over exports and reexports, were $35.3 million. The volume and value of all abrasive materials exported varied.

Jan 1, 1980

By David Shatwell

Recent epithermal gold discoveries in Chile and Bolivia provide increasing evidence of a belt of intermittent, epithermal, precious metal mineralization east of the main Andean porphyry copper belt. This relationship may be the result of an easterly decrease in the age of magmatism and erosional levels, in¬crease in depth above the underlying Benioff zone and consequent changes in magma chemistry, or some other unrecognized factor. Examples are: • The Choquelimpie gold-silver mine in Chile and numerous other epithermal prospects (such as La Riviera, Bolivia) in late Tertiary volcanics along the Chile-Bolivia border. These lie east of the belt that contains the Toquepala, Quellaveco and Cuajone porphyries in southern Peru and the Cerro Colorado, Copaquire and Quebrada Blanca porphyries in northern rhila

Jan 1, 1990

By Yoshiharu Tanaka, Toshiyuki Ichijo, Masaaki Yamamoto

We utilized electronic detonators (EDs) to investigate the effect of high detonator delay accuracy on overbreak, remaining rock damage, and surface smoothness, in comparison with that of long-period delay detonators (0.25 sec interval) PDs. The experiments were conducted in a deep mine, in a test site region composed of very hard granodiorite with a seismic wave velocity of about 6.0 km/see and a uniaxial compressive strength, uniaxial tensile strength, and Young's modulus of 300 MPa, 12 MPa, and 73 GPa, respectively. The blasting design was for a test tunnel excavation 8 m in cross section, with an advance per round of 2.5 m. Five rounds were performed, each with a large-hole cut and perimeter holes in a 0.4-m spacing charged with 20-mm-diameter water gel explosive to obtain low charge concentration. EDs were used in the holes on the perimeter of the right half, and PDs were used in all other holes.

Jan 1, 1995

By C. D. Shackelford, J. F. Muñoz, M. Vauclin, P. Rengifo, A. Suazo

The results of a field-scale study involving in situ leaching of copper ore tailings using sulphuric acid as the leaching agent, injection wells to introduce the leaching solution and extraction wells to recover the copper-enriched pregnant leaching solution are presented. The study was performed at an abandoned tailings disposal site using a battery of injection and extraction wells. The medium was characterized through the determinations of physical, chemical, mineralogical, and hydro-dispersive properties based on laboratory and field tests, including a tritium tracer test, a pumping test, particle size analyses, and hydraulic conductivity tests. Numerous horizontal strata with different hydraulic conductivities were identified. A previously developed model was used to simulate the leaching of copper ore tailings. Although the study confirms the feasibility of using in situ leaching for recovery of residual copper from tailings deposits, the efficiency of the technology depends significantly on the medium stratigraphy and hydraulic conductivity.

Jan 1, 2001

By S. E. Vanderslice, J. A. Hummer

"The results of laboratory evaluations were used to compare the potential of two alternative, biomass-derived fuels as a control strategy to reduce the exposure of underground miners to aerosols and gases emitted by diesel-powered equipment. The effects of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil renewable diesel (HVORD) on criteria aerosol and gaseous emissions from an older-technology, naturally aspirated, mechanically controlled engine equipped with a diesel oxidation catalytic converter were compared with those of widely used petroleum-derived, ultralow-sulfur diesels (ULSDs). The emissions were characterized for four selected steady-state conditions. When fueled with FAME biodiesel and HVORD, the engine emitted less aerosols by total particulate mass, total carbon mass, elemental carbon mass and total number than when it was fueled with ULSDs. Compared with ULSDs, FAME biodiesel and HVORD produced aerosols that were characterized by single modal distributions, smaller count median diameters, and lower total and peak concentrations. For the majority of test cases, FAME biodiesel and HVORD favorably affected nitric oxide (NO) and adversely affected nitrogen dioxide (NO2) generation. Therefore, the use of these alternative fuels appears to be a viable tool for the underground mining industry to address the issues related to emissions from diesel engines, and to transition toward more universal solutions provided by advanced engines with integrated exhaust aftertreatment technologies. IntroductionDiesel engines have been the workhorses of modern society for industrial and transportation enterprises. Diesel engines of all generations are extensively used in a variety of light-, medium- and heavy-duty applications in underground mining operations around the world. Fuels obtained from various sources and with wide-ranging chemistries have been combusted in diesel engines. However, the bulk of the currently used fuel can still be traced to nonrenewable petroleum sources. The petroleum-derived diesel fuels are primarily made up of saturated acyclic hydrocarbons (parafins or alkanes), aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes or aryl hydrocarbon), and unsaturated hydrocarbons with double bonds (olefins and alkenes). Improvements in the quality of petroleum-based diesel fuels was identified in federal regulations as an important piece in resolving the puzzle of diesel engine emissions (Environmental Protection Agency, 2001, 2004). The reduction of U.S. diesel fuel sulfur content below 15 ppm had the effect of lowering sulfate emissions and enabling the development and implementation of catalyzed emissions control technology across a wide spectrum of applications."

