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By S. F. Diehl

Drill cores from uranium roll-front deposits, hosted in lower Cretaceous strata, were examined from the proposed Dewey Burdock in-situ uranium recovery site in the northern part of the Edgemont uranium district, South Dakota. Uraninite (UO2), coffinite U(SiO4)0.9(OH)0.4, and doloresite (H8V6O16) occur as pore-occluding cements within the Fall River Formation in the Dewey area. In contrast, within the Lakota Formation in the Burdock area, uranium (with very little vanadium) is absorbed onto woody fragments and amorphous carbonaceous material in pressure-solution seams. Both areas have typical uranium roll-front mineralogy with 0.5 wt. % pyrite in the reduced solid phase and no pyrite in the oxidized solid phase. The groundwater at the ore zone is not oxygenated, so the uranium is relatively insoluble. Uranium in solution in ground waters is <10µg/L at Dewey and <22 µg/L at Burdock. Micromineralogic and geochemical data are being used to understand water/rock interactions, uranium distribution and movement, and as input factors for predictive reactive transport models.

Feb 27, 2013

By R. L. Derick

On a regular basis, mine personnel should obtain air samples directly from active underground areas as well as remotely from sealed locations. These samples provide mine officials with data relative to the makeup of the various atmospheres. Should conditions underground change, these results can provide a baseline that can assist officials in determining the extent of change. Relating the concentrations of individual gases to time, applying gases to equations, and examining their change over time are tools that have been successfully used to determine if a heating event exists and, if so, the extent of the emergency. These atmospheric status equations have either been developed for the mining industry or adapted from other industries. They serve as tools to assist personnel in determining the condition of underground mine atmospheres. As long as the problem area continues to be ventilated, certain gases, gas ratios, and equations can be used to determine if a fire exists, what type of material could be burning, and what quantity of coal is burning. Once the mine or the involved section has been temporarily sealed, gases, ratios, and gas-derived equations can assist personnel in determining how conditions within the sealed volume are changing over time. To alleviate potential explosions when fresh air is once again introduced into the sealed volume, equations and a diagram have been developed to predict the likelihood of an explosive atmosphere. Similarly, prior to commencing recovery of a mine or section, equations exist that can assist in determining if the fire will rekindle when air is reintroduced. This paper serves as an overview to remind and/or instruct readers about gas-sampling methodologies and gas analyses to assist in determining the status of underground atmospheres.

Jan 1, 2006

By Peter E. Price

Salt dome hosted metallic sulfide deposits are the product of a complex evolutionary system involving halokinesis, cap rock development and diagenesis, and the generation, migration, and accumulation of basinal brines and hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons play an important role in: (1) the production of calcite cap rock which hosts some of the metallic sulfide and sulfur concentrations, and (2) the generation of the reduced sulfur available for metallic sulfide precipitation and sulfur formation. Hydrocarbons and related fluids also are involved in the transporta¬tion and remobilization of the metals. Hydrocarbon consumption, in the course of cap rock development and sulfide mineralization at Hockley dome, is estimated to have been 6.4 million barrels of oil or 114 million cubic feet of methane. Mineral textures, including cap-rock banding, sulfide bands in anhydrite, and fine sulfide mineral banding indicate both episodic fluid influx and fluid compositional differences through time. Features such as pyrite "shells" and sphalerite and marcasite hemispheres may have been localized by hydrocarbon droplets and /or bacterial colonies. Marcasite mineralization in shallow strata above and flanking Hockley dome is best developed over the western and southern parts of the dome. This pattern mimics the known distribution of sulfide mineralization, which is dominantly marcasite, in the underlying cap rock. The iron sulfide paragenetic sequence in the sediments is pyritohedral and cubic + pyrithohedral pyrite followed by marcasite which is encrusted by cubic pyrite. Sulfur isotopic averages for the three stages are +20.8, -20.2, and +6.4 per mil, respectively. These values generally coincide with cap rock sulfate (+20 per mil), cap rock hosted metallic sulfides (-20 to +4 per mil), and sulfur in hydrocarbons (+5.8 per mil). Hydrocarbon compositions indicate provincial variations in oil composition and generation history. Long Point and Boling domes, which have an intergrown sulfide-sulfate-sulfur mineral assemblage indicative of mixed reducing-oxidizing environment, contain oils that are less mature than Hockley dome which appears to be more mineralogically segregated. Sterane biomarker compositions of the oils at Hockley, Long Point and Boling domes indicate a local, dominantly terrestrial source. An oil sample from supracap sandstones on the northeast flank of Hockley dome contained over 750 ppm combined Fe, Zn, Pb, and Co, indicating that hydrocarbons are carrying or remobilizing metals. Cap rock calcite and anhydrite also exhibit provincial variations in strontium isotopic ratios. Calcite and anhydrite cap rocks from several sulfide mineralized domes in the Houston diapir province have strontium isotopic ratios that are more radiogenic than Jurassic sea water (>0.7078). A calcite sample within massive sulfides at Winnfield dome also has a high 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7085). Variations in strontium isotopic ratios with strontium content indicate the mixing of at least three Sr-bearing fluids in the cap rock environment, one of which may have been the metal carrier. Anhydrite residues from diapiric salt have strontium ratios up to 0.7100, considerably more radiogenic than Jurassic seawater. These high ratios indicate either that salt and anhydrite recrystallized sometime post-Jurassic in the presence of a fluid with a high 87Sr/86Sr ratio, or that they precipitated in the Jurassic from a fluid with a higher 87Sr/86Sr ratio than Jurassic seawater. Salt domes with cap rocks containing metallic sulfides have only been found in basins that have geopressured zones. Waters from geopressured zones in the vicinity of mineralized salt domes have salinities that are two or more times higher and iron and base metal concentrations that are three to one thousand times higher, than geopressured fluids from other parts of the basin.

