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By K. Adham, C. Lee

Over the last forty years, a number of specific fluidized bed applications in nickel extraction have been developed for commercial use. Five important processes have gained particular acceptance, namely, sulphide ore roasting, nickel sulphide (matte) roasting, nickel oxide reduction, laterite ore pre-reduction, and nickel chloride pyrohydrolysis. These applications involve different feed materials and process conditions, however, all benefit from fast reaction kinetics and high heat and mass transfer rates in the fluidized bed reactors. They have been studied, tested, and implemented by various nickel producers, who have published their results in many papers and patents. This paper examines the design issues surrounding the application of fluidized bed technology to the above nickel processes. Based on the available data in the open literature, computerized process modelling is used to provide generic flowsheets that illustrate the key features of each process.

Jan 1, 2004

By Dave Rose, Jacques McMullen

"The Detour Lake mine is located 200 km northeast of Timmins, Ontario, Canada.The mill processes a free milling gold ore using both a gravity circuit and leaching with a state-of-the-art carbon-in-pulp circuit. The grinding circuit is a conventional SABC circuit with a tonnage of 55,000 tpd at 95 microns with the addition of pre-crushing upstream of the SAG mill.The Detour Lake mine has one of the largest gyratory crusher in the world (60"" x 113"") and over the years, many improvements have been made to this crusher with the result of improving plant throughput. This paper will present how choke feeding the gyratory crusher has been found to be one of the main influences on crusher product particle size and plant throughput. It will explain how the effect of choke feeding the gyratory was measured and from that, the various changes made to improve choke feeding of the gyratory crusher.IntroductionOre is hauled from the open pit mine and dumped directly into a single 60"" x 113"" primary gyratory crusher. The live capacity of both the feed and discharge hoppers of the gyratory crusher are designed for two (2) truck loads each, assuming a nominal payload of 300 tonnes per truck. The surge bin under the primary crusher feeds an apron feeder that controls the ore feed rate at approximately 4,200 tph onto a 227 metres long x 1.52 metres wide belt conveyor with a nominal capacity of 4,200 tph.The primary crusher is operated at an open side setting of 172 millimetres to produce a F80 feed to the secondary crushing circuit of 135 millimetres."

Jan 1, 2017

By Thomas Deschamps

The main objective of this work was to investigate the effect of binder addition on the geochemical properties of surface paste tailings. Nine leaching columns were prepared following different disposal configurations: non-cemented, non-cemented with cemented layers, and cemented .The proportions of cement by total paste weight were between 0 and 1% for a whole column; the maximum amount of cement in a single layer was 2%. The material used was a sulphide-rich tailings coming from a Canadian hard rock polymetallic mine. The columns have been flushed once a week during 30 weeks. The recovered leachates were analyzed for pH, Eh, conductivity, and a wide range of elements. The drainage rates were monitored during the initial disposal as well as after each column flush. The results show that binder addition can improve the whole environmental performances for some of the studied disposal configurations. The disposal configuration consisting of intercalation of three 2% cement paste layers within non-cemented layers (0.66 wt.% of cement for the whole column), and the configuration with 2% cement added only in the two bottom layers (0,44 wt.% of cement for the whole column), showed the best results in terms of water quality and drainage rates.

May 1, 2007

By R. L. Bruening, N. E. Izatt, S. R. Izatt

"Rare earth elements (REE) are essential and unique components of many high-technology products without which functioning of modern society would be greatly impaired. Commercial deposits of REE are limited to a few geographical locations. Largely untapped sources of REE are available in endof- life (EOL) magnets, rechargeable batteries, and electronics. Presently, < 1% of REE in EOL wastes is recycled. Conversion of EOL wastes to liquid streams allows use of IBC’s Molecular Recognition Technology (MRT) process to selectively recover, separate, and purify target REE and associated metals at g/L to mg/L or lower concentration levels. The MRT process together with its applications to separations of REE and associated metals in recycling as well as in mining are described. Economic and environmental advantages of MRT are presented. INTRODUCTIONRare earth elements (REE) include the lanthanide series (La-Lu), Y, and Sc. These elements are not rare, but concentrated minable deposits are scarce (Cordier 2012; Haxel, Hedrick, & Orris, 2002). Over 95 % of the world’s supply of REE is controlled by China (Hanson, 2011a) where they are mined, processed, and the pure elements incorporated into a growing number of consumer and military products. The consumer products are marketed worldwide. Since REE are vitally important in consumer and military products, this situation has caused other nations to scramble to develop the capability to produce their own supply (Cordier, 2012).In the U. S., Molycorp has reopened the Mountain Pass REE mine in California and production has begun (Goldenberg, 2010). Development of a reliable internal source of REE is of high national priority in the U.S. (Hanson, 2011b; Hess, 2012: “Obama Announces”, 2012). These elements have in recent decades been incorporated into new consumer and military products that are essential to our economy and defense. These products range from wind turbines, high performance magnets, hybrid car rechargeable batteries, energy efficient lighting electronics, flat screen televisions, and smart phones to advanced weapons systems (Haxel et al., 2002; Levkowitz & Beauchamp-Mustafaga, 2010)."