Jan 12, 2017

By A. Haque

The shear behaviour of infilled joints produced from ordinary gypsum plaster (gyprock) and bentonite was investigated in the laboratory under Constant Normal Stiffness (CNS) conditions. Shear tests were performed on saw-tooth profiles having Joint Roughness Coefficients (JRC) of 4.75 and 9.25 under an initial normal stress (sno) of 0.30 to 1.10 MPa, and at a normal stiffness (kn) of 8.5 kN/mm. Test data under the same sno and infill thickness to asperity height ratio (t/a) were analysed for two different sets of JRC. The peak shear stress plotted against the t/a ratio under constant sno revealed an increase in peak shear stress with the increase in JRC, up to a t/a ratio of about unity. The effect of roughness on the peak shear stress was observed to be minimal when the t/a ratio exceeded 1.40. A mathematical model for the prediction of peak shear stress due to the increased infill thickness has been developed based on a hyperbolic stress-strain relationship and energy balance principles. The model predictions are in good agreement with the laboratory observations. Le comportement de cisaillement des joints remplis produits à partir de plâtre ordinaire et de bentonite a été étudié dans le laboratoire sous des conditions de rigidité normales constantes. Des essais de cisaillement ont été réalisés sur des profils en dents de scie ayant des coefficients de rugosité des joints (CRJ) variant de 4,75 à 9,25 sous un effort normal initial (sno) de 0,30 à 1,10 MPa, et une rigidité normale (kn) de 8,5 kN/mm. Le résultat des essais conduits sous la même contrainte et épaisseur de remplissage au rapport aspérité/hauteur (t/a) ont été analysés pour deux ensembles différents de CRJ. La variation de l&apos;effort de cisaillement maximal contre le rapport t/a sous une contrainte normale constante a indiqué une augmentation de l&apos;effort de cisaillement maximal avec l&apos;augmentation du CRJ, jusqu&apos;à un rapport de t/a proche de l&apos;unité. L&apos;effet de la rugosité sur l&apos;effort de cisaillement maximal a été minimal quand le rapport t/a a excédé 1,40. Un modèle mathématique pour la prévision de l&apos;effort de cisaillement maximal dû à l&apos;épaisseur accrue du remplissage des joints a été développé sur la base de la variation entre contraintes hyperboliques et déformation et sur des principes de bilan énergétique. Les prévisions du modèle sont en bon accord avec les observations de laboratoire. Das Scherverhalten in mit gewöhnlichem Gips und Bentonit gefüllten Klüften wurde im Labor unter Bedingungen konstanter Normalsteifheit (CNS) untersucht. Scherversuche wurden durchgefürt für Sägezahnprofile mit Werten des Fugenrauhigkeitskoeffizienten (JRC) von 4.75 und 9.25 unter Normalspannungs-werten (sno) von 0.30 bis 1.10 MPa, und bei Normalsteifheit (kn) von 8.5 kN/mm. Testresultate für gleiche Werte von sno und Verhältnis Fülldicke zu Rauhigkeit (t/a) wurden untersucht für zwei verschiedene Werte von JRC. Die Beziehung zwischen maximaler Schubspannung und und t/a Verhältnis unter konstantem sno zeigte einen Anstieg der maximalen Schubspannung mit zunehmendem JRC, bis zu einem t/a Verhältnis von etwa 1.0. Der Einfluss der Rauhigkeit auf den Maximalwert der Schubspannung war minimal solange das t/a Verhältnis den Wert von 1.40 überstieg. Ein mathematisches Modell wurde entwickelt für die Vorhersage der Schubspannung die von zusätzlicher Fülldicke erwartet werden kann, ausgehend von einer hyperbolischen Spannungs-Dehnung Beziehung und dem Energiegleichgewichts-prinzip. Die Modellvorhersagen zeigten gute Uebereinstimmung mit den Laborbeobachtungen.

Jan 1, 2003

By C. Ottergren

A process does not have higher capacity than what can pass through its bottleneck. Acknowledging this, and with the goal to optimize production at a minimum investment, one can use existing equipment, modify the process flow and make a few strategic capital investments. Automatic setting regulation is a technology that allows balanced crusher performance matching minute changes in feed material characteristics. The system makes it possible to utilize the crushers fully at all times. It also continuously and completely compensates for manganese liner wear.

Jan 1, 1999

By Maureen Jensen

For mining companies looking to establish a strong North American presence, raise their profile or finance and position themselves for future growth, there is no other destination in the world that can offer a mining company the same opportunities as Canada whether you are an established blue chip or promising junior. Despite historically poor world commodity markets and shaky investor sentiment towards junior explorers caused in part by fallout from the high profile Bre-X fraud, Canada continues to shine as the undisputed mining finance capital of the world. Our natural riches and mining history go a long way to explain Canada's international prominence in mining finance. Canada has actively created and maintained one of the most integrated national frameworks to support mining ventures of all kinds. Our diverse industry, from one-person grass-roots explorers to mining industry giants, is one of our main strengths whether your company is Canada-focused or internationally active. The mining industry continues to be a vital contributor to the Canadian economy, contributing $26.2 billion in 1997 or 3.8% of national GDP, and is the second largest earner of foreign exchange. Industrial mineral companies are a very important part of this strength. These companies require a continuing access to capital to ensure that they can continue to compete and the globalisation of the Canadian mining industry has affected this industry just as much as it has affected every other industry in Canada.

Jan 1, 2001