Search Documents

Jan 1, 1951

By W. F. Carew, H. D. Kessler, F. A. Crossley

AS part of a program on phase relationships and transformation processes of titanium alloy systems, the titanium-rich corner of the Ti-Mo-V system has been investigated. This region was surveyed primarily to supply information toward the development of a creep resistant, weldable alloy, with a minimum alloy content, for use in the 425° to 550 °C range. Specifically, the investigation was directed toward the development of a stable ß alloy with less total alloying additions than is found in the Ti-30 pet Mo alloy. A secondary objective was the development of a creep resistant, weldable a-ß alloy for application around 300°C. Molybdenum was selected as primary additive to titanium on the basis of an investigation1 which showed that the Ti-30 pet Mo alloy had promising elevated temperature tensile properties. Furthermore, aging studies1 showed no tendency for this

Jan 1, 1957

By Courtenay DeKalb

Revision of the United States mining law is needed chiefly because of the following reasons: 1. The conceptions as to the characteristics of orebodies that were held at the time the statute of 1872 was enacted have since proved to be in many respects erroneous. 2. The operation of the existing law has been found to work unnecessary hardship upon many claimants to mineral land. 3. The existing statute fails in large degree to encourage development of mineral resources. 4. The existing law often produces conflict between placer and lode-claim rights, working unnecessary injustice to placer claimants. 5. The methods of establishing the rights of locators on United States mineral land are defective, and are not uniform throughout the States within which such lands exist. Law of the Apex The objections to the so-called "law of the apex" are so well known as to require no detailed statement. It is sufficient to point out that the apex rule was based upon the notion that ore deposits consisted of well-formed veins included between definite walls, like the slice of ham in a sandwich. The fact is that veins conforming to that simple type are rare. Irregularity is the rule, and the chief metal production of the United States comes from mass? which bear no resemblance to the tabular form of vein. Manifestly the law of the apex fails completely in such cases. Moreover, the tendency is constantly toward the exploitation of ores of lower grade than could formerly be worked, and such deposits exist mainly in the form of large irregular impregnated zones and masses, so that the future development of our mineral resources would be continuously embarrassed by shadowy claims to extra-lateral rights by the locators of so-called apexes.

Jan 1, 1915

By O. A. Kiehn, C. A. Born, F. N. Bender

Development of the flotation reagent scheme at Climax Molybdenum Company's mine at Climax Colorado is reviewed. Features of the mineralogy, milling practice and background of reagent changes are outlined. Special attention is given to the hitherto unpublished details of the application of depressants for copper and lead impurities. The present rougher flotation reagent scheme utilizes a neutral hydrocarbon oil, low in unsaturates and wax, as collector with a sulfated coconut oil emulsifier and pine oil frother. Lime and sodium silicate are used as rougher conditioning and slime dispersant agents. Chalcopyrite and galena impurities are depressed in both rougher and cleaner plants by stage addition of Nokes reagent and sodium cyanide to yield a metallurgical grade molybdenite concentrate containing greater than 90% molybdenite and less than 0.5%, 0.1% and 0.05% iron, copper and lead impurities, respectively.

Jan 1, 1976

By Horace Pops

THE martensitic transformation occurring at cryogenic temperatures in the bcc ß-phase Cu-Zn binary alloys has been discussed in a number of publication~.1-3 Addition of a second solute element to the binary Cu-Zn alloys enables the ternary martensitic phase to be stable at temperatures above room temperature, and the variation of the MS temperature with third element content has been determined recently4 for a series of Cu-Zn based alloys in which either the zinc content or the electron concentration was maintained at a constant value. The present paper describes some characteristic growth features of martensite observed in ternary alloys. Alloys were prepared by adding small amounts of Ni, Ag, Au, Cd, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, or Sb to a a -brass Cu-Zn master alloy. Details of the melting and casting technique, homogenization, examination by cold-stage microscopy, and the determination of the

Jan 1, 1968

By Christopher W. Schram, Allan B. Tanner, Frank E. Senftle, George R. Boynton, Philip W. Philbin

A borehole sonde using a 252Cf neutron source and a Ge(Li) gamma-ray detector was field tested in a coal bed in Belmont County, Ohio, to ascertain whether such a device could be useful as a coal-exploration tool. As the sonde was lowered into the borehole, successive spectra were accumulated over short time intervals. The intensities of the capture gamma rays from hydrogen and of decay gamma rays from aluminum were determined simultaneously in each spectrum. A log of the intensities versus depth shows the depth and thickness of the coal bed. With the sonde stationary at points above, in, and below the coal bed, capture gamma rays were measured to show the variation in concentration of certain elements. From the spectrum recorded in the bed, a complete ultimate analysis, the percent ash content, and the heat content were determined without recourse to an external standard. Delayed gamma-ray analyses of the core were also made on the surface in the vicinity of the borehole in a fixed-geometry irradiation facility wing the detector in the borehole sonde. The concentrations of 10 elements were determined by this method on a coal split from the drill core. These experiments show that it is feasible to use a 252Cf- Ge(Li) borehole sonde as an aid in coal exploration.