Jan 1, 2012

By A. E. Soregaroli, H. D. Meade

"The Keystone porphyry molybdenum deposit, located in southcentral British Columbia, is hosted by intrusive rocks of the Cretaceous Mount Lytton batholith and the early Tertiary Keystone quartz diorite stock. The molybdenite mineralization is associated with rhyolite porphyry dikes flanking a large 1300 m by 2100 m breccia complex. Recognition of the potential for the buried molybdenum porphyry system was based on quartz-molybdenite vein fragments within the hydrothermal breccias.The full extent of the molybdenum mineralization is not known. The few deep drill holes along one comer of the breccia complex defines strong metal zoning of molybdenum and associated elements of F, Mn, Zn, Pb, Au, Ag, Fe and W about the molybdenum stockwork mineralization that may be useful for guiding additional exploration. The best mineralization occurred near the base of the deepest drill hole with 0.114% Mo in rhyolite porphyry near the edge of the breccia pipe at a depth of 1350 m.The exploration history of the deposit has been complex, focussing on both porphyry-style mineralization and precious metal veins and stockworks on the periphery of the porphyry system. Exploration to date has defined an attractive porphyry molybdenum system with uneconomic grades at great depth; however, there remains significant potential to define economic mineralization elsewhere in the Keystone porphyry system and adjoining occu""ences."

Jan 1, 1995

By A. L. Mular, R. P. Edwards

"The operation of flotation circuits is often regarded as a combination of art and science. Expert systems offer a method by which the art may be captured and supervisory control of flotation circuits fully realized. Operating knowledge, the art, can be consistently employed to enhance regulatory control through the judicious application of an expert system. Using an expert system, a supervisory control routine was developed, and successfully implemented, in the copper flotation circuit at Brenda Mines Ltd.The expert system ran in conjunction with regulatory PI controllers on a personal computer. The expert system received assays via an on-stream analyzer and adjusted regulatory loop setpoints as required in real-time. From its commissioning in November 1989, to the end of the mine's operation in June, 1990, the ES was enthusiastically embraced by the operators and attained operating levels superior to those achievable manually.INTRODUCTIONExpert system (ES) software springs from research into artificial intelligence and is currently making significant inroads into business and industry. Proponents of ES's make many attractive claims; they are a means of capturing the knowledge of experts and they can be programmed by non-programmers. To date, most uses of this software in the process industry are in off-line applications, meaning that the applications are not tied directly to operating (on-line) environments. Moreover, in on-line environments, they are typically employed as advisors and only suggest changes. Human operators are required to close-the-loop to the process. Yet, ES's should be applicable to operating environments and, if the claims of the proponents are valid, should also be better than existing tools. As an intelligent controller an ES must use the knowledge of experienced operators, apply it directly to a process and do this without the intervention of human operators. On-line applications have been successfully employed in the closed loop control of SAG circuits (Herbst et al., 1989) and flotation circuits (Hales, 1989). Harris and Kosick (1988) detail an implementation for flotation control at the Polaris Mine."

Jan 1, 1991

By S. McPhail, D. Richardson, G. J. Simandl, C. Akam, S. Paradis, M. Yakimoski, A. Teucher, Y. Cui, F. Ferri

Historically, extracting dissolved solids from formation water was economically motivated. Today, main drivers are environmental benefits and regulations, as large volumes of water needed for hydraulic fracturing require treatment before reuse or disposal. The concentration of dissolved solids in flowback water increases with each use and may require treatment prior to disposal. Element recovery from produced water is not profitable unless market conditions are favourable, recoverable elements are abundant, and economical recovery methods are established. Sale of recovered materials could offset recycling and disposal costs. This paper describes markets for Cl, Na, Ca, K, Sr, Mg, Br, Ba, I, B, and Li, and their concentrations in produced water from oil and gas wells in British Columbia. It recommends revising sampling protocol for produced water.

