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By AIME AIME

THE American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers will hold its annual meeting in New York City, Feb. 9-12. The technical sessions, excepting the Sunday afternoon and evening sessions of the Mineral Industry Education Division (see the M.I.E.D. program) will be held in the Engineering Societies Building. The "All-Institute" luncheon on Monday will be at the Commodore Hotel; the Annual Banquet and President's Reception, the Smoker, and the Informal Dance will be at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel. The dinners of the Petroleum Division and the Institute of Metals Division will be at the Roosevelt Hotel.

Jan 1, 1942

By Paul F. Kerr

The uranium-producing areas near Marysvale, Utah provide an unusual group of veins and replacement deposits associated with a Pliocene-Oligocene intrusive and extrusive igneous complex. Aside from several scattered occurrences in older volcanics, uranium-bearing veins occur in intrusive quartz monzonite or granite and in nearby rhyolite. The veins in general trend within a few degrees of N55-65°E, are more or less vertical, and are found along the western margins of a quartz monzonite intrusive. The replacement deposits are found in rhyolite intrusives and also in the lower portions of rhyolite flows close to places where veins forming solutions rising through quartz monzonite came into contact with the rhyolite. At least 14 veins have been mined since uranium mining operations began at Marysvale some 16 years ago, while ore has been extracted through about 10 miles of underground workings. The active mmmg area is approximately 3000 feet long and in the central portion 1500 feet wide. Ores have been found over a vertical spread of almost 2000 feet, between the highest occurrence on Jungfrau Hill ( ca. 7200 feet) and the deepest discovery of ore in a drill hole near the Prospector Mine (ca. 5200 feet). Under existing mining and marketing conditions, mining along the veins in the main area appears to have reached an economic limit at about 500-600 feet below the surface. However, orebodies in the rhyolite and in the upper portions of veins close to the rhyolite are subject to active mining. Isotopic dates indicate that the uraninitebearing veins and replacements are late Miocene or Pliocene (ca. 10-13 m.y.), the rhyolite is Miocene (avg. 17.5 m.y.), and the quartz monzonite and granite intrusives are late Oligocene (23.6 to 26.0 m.y.). The older Bullion Canyon Volcanic Series which encircles the area is Oligocene (28 to 31.1 m.y.). Two generations of alteration occur: ( 1) Earlier alunitic veins and replacement bodies are found in the Bullion Canyon Volcanic Series, none of which have produced uranium; (2) Later argillic alteration associated with the introduction of uranium is found along veins, replacing glassy rhyolite dikes and replacing phases of the rhyolite.

Jan 1, 1968

By Henry E. Wood

Cleveland Meeting, October, 1912.) IN my opinion, the concentration of minerals by flotation is the most interesting problem in ore-dressing, and will command eventually far more consideration than it has at present. For many ores it furnishes a complete method of concentration absolutely independent of specific gravity, and thus simplifies the milling of many difficult combinations. Not having to recognize the influence of specific gravity, we are also able to dispense with some of the complications resulting from classifying-conditions. Where flotation cannot be used for a complete separation of the minerals from the gangue, it will be found, in nearly all cases, to save those portions which are generally lost by reason of their fine state of division. For this reason, it should be looked upon mainly as an aid to general concentration, although there are many ores so well adapted to flotation that more than 90 per cent. of the valuable metals can be recovered from them in one operation by this process. In presenting the results of my investigations in. flotation, I have endeavored to theorize as little as possible. That side of the subject has been extensively discussed by others. My earliest work with flotation was done in 1895, when I used various oils, grease, soap, etc., with results that were remarkable. I did not realize then that with water alone equally good separations could be made. Up to 1906, my endeavors were confined to attempts to keep the concentrates on the tables well wetted and away from exposure to the air. In common with others, I observed that when there was any obstruction in. the wash-water on the table of sufficient size to divert the water to either side, the concentrates collected, and, on exposure to the air, would promptly float away. This convinced me that the sulphides were all good " swimmers," and that if,