Jan 1, 2013

By Harvey Parker

The International Tunnelling and Under-ground Space Association (ITA) is a nonprofit organization that represents all aspects of the tunneling and underground space industry worldwide. The United States has had a prominent role in ITA since its 1974 inception. ITA was formed as a result of a worldwide survey conducted in the early 1970s by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Bill Lucke was in charge of tunnels for the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration and was a member of the organizing committee that created ITA. He became a vice president of ITA. Jack Lemley served as President of ITA from 1983 to 1986. Dick Robbins was very active in ITA and served for many years both as a member of the Executive Council and as First Vice President. Harvey Parker has served as President of ITA for the last three years and will serve as Past President for the next three years. Moreover, there are many individuals and companies from the United States that have contributed significantly to the activities and the success of ITA. There have been several active Working Group Animateurs from the U.S. and there have been significant contributions from many individuals as well as companies from the U.S. Several engineers from the U.S. are currently serving ITA in a leadership role. The Underground Construction Association of SME (UCA of SME) is the official organization representing the U.S.. SME Executive. [ ] Director Dave Kanagy and UCA President Tom Peyton were instrumental in the U.S.?s role at ITA during the last few years. Peyton has been the official delegate to ITA. Henry Russell and Christian Ingerslev are both Animateurs of ITA working groups. This article will introduce ITA and its activities. A subsequent article will describe the ITA in more detail and will discuss the significant role the U.S. has played in the development and success of ITA.

Jan 1, 2007

By A. Duerksen

Surface coal mining in West Virginia has supplied energy to the eastern coast of the United States for over a century. The coal mining industry has been forced to adapt as societal demands regarding health, safety, and environmental impacts have changed with time. More recent pressure has called for another iteration of change: long-term post-mining sustainability. The research presented in this paper investigates one potential solution?or component of a solution?to improve mining sustainability in Appalachia: post-mining wind power. This paper intends to demonstrate and explain the feasibility of synergistic mine closure and wind development. Wind conditions at three reclaimed mine sites in West Virginia were monitored in order to develop representative case studies for post-mining wind power. This paper contains a summary of the literature consulted to plan the site assessments, the methodology employed to execute them, the analysis steps undertaken to derive conclusions, and a discussion of all findings. This research has found that significant cost savings can be yielded from synergistic mine closure and wind development, as compared to greenfield wind development. Though wind conditions themselves remain the primary driver for site feasibility, post-mining wind power is a practice with significant promise for improving project economics, contributing to renewable energy development, enhancing company-community relations, providing local employment opportunities, and exemplifying sustainable business practices in Appalachia.