Jan 1, 1979

By Franz Wever

The importance of the Widmanstätten structure to structure theory in metallography has been recognized by many writers.l It is a structure produced by the precipitation of a, new phase from a solid solution upon cooling as a result of changing solid solubility, and displays a characteristic appearance indicating a crystallographic relationship between the new phase and the original solid solution (Fig. 1). First discovered in 1808 by Alois de Widmanstätten2, the structure has been traced by analogy through many alloy systems. Particularly is this true of the steels. Sorby's classic work3 on the microstructure of iron and steel was in essence an attempt to explain the origin of this characteristic structure in meteoric iron. He observed in a Ressemer steel and in a cast-steel ingot structures which we now recognize as typical Widmanstatten figures.4 Osmond Observed structures in a steel ingot analog-ous to those found in meteorites. Arnold and Mc William6 obtained (and recognized) a

Jan 1, 1931

By Alfonso Merlini

DIFFERENT explanations have been given by the two current theories of the annealing textures for the variation of annealing texture with the annealing temperature observed in rolled polycrystal-line aluminum,' copper,2 and brass, And in rolled single crystals of copperk and silicon iron.' The theory

Jan 1, 1957

Jan 1, 1967

Jan 1, 1938

By Matti J. Saarivirta

Two new precipitation hardening copper-base alloys, Cu-1.5pct Ti-2.5 pct Sn and Cu-1.5 pct Ti-2.5 pct Sn-0.4 pct Cr were developed. High strength and medium conductivity are obtained by solution annealing and subsequent heat treatment. Combination of solution annealing, cold working, and heat treatment increases the strength further. Good elevated temperature strength and ductility makes these alloys superior to copper-beryllium-cobalt alloys. A considerable amount of research work is being done throughout the world to develop new and improved copper-base alloys. In many cases, the object is to develop alloys having a combination of high electrical and thermal conductivities, and high strength. The problem is complicated by the fact that any alloying element added to increase strength, invariably decreases conductivity. Among the few commercial precipitation hardening type copper-base alloys, the Cu-Be-Co alloys are best known. These alloys are used in many applications that require good spring characteristics cornbined with high strength and moderately high electrical conductivity. They can be formed readily after solution annealing, then heat treated to obtain high strength and conductivity. Because of the relatively high cost of the Cu-Be-Co alloys, considerable research has been aimed at developing new lower cost alloys having similar properties. As far as is known today, the binary Cu-Ti alloy is the only one whose properties are

Jan 1, 1962

[NORTH AMERICA UNITED STATES ALABAMA Birmingham Cord, Richard H. Dlsmukes, Edward B. Hunter, Robert A. Citronelle Perrin, Huey P. Fairfield Pagel, Herbert Ervin Fairhope Ruffles, William R. Huntsville Eng, Harvard Kelley, Dean W. Waggoner, J. B. Weber, Thomas C. Mobile Hankins, James D. Horner, William L. Petroutson, Peter C. University Cudworth, James R. Jones, Walter B. Mason, William L.]

Jan 1, 1961

Abramovits, Charles, Student, Case School of Applied Science Cleveland, Ohio. '37 Abreu, Ovidio M., Student, Stanford Univ Stanford University. Calif. '38 Adams, Albert, Student, New Mexico School of Mines Socorro, N. M. '38 Adams, Benjamin C., Jr Address Wanted. '36 Adams, George H 44S2 4th St., Riverside, Calif. '36 Adams, Robert E., Student, Univ. of Wisconsin Madison, Wis. '38 Adkisson, J. F., Jr., Student, Agricultural & Mech. College of Texas, Box 2044, College Station, Tex. '38 Afshar, Hodji khan A., Amiranian Oil Co 10 Khiahan-i-Nusrat, Teheran, Iran. '35 Agvas, Cesar G., Student, Adamson School of Industrial Chem. & EngrgManila, P. I. '38 Ahlen, Louis S., Student, Univ. of North Dakota Univ. Sta., Grand Forks, N. D. '37 Albers, Francis C., Student, Univ. of Wisconsin Madison, Wis. '38 Alden, George P., Student, Univ. of Tulsa Tulsa, Okla. '38 Alexander, Donald B... Student. Univ. of Oklahoma, Sigma Nu House Norman, Okla. '37Alexander, Joe M., Student, Agricultural & Mech. College of Texas. Box 954. College Station. Tex. '38

Jan 1, 1938

By S. Y. Ezz

The quality and extent of fluidization of fine iron ore beds with gases were investigated. Factors affecting the rate of reduction with H, and the sintering of the partially reduced material were studied. Trials to retard sintering by covering the particles' surface with nonsintering materials were successful. THE gaseous reduction of iron ores is a gas-solid reaction. Hence the fluidization technique seems ideally suited to it. However, a serious drawback

Jan 1, 1961

By Lawrence Henderson

TO increase tonnage in the early days of coal mining it was necessary only to hire more men. The job now is to increase the tons per man, but other troubles arise because this has been accomplished. With the introduction of continuous miners, newer and faster loading machines, and faster belt conveyors the safety engineer has been faced with new difficulties. Use of larger equipment created roof control problems, which were thoroughly studied by the safety engineers of various companies. With the assistance of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, safety engineers in Alabama conducted roof bolting experiments wherever they appeared to be applicable. Accident records before and after the method was adopted showed results more than justifying the efforts and funds expended. The larger mining companies responded enthusiastically to the program because roof bolting not only prevented accidents but also increased production efficiency, in many cases rep- resenting the margin between profit and loss. In Alabama today there are miles of roof supported by bolts.