Jan 1, 2018

By S. J. Haynes

"This paper documents the characteristics of the different quartz veins, and their relation to gold, in the turbiditic Meguma domain of eastern Nova Scotia. Eleven different types have been distinguished in the greenschist facies on the basis of form, internal structure, mineralogy, wallrock alteration and crosscutting relationships to each other and to regional structures. Gold is present as rare visible disseminations in host rock slates and in ore-grade, early-formed veins, that pre-date the formation of upright Acadian folds and intrusions of Devonian granitoids. Four vein types pre-date Acadian folding. Five gold-deficient vein types are associated with Acadian folding (syndeformation); whereas two gold-deficient vein types clearly post-date this deformational event: Previously unreported, wall rock alteration is associated with early crosscutting and semiconcordant auriferous veins. In contrast, early stratiform veins are devoid of wallrock alteration. It is suggested that the auriferous vein arrays formed as submarine exhalitive systems over synsedimentary tensional faults and that the Meguma domain may represent the opening of a basin similar to the modernGuaymas rift .IntroductionThe term ""turbidite-hosted gold deposits"" is introduced to distinguish gold deposits contained within a turbiditic sequence of wackes and shales (or their metamorphosed equivalents) from gold deposits in other types of sediments. Usage and justification for the term is similar to ""carbonate-hosted lead-zinc deposits"" or ""volcanogenic massive sulphides"". A range of different characteristics can be present in individual deposits, some of which may be indicative of specific deposit types in the same manner that volcanogenic massive sulphides can be subdivided into ""Cyprus type"", ""Kuroko type"", ""Besshi type"", etc. Historically, gold deposits hosted by turbiditic flysch were an important class of quartz-vein gold mines in the 19th century. They included the goldfields of Victoria, Australia, Otago, New Zealand and Nova Scotia, Canada. Production from most of these fields had ceased by World War II and interest in this type of deposit waned. However, the recent exploration interest in gold has resulted in both re-assessment of the classical mining camps and the discovery that ""turbidite-hosted"" gold deposits are present in many parts of the world.Mapping of the regional geology and gold deposits of the Megumadomain of Nova Scotia was carried out by E.R. Faribault of the Geological Survey of Canada between 1886 and 1939. Faribault produced a comprehensive series of maps and reports for each gold district, a compendium of which was published by Malcolm (1929)."

Jan 1, 1987

By Peter K. Kaiser

Planning and design of deep underground mines involves a process of complex three-dimensional data integration utilizing information from exploration (geology, rock mass characteristics), engineering (mining method, excavation geometry, stress) and operations (time, in the form of sequencing). As new logging and monitoring technologies are being developed, the amount and data complexity becomes overwhelming and decisions are often made based on only a small part of the available data. Recently, Laurentian University opened a state-of-the-art Virtual Reality Laboratory (VRL), a Mining Exploratorium that is unique in the world of mining and offers an exceptional data interpretation environment for mine planning and design. The Mining Exploratorium combines a large format spherical stereoscopic projection system, equipped with high definition projection providing the highest resolution of active stereo in the world today, with advanced features of earth modeling software. Combined, this creates the first virtual reality facility geared specifically to the interpretation of mine geometry, geology, geochemistry, microseismicity, geomechanics and mining data sets. This paper demonstrates how value can be added to the mine planning and design process by utilizing this unique tool in the mining decision-making process via better comprehension of spatial relationships of data and by interpreting the data in a collaborative immersive virtual reality environment.