Nov 1, 1912

By O. F. Kammerer, W. E. Miller, D. H. Gurinsky, J. Sadofsky, J. R. Weeks

Zirconium and titanium inhibit solution mass transfer of steels by liquid bismuth, mercury, and lead. It is shown that in bismuth and mercury, these adsorb on the surface of the steels and subsequently react with nitrogen and possibly carbon from the steels to form inert, adherent surface layers of ZrN, TiN, or TiN + Tic. Data are presented which describe the condition under which thase deposits form. These inhibitors decrease the solution rate of iron into bismuth, and require a higher supersaturation for precipitation of iron from bismuth. USE of the low-melting heavy metals (bismuth, lead, mercury, and their alloys) as coolants has been limited because solution mass transfer of steels occurs in these liquids; i. e., iron dissolves in the hot sections of the heat transfer circuit and deposits in the colder sections. The rate of solution of iron and the temperature coefficient of solubility are sufficiently great to cause complete or partial stoppage by the deposition in the coldest section of a closed circuit in finite time, even though the actual solubilities are extremely low. In the development of the mercury vapor turbine by the General Electric Co., Nerad and his associates1 discovered that the addition of as little as 1 ppm Ti or Zr to magnesium-deoxidized mercury reduced the mass transfer of ferrous alloys by mercury to a negligible amount. Reid2 reported that titanium was detected chemically on the surface of steels contacted with this mercury alloy in amounts varying from 2.0 to 2.6 mg per sq in., the greatest amount being found in the hottest portion of the circuit. Reid stated that the titanium forms the intermetallic compound Fe2Ti by reaction with iron on the surface of the steels. This compound was presumed to be highly insoluble in mercury. More recently, El-gert and Egan3 have reported a greater than 100-fold reduction in the rate of mass transfer of a 5 pet Cr steel by liquid bismuth upon the addition of titanium (in excess of 50 ppm) and magnesium (350 ppm) in the liquid metal, during experiments performed in thermal convection loops* over the temperature differential 700° to 615° C. Also, Shep-ard and his associates' have reported that the addition of titanium to liquid bismuth and Pb-Bi eutec-tic produced a marked decrease in the rates of solution of both iron and chromium from type 410 steel capsules under static conditions. This inhibiting effect increased with repeated reuse of the capsules. Tests performed in this laboratory under carefully controlled conditions have shown that the addition of zirconium and magnesium, or titanium and magnesium, to liquid bismuth or lead greatly reduces the rate of mass transfer of chromium alloy steels and carbon steels in thermal convection loops with a maximum temperature of 550°C.5-9 The present paper will review the data obtained to date at this laboratory on the behavior of iron and steels in contact with liquid bismuth alloys containing titanium or zirconium, and will attempt to explain the role of the above additives in reducing solution mass transfer. Reaction between the Zirconium or Titanium Dissolved In Liquid Bismuth and an Iron or Steel Surface Reaction between Zirconium Dissolved in Bismuth and the Surface of Pure Iron-—A small pure iron crucible (analyzed by the supplier to contain 0.8 ppm N was contacted with bismuth containing approximately 0.1 pet Mg and varying amounts of a radioactive zirconium tracer. The crucible was then inverted at the temperature of contact. The thin residual layer of adherent bismuth was dissolved in cold, concentrated nitric acid. The crucible surface and the solidified bismuth were then analyzed for radioactive zirconium. An analysis of the activity loss on the crucible surface and the weight loss of the crucible during the nitric acid treatment showed that the acid treatment removed the zirconium that had originally been dissolved in the adherent bismuth, but not any zirconium that may have reacted with the crucible surface. The crucible was then pickled in warm aqua regia to remove all surface activity, hydrogen-fired at 600°C, and recontacted with a new liquid alloy. The results of the experiments contacted 1 hr at 450°C show, Fig. 1, a Langmuir-type adsorption with an adsorption free energy of approximately 17 keal per g atom Zr.5 This deposit was estimated to contain 1 atom of zirconium for each 7 to 8 iron atoms on the crucible surface, assuming a surface roughness factor of the pickled crucibles to be five. Increasing the temperature to 520°C caused consi-