Jan 8, 1957

By Charles W. Carter, Alfred H. Bell

In 1942, Illinois produced 106,590,000 bbl. of crude oil, or 7.6 per cent of the entire amount produced in the United States. It ranked fifth among the oil- producing states. The production for 1942 declined 20.5 per cent from the previous year's total of 134,139,000 bbl. Tie daily average production for 1942 was approximately 292,000 bbl., or 74,000 bbl; less than the 366,000 daily average for 1941. At the beginning of 1942 the daily production was 367,000 bbl. This production declined steadily to 282,000 for June and to 246,000 for December. This steady decline was caused partly by the reduction in drilling resulting from Federal Conservation Order M-68 and partly by the fact that no major pool was found during the year. Discoveries Forty new fields (Fig. 2, Table 2), 48 extensions (Table 3), and 45 additional producing zones in existing fields (Table 4) Were discovered in 23 counties in Illinois during 1942. Of the 40 new fields, three

Jan 1, 1943

By Alfred H. Bell, Charles W. Carter

In 1942, Illinois produced 106,590,000 bbl. of crude oil, or 7.6 per cent of the entire amount produced in the United States. It ranked fifth among the oil- producing states. The production for 1942 declined 20.5 per cent from the previous year's total of 134,139,000 bbl. Tie daily average production for 1942 was approximately 292,000 bbl., or 74,000 bbl; less than the 366,000 daily average for 1941. At the beginning of 1942 the daily production was 367,000 bbl. This production declined steadily to 282,000 for June and to 246,000 for December. This steady decline was caused partly by the reduction in drilling resulting from Federal Conservation Order M-68 and partly by the fact that no major pool was found during the year. Discoveries Forty new fields (Fig. 2, Table 2), 48 extensions (Table 3), and 45 additional producing zones in existing fields (Table 4) Were discovered in 23 counties in Illinois during 1942. Of the 40 new fields, three

Jan 1, 1943

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

I. Oxides of Silicon. 11. Oxides of the Semi-Metals : Tellurium, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth ; also Molybdenum, Tungsten. III. Oxides of the Metals. The Fifth Class, that of the OXIDES, is subdivided into three sections, according to the positive element present. The oxides of the non-metal silicon are placed by themselves, but it will be noted that the compounds of the related element titanium are included with those of the metals proper. This last is made necessary by the fact that in one of its forms TiOz is isomorphous with MnOp and PbOz. A series of oxygen compounds which are properly to be viewed as salts, e.g., the species of the Spinel Group and a few others, are for convenience also included in this class.

Jan 1, 1922

By Arthur F. Johnson

THE principal costs of making a pound of aluminum are for 9 kw-hr of electricity and for 1.9 Ib of the oxide (A1203) called alumina. A pound of alumina is made by digesting 2 or 3 lb of bauxite in hot caustic solutions, settling and filtering out the oxides of silicon, iron, and titanium and precipitating and calcining the A1203 as a pure, white powder. The cost of foreign bauxite delivered at an alumina plant in the U.S. may equal or exceed the cost of its chemical treatment to make alumina. Some of the principal factors affecting costs in the utilization of foreign bauxites are: transportation from mine to market, mineralogical and physical composition of the bauxite, thickness of the bauxite beds and their clay and forest overburden, amen- ability of the bauxite to beneficiation and to caustic extraction of the alumina, and lastly size of bauxite deposits and rate of mining employed.

Jan 6, 1954

By C. H. Jr. Herty

THE removal of sulfur from steel has been studied by many investigators, but the quantitative relationships between the factors involved have not been determined. This is undoubtedly due to the number of variables encountered in practice, an attempt to study any one reaction or relation being affected by other reactions the relative importance of which cannot be estimated. The factors that affect the extent of removal of sulfur in the basic open-hearth process are generally considered to be: 1. Basicity of the slag: (a) Iron oxides in the slag; (b) carbon in the metal, or carbide in the slag; (c) temperature. These factors affect the reactions: FeS + CaO = CaS + FeO FeS + CaO + C = CaS + CO + Fe. 2. Amount of sulfur in the gas. 3. Amount of manganese in the metal. The factors which affect the rate of removal of sulfur include, in addition to these 4. Fluidity of the slag: (a) Normal changes in fluidity with temperature; (b) changes in fluidity because of the addition of special reagents such as fluorspar. 5. Agitation of the bath.

Jan 3, 1925