May 1, 2002

By D. Settles, R. Rose, P. L. Dunn

"A new mineral sands operation is being developed in Georgia by Southern Ionics, Inc. (SII). Prevailing mineralogy and certain design constraints required detailed testing and circuit analysis to create a robust separation processes. The floating wet concentrator plant (WCP) and mineral separation plant (MSP) flow sheets were designed based on historical testing information and recent SII test campaigns on various composite feed samples. The flow sheets were finalized through rigorous process and orebody sequence modeling.The process uses traditional physical separation equipment; however a new MT spiral, the MG12, was selected for use on board the WCP for roughing duty. The MG12 spiral is a two-stage, twelve-turn spiral that has been proven to achieve very high recoveries of heavy minerals. The floating plant includes feed desliming operations, a central MT surge bin for optimum spiral circuit feed control and ancillary operations for concentrate and tailings handling. Scrubbed heavy mineral concentrate (HMC) is then transported to the MSP for concentration of the titanium and zirconium bearing mineral fractions.The testing, flowsheet development, and plant design will be described and explained, and a brief summary of the current project status will be given.IntroductionSouthern Ionics Inc. (SII) is a privately held chemical manufacturing company, founded in 1980 by Milton Sundbeck. SII focuses primarily on the sale of specialty and intermediate inorganic chemicals. Core markets include cement and refinery catalysts, molecular sieves, zeolites, pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, TiO2 and water treatment. SII is built on the four cornerstones of service, quality, technology and delivery with all SII facilities ISO certified and key products used in potable water treatment certified to NSF standards. SII owns and operates its own transportation fleet and is focused on being a low cost producer, committed to safety and the environment."

Jan 1, 2015

By J. A. López-Molina, S. García, V. Castellanos-Pedroza

"Groundwater inflow into underground constructions may cause hazardous working conditions and environmental problems. It is essential to localize and characterize potential flow paths and to estimate the amount of water leakages, so that appropriate sealing works can be performed. Estimating the amount of water ingress is a multi-phase process starting from qualitative and quantitative examination of rock mass. Due to association of uncertainty, vagueness and incompleteness with the monitored data set, particularly resulted from the in situ tests, accounting relevant approaches such Fuzzy Logic and Recurrent Neural Networks, are proposed in this research for learning acquisition, extraction of rules and prediction of behaviors. The computational set of artificial tools permits using the complex information entities or information granules (rock types, geologic structures, hydro-fracture potential) for data abstraction and derivation of knowledge from records (numerical or linguistic format). This is more a theoretical perspective than a set of methods or principles. As a theoretical perspective, this proposal encourages an approach to data that recognizes and exploits the information present in indexes at various levels of resolution or scales. In this sense, it encompasses the methods which provide flexibility and adaptability in the resolution at which knowledge or information is extracted and represented. The product of merging these tools is a 3D artificial-mapping of rock classification (Qi-system), geological conditions and Lugeon units that permits, as far as possible, to understand more and better the flow behavior."

Jan 1, 2015

By Willemijn Husslage

Tata Steel Group At a glance ? Part of the Tata Group ?Tata Steel Group: ?Fortune 500 company ?Top 10 global steel producer ?Annual crude steel capacity of 28 million tonnes ?More than 80,000 employees ?Manufacturing operations in 26 countries across 5 continents ?Serving customers all across the globe ?Turnover 2009-10: $22.8 billion

May 1, 2011

By Patrick Pelletier Jr., Pierre-Alexandre Bossé, Gianni Bartolacci, Ian Orford, Steve Parent

"Over the last decades, many authors have shown the importance of froth in the flotation process. Mineral recovery is related to froth recovery and flotation. Selectivity is affected by froth characteristics, especially structure and loading. The characteristics of froth textures could therefore be used for diagnosing flotation.Machine imaging, especially image texture analysis, allows on-line measurement of important froth characteristics and process state classification. The measured characteristics include froth texture, loading and stability indicators. To extract information from images, texture analysis tools are used as well as a block-matching algorithm (BMA). For process state classification, images are analyzed with the same tools and clustering is done with multivariate data analysis algorithms.Two case studies, Brunswick Mine Concentrator Cu/Pb circuit and LaRonde Mine Zn circuit, are presented to show that these indicators may be used for diagnosis and control. The influence of manipulated variables on measured froth features is shown as well as the relationship between froth characteristics, mineral recovery and flotation selectivity.INTRODUCTIONImaging is a way to depict abstract characteristics of a scene or an object; it is often related to other types of scientific observations, chemical component concentrations, for example (Geladi and Grahn, 1996). In this paper, the scene is flotation froth. Imaging can be especially useful in applications where it is difficult to obtain the measurements needed for process analysis – froth flotation, for example."