Jan 1, 1959

By Dilip K. Das, Douglas T. Pitman

ONE of the major uses of barium in metallic form is as a getter material in vacuum tubes. Because of the high chemical reactivity of the metal, Ba-Al alloys are extensively used. Numerous methods for the preparation of Ba-Al alloys have been published, a few of which1-4 are cited here. Most of these methods were found to be quite elaborate, involving the reduction of BaO, and not too well adapted for the close control of the final composition of small amounts of alloys prepared for laboratory use. A simple laboratory method for the preparation of Ba-A1 alloys in small batches starting from pure metals was devised, so that it was possible to control the desired compositions to within 1 pct. The pertinent features of the alloy system Ba-Al5 are 1) an intermediate compound BaAl, with the melting point of 1050°C, and 2) a eutectic between aluminum and BaAl4 at 98 pct Al. The accompanying sketch shows the experimental arrangement for the preparation of the alloys. Weighed amounts of aluminum and barium were placed in an alumina and a stainless steel crucible, respectively. According to the supplier's specification, the purity of the metals used in the alloys is as follows: a) aluminum rods—99.9 pct Al, and b) barium rods—99.5 pct Ba. The stainless steel crucible, tapered at the bottom and having a 1/16 in. diam hole, rested on top of the alumina crucible. The assembly was placed inside a graphite sleeve which rested on a refractory platform. The platform moved the assembly up and down through the field of a radio frequency coil. A glass bell jar was placed between the crucible assembly and the radio frequency coil to maintain a steady flow of helium around the melt. A small window was cut out on the wall of the alumina crucible to observe the progress of the re- action and to record the temperature with an optical pyrometer. The platform was first raised high enough to move the barium out of the radio frequency coil field in order to allow only the aluminum to melt. The assembly was then lowered so that the barium began to melt and flow out through the small orifice into the molten aluminum. In order to keep the violence of the exothermic reaction under control, the rate of flow of barium was carefully regulated by raising or lowering the crucible assembly. All the samples prepared by this technique were examined by a Norelco X-ray diffractometer using CuKa radiation, The diffraction specimens were prepared by placing the finely powdered samples in flat specimen holders. The Ba-Al alloys prepared with a high barium content were found to consist mainly of BaAl4. The structure of BaAl4 has previously been reported by Alberti and Andress.8 They found that BaAl4 was body-centered-tetragonal with an a0 = b0 = 4.530Å and c0 = 11.14Å. An alloy whose composition was found by chemical analysis to be almost 100 pct BaA1, was used to determine the relative intensities. The d-spacings were obtained from the same alloy to which a small amount of tungsten had been added as a calibrating material. Accurate values for a, and c, were calculated according to the method proposed by Taylor and Floyd.' The calculated values are: a, = b, = 4.566Å and c0 = 11.250Å. The measured d-values for BaAl4 are shown in Table I along with relative peak intensities above background and hkl indices. Acknowledgment The authors are grateful to L. J. Cronin, the head of the Techniques Dept., for suggesting the problem and for his constant interest. References 1Froges and Camargue: German Patent No. 809107, 1951. French Patent No. 935324, 1949. 2E. Bonnier: Annales de physique, 1953, vol. 8, pp. 259-312. 3M. Orman and E. Zemhela: Prac Institute of Metals; 1952, vol. 4, pp. 437-445. 4E. Fujita and H. Yokomizo: Reports Gov. Chemical Industrial Research Institute, Tokyo, 1952, vol. 47, pp. 291-297. 5E. Alberti: Ztsch. fur Metallkunde, 1934, vol. 26, p. 6. 6E Alberti and K. R. Andress: Ztsch. fur Metallkunde, 1935, vol. 27, p. 126. 7 A. Tnslor and R. W. Floyd: Acta Crystallographica, 1950, vol. 3, p. 285.

Jan 1, 1958

By AIME AIME

M ODERN metallurgy properly belongs to this century. The great advance made in this science is directly attributable to the discovery of the Roentgen rays. Application of the results of this discovery, together with the more recent corroborating studies in electronic diffraction have definitely and for all time established this science. Metallurgists today speak with familiarity of the atoms of the different metals in terms of their orientation, atomic volumes, lattice structures, dimensional lattice constants distance of nearest approach, and the like. One matter of profound interest, which is quite staggering to the imagination of the human mind, is the enormity of the number of atoms even in a small particle of metal. As an illustration, let us compute the number of atoms in the volume of one cubic centimeter in a single grain of absolutely pure copper. Eighteen and a fraction cubic centimeters equal the volume of one cubic inch.

Jan 1, 1940

By M. D. Curran

AS applied to coal, the term processing is subject to many interpretations. To some it means preparation of coal for the market by mechanical means such as crushing, sizing, washing, or treating with oil or chemicals to eliminate dust or improve combustion quality. To others it means conversion of the coal to other commodities as in carbonization to produce coke and by- products, or to liquids by application of the hydrogenation process. I prefer to classify the various forms of mechanical treatment under the heading of beneficiation and apply the term processing to those methods of treatment that destroy the coal sub- stance through distillation or hydrogenation.