Jan 1, 2012

By William R. Bond, Jim V. Rouse

Introduction The pressure/vacuum (p/v) lysimeter or soil water sampler has become useful for monitoring vadose zone or unsaturated zone water conditions. The soil water sampler was first introduced around 1961. It was used as a monitoring and research device for studies in agriculture and soil contamination around landfills. Since then, it has been used for many purposes. The use of p/v lysimeters at mining facilities to monitor for solution loss is a relatively new idea. The primary purpose of the lysimeter here is to function as an early warning system. It detects leakage through liners of tailings ponds, heap leach pads, and leachate holding ponds. Their use has proven valuable for collecting baseline data and detecting loss of precious leachate fluid. Different lysimeter designs are capable of vadose moisture sampling from near the surface and down to 90 m (300 ft). They are also capable of sampling soil moisture or saturation plume contaminants from areas not accessible by conventional water well installations. The most common installations are usually simple and cost-effective. In many cases, they can be installed without the use of heavy drilling equipment. A properly placed and installed lysimeter can detect solution leaks in several days or weeks. A conventional perimeter monitor well may take months or years to detect a leak of the same magnitude. A discussion on the general design and installation of p/v lysimeters will give an understanding of its versatility. Three case studies of lysimeter installations at mining sites will be examined in detail. Design, Installation, and Sampling Design The basic design of a p/v lysimeter chamber consists of a porous material through which the soil is drawn into a collection chamber. Access tubes run from the unit to the sample station at the ground surface. Most units currently available range from 25 to 76 mm-diam (1 to 3 in.-diam). The sample collection chamber, or body, can vary from 0.6 to 1.8 m (2 to 6 ft) in length. The body can be constructed of PVC casing or Teflon, depending on the installation desired. The collection chamber functions as a holding reservoir for the collected soil moisture. The intake, or porous material, on the lysimeter is the most complex and vulnerable portion of the unit. The pore size selection varies based on the needs of the installation, type of fluid to be sampled, and type of soil material surrounding the unit. Teflon (PTFE) and porous ceramic are used in fabrication of the porous inlet portion. When using a Teflon material, which is hydrophobic, a larger pore size of 70 µm is needed to overcome surface tension and draw water into the collection chamber. It is typically used at sites involving organic contamination, because of its inert properties. Ceramic material is generally hydrophilic, having less surface tension. Therefore, it has a smaller porosity range to conduct the moisture through the porous medium while under vacuum. Pore sizes may be selected from 0.16 to 6 µm, and can be manufactured for the specific needs of the installation. The final major design component of the p/v lysimeter is the access or sampling tubes. The tubes are usually of 6.3-mm-outside-diam. (0.25-in.-outside-diam). They are made of rigid polyethylene or flexible Tygon with a wall thickness of 1.5 mm (0.06 in.). The con-

Jan 4, 1985

By Michael W. Lewis

The latest downturn in the world’s metal prices has forced many mining companies to focus on cost reduction and productivity improvements to remain competitive. Maintenance represents a significant part of the overall operating costs in the mining industry. A structured, proactive maintenance approach, such as reliability-centered maintenance, can achieve cost reductions and productivity improvements. Remote condition-monitoring systems are becoming commonplace because they have the potential to identify problems before failure. Detection of equipment degradation before failure will enable repairs to be scheduled, thereby reducing costs and interruptions to production. The mining industry is in the midst of uncertain times. Decreasing commodity prices, demand, head grade and capital availability along with increasing environmental requirements have put pressure on mining companies to significantly reduce costs to maintain short- and long-term viability. Corporations are looking at expansion, merger/consolidation and financial/hedging programs to achieve these cost reductions. Mines are reducing costs by eliminating all but essential expenditures, increasing production levels, reducing overtime and investing in new technologies.