Jan 1, 2006

By Hu Harries

WE RECENTLY completed a study for a client, who is an applicant to export gas from the Province of Alberta, on the effects of gas export on Alberta&apos;s economy. This study was part of the client&apos;s application ?before the Conservation Board, and, no doubt, some of you are familiar with it. Submissions by other applicants in earlier hearings before the Board and before the Royal Commission on Energy, as well as claims made by parties opposing export, have also brought forward a number of other opmwns regarding possible economic effects. Ali of these studies have been on a piecemeal basis. They have dealt with particular aspects of particular applications, and only indirectly and by inference with the overall question of gas ex-port. We have prepared this paper to review the overall picture and ex-amine, as far as time permits, all sides of the question. While the paper is entitled Economic Effects of Gas Export on Alberta, we felt that the area considered should in-elude northeastern British Columbia, not only because Westcoast, the first major gas export project, is essentially a northeastern B. C. project, but because this area has historically been, from the point of view of economic, if not of political, geography, part of Alberta. In this paper, when we talk of export, we mean export from the Province or, in this case, from Alberta plus northeastern B. C. Sales to other parts of Canada have exactly the same effect on the economy of this area as l1ave sales to the United States, provided, of course, they are made on equal terms.

Jan 1, 1958

By G. I. Mathieu, R. W. Bruce

Flotation schemes for the separation of molybdenite from other minerals are based on utilizing the Inherent hydrophobicity of molygdenite (Fuerstenau1). This natural floatability was attributed to the crystalline structure of molybdenite by Gaudin et al.2 who suggested that any surface formed by the rupture of van der Wall's bonds should be hydrophobic and, therefore, naturally floatable. Other authors argued that "natural floatability" is dependent of adsorption of hydrocarbon ions and/or molecu1es on the surface of the minerals. This theory, albeit-c questioned 1,2 has long been recognized in actual practice of molybdenite flotation as the latter in carried out with hydrocarbons, such as fuel oil, kerosene and stove oil. Although conferring ready floatability to molybdenite, these presents generally have little effect on other sulphides and silicates. However, talc is a noteworthy exception because of its innate floatability4. Not withstanding the reason for this behavior which has also been attributed to crystal structure2 its end results as in the case of molybdenite is an immediate flotation response to frothing oils arid kerosene, as was observed by Baranovski5, Sutherland and Wark6.

Jan 1, 1974

By W. L. Ott, J. E. Hawley, C. L. Lewis

"IntroductionTHE APPLICATION of spectrochemical analysis to metals of the platinum group was advocated by Harvey (3) as follows: ""The spectra of the platinum group metals have been studied less than many of the more common metals. The rarity of occurrence of these elements makes the analysis relatively unusual. Potentially, the analysis of this group is an excellent application of spectrographic methods, particularly in contrast to the tedious chemical procedure"".Wichers (8) divides platinum-metal analysis into three broad divisions as follows :( 1) The detection and estimation of these metals in other materials, e.g., ores, where the amounts present are very small.(2) The detection and estimation of impurities in the refined metals themselves ....(3) The analysis of alloys of the platinum metals .....The present paper deals with the second division: analysis of refined rhodium.Research on spectrochemical techniques for determination of trace contaminants in refined platinum metals was begun at Queen's University in 1949, under the supervision of Professor J. E. Hawley. Since 1953, the work has been continued in the Metallurgical Laboratories of Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Limited. Techniques for spectrochemical analysis of refined platinum and palladium have been published ( 4, 5). A technique for analysis of refined iridium has been developed but not yet published."

Jan 1, 1955

By R. W. Pugh, D. G. Bellow

"This paper will describe how cultivator shanks are made in one company and how the manufacturing was studied with a view to increasing product consistency and reducing manufacturing cost. The product: which is used extensively in the agriculture industry, was analyzed to determine which geometric parameters optimized its design and whether there was justification for the great variety of styles and shapes that are available in the market. Finally, an extensive series of field trials were undertaken which showed that it is advantageous to the manufacturer to be better aware of the loads and forces that his product is subjected to by another industry.IntroductionStelco maintains a Research Group for its Western Region operations headquartered in Edmonton, Alberta. Because of the small staff, a location that is isolated with respect to its Burlington, Ontario centre and a diverse set of processes and products, a university relationship has developed which may be different from that which would be developed at a larger integrated Steel Works. This paper outlines the type of cooperative studies carried out by Stelco Inc. in Edmonton and the University of Alberta. .To meet the research needs covering a wide variety of steelmaking processes and steel products produced in Edmonton would require more staff and equipment than the sales volume in the West justifies. The gap is filled by cooperation with university personnel. This cooperation has provided these benefits to Stelco Inc.:• access to specialized test equipment and a trained staff to operate it; and• assistance from experts in the areas of product testing and problem solving.Moreover, the close proximity of the university to the plant allows frequent meetings and ensures that practical solutions are developed and implemented. A good example of the ongoing university I industry relationship developed is the joint work on improving cultivator shanks."