Jan 1, 1939

By Benjamin Gi ldersleeve

Uniquely colored, thin-bedded quartzite is quarried between Crossville and Crab Orchard in Cumberland County, Tenn. It is produced in all sizes up to the limits of transportation from beds usually ranging in thickness from less than 1/2 in. to 6 in. The stone is very resistant to wear and weathering and is marketed throughout the country for many different purposes in exterior and interior construction. The annual production exceeds 36,000 tons, valued at nearly $1,000,000.

Jan 1, 1950

By E. J. Duggan

CLIMAX ore is an altered and highly silicified granite, about half of the gangue being quartz. Molybdenite is the only mineral recovered and most of it is intimately associated with the quartz in fine veinlets. Other minerals are molybdite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite. Although the molybdite may be readily extracted by hydrometallurgical methods, its content is too low to make this profitable. The pyrite ranges from 2 to 5 per cent and the chalcopyrite from 0.03 to 0.05 per cent. There is not enough copper to make its recovery attractive and one of the problems is its elimination, and that of pyrite iron, from the final product. On account of the high degree of dissemination of the molybdenite and the necessity of eliminating the iron and copper, fine-grinding followed by flotation is the only known feasible method of concentration. Two factors, peculiar to Climax ore, have a predominating influence on the metallurgical attack: (1) Molybdenite is one of the most easily floated minerals. High recoveries may be made with pine oil alone if the

Jan 1, 1946

By J. F. Kemp

The use of nickel-steel has directed increasing interest of late towards the deposits of nickel, and at the same time the parallel advance in our knowledge of the basic igneous rocks has rendered these deposits a subject of important geological inquiry. Investigations have led to some views, more or less new, on the igneous origin of certain ores, which, though not universally accepted, have a growing number of adherents. In Europe, the mines in Norway have been especially suggestive subjects of study, and others somewhat less generally known have also added their testimony; while in this country the great economic importance and scientific interest of the developments in the Sudbury district of Canada, have furnished the principal texts for the discourses that have appeared among us. The purpose of the present paper is to set forth these views through the medium of one interesting ore-body, of which but little has been written ; and, by the description of another, to place in contrast two different geological associations in which nickeliferous pyrrhotite occurs, and to indicate a generalization, based upon these different geological characters, and justified by the experience so far gained. To Prof. J. H. L. Vogt, of Christiania, Norway, is due the chief credit for the revival of interest in the geology of nickel. His important contributions* of recent date have made generally available

Jan 1, 1895

By L. A. Creglow

IN common with many other companies engaged in the mining and processing of ores, research has always been an important activity of the United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company. Much of this research has been carried on at the various plants of the Company by the operating staffs, and over the years has been an essential factor in developing new methods and improving existing methods of operation. In 1917 arrangements were made with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under which the Company had the exclusive use of one or two small laboratories in the then newly constructed MIT buildings and the use of the metallurgical laboratories, subject of course to the Institute's needs. After about two years this work was temporarily discontinued but was resumed in 1920 under the direction of G. H. Clevenger, consulting metallurgist for the Company, who recently retired. Becoming cramped for space, the laboratory was moved to a location near MIT on Amherst Street, Cambridge, in 1924. Establishment of a general research laboratory in metropolitan Boston naturally followed from the fact that the head office of the Company was located there and that the library facilities available for all types of research were, and are, unsurpassed. The disadvantages in carrying on research at great distances from the operating units of the Company were always apparent, but with widely scattered plants this disadvantage could not he overcome. With

Jan 1, 1948

By J. C. HEILMAN

THE Tri-State district, named from its situation in three States, lies in the northeast corner of Oklahoma, the southeast corner of Kansas and the adjacent part of Missouri east of the common corner of the above States. Production in the past eighty years has come from scattered mines within an area of some 35 miles east and west, by 25 miles north and south, although the actual area of the mined ground is but a small fraction of this territory. The land is leased from the individual land-owners, and the size of the tracts varies from 4.0 to 200 acres, the smaller sized tracts predominating. The leases usually call for a royalty of 7% to 15 per cent of the gross receipts of the concentrates, continuous operation during the life of the lease and specifically set out that no ores can be brought in from a foreign lease for custom milling nor can any ore be removed from the lease for milling. The ownership of the tailings remains with the land-owner.