Jan 1, 1982

By Murray Wood, Michael Schaffer, Makat Katom

"An expert system applied to the control of mineral process unit operations is, by its nature, the site best operating practice, having been designed by the local experts in conjunction with consulting metallurgists. The “common sense” layer in a MET (MinnovEX Expert Technology) solution determines an appropriate action for the current operating conditions through a developed heuristic model of the process (expert system). The magnitude of the setpoint change that is made is proportional to the confidence that the system has in its interpretation of the current conditions (fuzzy logic). The solution is always striving to take the process to a constraint and thereby optimise the operation. An accepted limitation of the solution is that the only way the system can determine if a constraint has been reached is to exceed it and then withdraw – essentially “experimenting” with the process. By leveraging a model, which can accurately ""simulate"" the process, this restriction can be circumvented by pre-testing the set point change through a ""what if"" analysis and then modifying the solution as appropriate.At Ok Tedi, the introduction in 1999 of a MET expert system for SAG milling resulted in significant improvement in circuit throughput. Yet, with the additional inclusion of an accurate model of the process there was still more that could be achieved. Hence, in 2002 a MET Neural Network model was developed and deployed to enhance the existing expert system solution. The principal objective of this model was predicting the effect that changes in SAG tonnage and density would have on the power draw of the mill - essentially a power predictor. The results have seen a decrease in process variance with an associated increase in average circuit performance.This paper describes the methodology by which the Neural Network model was implemented, the considerations and limitations when applying this technology and ultimately the results that were achieved."

Jan 1, 2003

By M. N. Bassim, W. W. Tennese

"Concepts of linear elastic fracture mechanics were applied to study two cases of failure, namely an equalizing beam from a tandem rear axle of a highway tractor unit and the main beam of a flat bed trailer. In the first case, the presence of a crack, initiated by stress corrosion cracking followed by significant fatigue crack propagation produced a state of stress which was sufficient to produce brittle failure. Calculation of the fatigue life agreed with the number of cycles that the structure experienced before final fracture. In the second case, it was demonstrated that a combination of low temperature and high loading rate was sufficient to cause brittle fracture.IntroductionFailure analysis of engineering components has generally been carried out without the benefit of fracture mechanics. It is generally understood that real structures inevitably contain internal or surface flaws which under an applied load, may propagate to fracture. Fracture mechanics relates the applied stresses to the crack size in specified geometries. Since its introduction approximately thirty years ago, fracture mechanics has evolved as a design philosophy which can be used to develop fracture-safe designs. It can be also applied in analysis of failures, to ascertain if sound design and fabrication methods have been used."

Jan 1, 1985

By D. M. Doyle

A study of the various components contributing to energy costs and their relationships to generally trended operating data, such as tonnage, operating costs, etc., over progressively shorter time periods provides information for an energy audit. A study of annual data gives some insight into the importance of various energy components. As the time frame of the study progresses through monthly, daily and, finally, into quarter hourly data, the variations become more evident and, most important, strategies develop to minimize energy costs. The results of an audit conducted during the summer of 1978 at Wesfrob Mines Limited are reported to illustrate this important phase, prerequisite to a meaningful energy cost avoidance program. The balance of the paper deals with the energy conservation program at Falconbridge Nickel Mines Limited&apos;s Sudbury operations, the metering and control equipment, the commitment, the new energy accounting practices and, lastly, the policies. Examples of successful energy conservation endeavours include automatic peak electrical load control, waste heat recovery from mine air and compressor cooling water, energy reductions resulting from lower building temperatures and curtailment of idling loads. The use of pulse meters to measure the flow of gas, steam, compressed air and electrical energy, with their signals interfaced to process computers, allows monthly, daily and, if necessary, immediate reporting of energy and energy per unit of production information The program so reported at Falconbridge&apos;s Sudbury Operations is credited with an annual cost avoidance of .9 million dollars in a 14.0-million-dollar annual energy account

Jan 1, 1979