Jan 1, 1931

By A. P. Watts

FOREWORD THE problem of concentrating the disseminated lead ore of southeast Missouri is extremely simple. The economic mineral is galena and the gangue is dolomite. The ore assays from 4 to .6 per cent. lead, 80 per cent. of which is recovered in a 70 per cent. concentrate.. The ore is crushed through 10 mm. and sized on 2 mm.; the oversize is jigged, while the undersize is tabled, and the slime treated by flotation. The district is the largest lead producer in the world, the output of metallic lead for the year 1915 being 183,906 tons. Over 20,000 tons of ore a day is being treated. The management of the different properties is progressive and always open to suggestion. The fact; however, must not be lost sight of, that the problem in the district is peculiar, as the average ore contains but 80 to 120 lb. of a metal normally selling at about 4c. per lb. The low price of the metal limits the treatment system to one of low cost. An elaborate treatment is neither logical nor advisable. An engineer first visiting the district may consider that the method of treatment could be improved

Jan 10, 1917

By Mark Eisner

ONE'S JOB is the watershed down which the rest of one's life tends to flow write the Lynds in the first pages of their classic social study, "Middletown in Transition." Certainly engineers will confirm this statement after a check among those in their own profession with whose lives they are at all familiar. I have no hesitancy in acknowledging the truth of their observation for the men and women who are engaged in the profession of the law. It has been often remarked that American public life is overrun with members of the law profession. The highest public office in the land, that of President. has been occupied by lawyers almost to the exclusion of citizens of any of the other professions. Twenty-two Presidents of the United States out of the total of 31, were members of the bar. For the most part, members of Congress, the governors of the states, the state legislators and the mayors and other local leaders, men who occupy important positions of responsibility and public trust, have had legal training. Now this fact is no mere accident. Those who were fitted for the "job" of the practice of the law are favorably placed with respect to their participation in public life. Thus public service and public office is the watershed down which the "lawyer's" life tends to flow.

Jan 1, 1940

By J. J. Forbes

Probably the newest thing in mining safety, or safety for mines, is the apparent dissatisfaction on the part of the mineral industries, as represented by both management and labor, and the general public of the Nation, with the safety record of the mining industry. This is reflected by published comments and papers in the technical press;1-8 in labor periodicals, 10 11 in popular journals and periodicals,12 13 and in the daily press; also by discussions of the Safety Committees sponsored by the National Safety Council, 9, 14-15 the American Mining Congress, 1, 16 the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 2, 4 the Mine Inspectors' Institute of America,6,8,17,18 the Coal Mining Institute of America, 5, 19, the American Standards Association, and others.20,21

Jan 1, 1949

AALL,Christian H.,(M '49), Asat.Research Dir , Phosphate Div Monsanto Chem.Co.,Monaanto, Tenn. AAMOT,Olav Crone, (M '29), Dir of Tech., Chromium Min. & Smelt. Co Ltd Box 6215, Hillyard, Spokane, Wash. AARING, Floyd Daniel, (J '48), Prod. Engr., Canadian Gulf Oil Co., 8035 - 102nd St., Edmonton, Alta., Canada AASE, Glenn D., (J '40), Met Engr Western Research Div. ,Amer. Smelt. & Refin. Co., Selby, Calif ABADIE, Henry G (M '43), Senior Prod Engr., Long Beach Oil Dev Co., 255 S Santa Clara Ave Long Beach 2, Calif. ABBOTT,Clarence E (M '04), Civil Engr., 901 Insurance Bldg., Raleigh, N.C. ABBOTT, John, H., (M '46), Resident Mgr., Hickman, Williams & Co., Rm 2205,230 N Michigan Ave., Chicago 1. I11.

Jan 1, 1952

By W. N. Poundstone, G. R. Spindler

A comprehensive report on extensive experimentation in degasification of the Pittsburgh Coal seam is presented. Detailed accounts of the procedures and results are given for permeability tests, vertical bore hole tests, measurement of gas flow from sealed drainage areas, horizontal rib hole tests, and water infusion tests. The removal of methane gas from coal seams in advance of mining is not a new idea with mining men—much attention has been given to the possibility for many years. In other parts of the world, a principal concern has been in the recovery and utilization of the gas and a number of successful projects have been developed in Europe and elsewhere. In this country, the principal motivation has been related to the safety aspect with some possible side benefits concerning costs and efficiency in mining as secondary objectives. To date, experimental work in this country has been largely or entirely exploratory to determine bed characteristics with respect to the liberation of combustible gases to investigate or establish the possibility of degasification in advance of mining and as an aid in projecting mine ventilation systems to provide for safe, effective and economical handling of combustible gases liberated during mining. With these objectives in mind, the School of Mines and Engineering Experiment Station at West Virginia University, in cooperation with the Christopher Coal Co. of Osage, W. Va., initiated some experimental work in May 1952 and the project has been more or less continuous since that time. The work has been centered entirely in mines of the cooperating company in Monongalia County, W. Va., and Greene County, Pa. LOCATION AND GENERAL CONDITIONS OF THE AREA The principal mining in the area involved is in the Pittsburgh coal seam which lies at the bottom of the Monongahela series of the Pennsylvanian. The Pittsburgh coal in the area is generally uniform in its structure and physical characteristics. The bed thickness averages about 7 to 8 ft and the coal has a characteristic blocky structure as the result of pronounced face cleats and definite, but somewhat less pronounced, butt cleavage. It is a medium volatile coal, averaging about 37 pct, and is marketed principally as a steam fuel and for metallurgical purposes. The Pittsburgh coal outcrops along the Monongahela River and dips gradually, but not uniformly, slightly north of west (about N75°W). The westward extensions of the bed, from the areas contiguous to the Monongahela River which have been heavily mined, constitute the principal reserves and are all well below drainage with the depth of cover increasing with the distance from the river. In general, with deeper cover, it may be expected that methane liberation will be more of a problem in future mining as compared to areas mined previously; therein lies the interest in possible de-gasification in advance of mining. Fig. 1 shows the Pittsburgh coal area in the vicinity of Morgantown in Monongalia County, W. Va., and Greene County, Pa., in which the experimental work discussed is located. Fig. 2 shows the contours on the Pittsburgh coal in the test area. It will be noted that the first two bore holes for the experiments were at the edge of a bench or terrace with considerable change in the gradient in the immediate vicinity of the test holes and that the same general condition applies to later test areas. Mining is intensively mechanized in the area and in the mines involved in the experimental work with corresponding rapid advance of working faces a typical characteristic. In the areas now mined the total methane liberation ranges from moderate to relatively heavy, but the actual face liberation is extremely variable and may range from practically

Jan 1, 1961

By AIME AIME

ARRANGEMENTS for the Annual Meeting of the Institute were well advanced at the end of December as the following program will show. Heretofore this has been printed separately, but its inclusion in the Annual Review issue of MINING AND METALLURGY will, it is hoped, make it more easily available for reference until the final program is issued, which will be distributed at the meeting. Added details will appear in the February issue. Last year's meeting drew a record crowd of over 2300 which should be exceeded this year. Early reservations at the headquarters hotel, the Waldorf-Astoria, or any other convenient hotel are desirable, as are prompt reservations for the Annual Dinner. No one need worry about too much speechmaking this year, for the honors will be awarded and accepted in a few words instead of a few paragraphs, in seconds rather than minutes.

Jan 1, 1939

By C. A. Fisher

THE Salt Creek Oil Field of Wyoming occupies a unique position among the major oil fields of this country. Many years before the beginning of actual production in this area, in 1911, it had attracted country-wide attention as a district holding oil possi¬bilities. Even foreign capital, mainly French and Belgian, had sought out this district as having oil values and spent many thousands of dollars 'in an effort to acquire property rights' in this field which was very largely located on the public domain. Owing to inadequate laws governing the acquisition of oil lands on the Federal domain and a careless practice having grown up among oil land locators of that time, a complicated title situation quickly developed in Salt Creek. This condition of uncertain titles together with the isolation of the field from industrial centers were doubtless the two most potent factors in retarding its early development. After actual production began in 1911 governmental regulations, suits between the government, and the locator, disputed ownerships between locators and claim and counterclaim continued to retard the field's development. It is believed that the title situation in the Salt Creek Field, where potential values of such magnitudes were involved, was responsible more than any other factor for the ultimate passage of the government leasing act in 1920 affecting all oil lands on the Federal domain.

Jan 1, 1925

By M. B. Hopkins

FOR years the expression "except rubber, tin, and manganese" has appeared in practically every discussion of the natural resources of the United States. Knowledge that natural rubber is not produced in the United States has now spread from the relatively few who have reason to be interested in the country's basic raw material supplies to all those who ride in automobiles, which means everybody. This "everybody" reads in the daily papers that we have a stock pile of natural rubber and that plenty of synthetic rubber is just around the corner. Statistics as to the United States' rubber requirements and sources of supply are of interest to him only to arrive at an answer to the question : "After taking care of rubber requirements for military purposes, will there be rubber for my automobile and the many other rubber articles I want?" More than 30,000 different rubber articles are manufactured in addition to the tires and tubes which use up about 70 per cent of the rubber supply.

Jan 1, 1942