Jan 1, 2000

By W. E. Falck, A. Usubiaga, J. Spangenberg, P. Schepelmann, S. Šolar, D. Wittmer, F. Blanchard

The extraction and processing of mineral resources may be accompanied by environmental impacts. In spite of technological advancements, the enormous increase in production volumes within the last decades has induced sizeable environmental impacts along the life-cycle of products. Beside environmental impacts, social issues associated with mining need to be considered to ensure the social acceptability of mining activities. The project EO-MINERS aims at deploying Earth Observation (EO) tools to inform best practices in mining and to thus assist the global mineral resources industries in their transition to sustainable development. In order to facilitate the handling of complex sets of information requirements from a wide variety of stakeholders, a set of indicators was developed that will inform the process of EO tool and services development. The project strives to enable stakeholders outside the industry to meaningfully participate in decision-finding processes on mining-related issues by developing and providing EO products and services that fit the information requirements. The project has identified a wide range of such information requirements by stakeholders that could be potentially provided by EO tools. The applicability of the EO tools on the local level is tested on three mining sites.

Jan 1, 2011

By Douglas B. Silver

Super Cycle future The final topic is mining?s future. The most important questions are ?How much longer is the Super Cycle going to last? What should we expect to see going forward? How will the Super Cycle end?? Three possible scenarios follow. Scenario one: Super Cycle has peaked Kathy Casey-Kirschling is officially the first Baby Boomer. She was born Jan. 1st, 1946. If you google ?first baby boomer,? she?s the one that shows up. A Baby Boomer is anybody born between 1946 and 1964. In the United States, it represents about a quarter of the population ? approximately 76 million people. The Baby Boomer generation is going to change the economics of the world because there are so many in the generation. A review of spending patterns indicates that the largest amount of discretionary spending occurs between the ages of 49 and 52. Retired people tend to live on fixed incomes so they have less discretionary income. They also tend to downsize their house, which may contribute to the housing glut and the need for a lot less metal. Therefore, the upcoming retirement of the Baby Boomer generation could result in a massive shift in economic spending resulting in the peaking of the Super Cycle. Figure 1 is an index graph from the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX). The index has recently peaked. A lot of people see that as a sign that bad things coming our way. A careful review of different commodity prices also suggest that the peak has occurred and it does not seem to matter which commodity prices are considered. Copper prices have seen a peak as have nickel prices. Nickel and molybdenum displayed the same trend with a peak in 2005 as did zinc. Uranium, which has single-handedly tried to behave like the dot com craze, has also peaked.

Jan 1, 2008

By G. Récoché, A. Chamaret, M. O’Connor

Building indicators that respond to all stakeholders&apos; needs is a time-consuming and complex exercise, with certain questions still unsolved. The aim of the current three-year research project, carried out in partnership between BRGM’s Mineral Resources Division and C3ED, is to propose a top-down / bottom-up indicators building methodology that combines conception and coordination methods and a participative approach. The tool-design phase is based partly on a comparative analysis of existing international initiatives according to different criteria (objective, observation scale, framework, etc.). The study of two African mining projects will provide the opportunity to confront the conceptual aspects with reality in the field. Careful consideration of the participants’ suggestions will result in a set of indicators that can be easily understood and adopted by all stakeholders. The final objective is to measure the impact of a mining site on a local, regional and national sustainable development frame, throughout the full life cycle of a mine.

Jan 1, 2005

By Tom Dettweiler, Robina Sharpe, Wright. Michael

The International Seabed Authority and a number of countries have or are in the process of developing environmental impact assessment guidelines and legislation for seafloor mineral development. The formal decision to grant a project an environmental permit is based on an environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA), culminating in an environmental impact statement (EIS). The EIS needs to be supported by sufficient data upon which an assessment of impacts can be made and mitigation measures developed. Given the remote locations of many seafloor prospects, collection of sufficient environmental data to inform an EIS is often a difficult, expensive and lengthy process.

Sep 1, 2014

By Daniel H. McClain

A unique partnership between the Colorado Mine Safety and Training Program (CMSTP), the Colorado Rock Products Association (CRPA) and the Higher Education and Advanced Technology (HEAT)Center resulted in a video CD-ROM training program for new miners entering the aggregate industry. Cooperation from everyone involved, including the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA),made this the product against which other training materials in the mining industry will be measured in the 21stcentury. This product’s versatility and wide application make it a tool that is as critical to a mine’s success as any earthmoving machine. The state and federal grant money involved allows this product to be affordable to small operators and independent contractors. The quality of this two CD-ROM set rivals any commercially made CD-ROM training.

Jan 1, 2003

Editor?s note: Each year, Mining Engineering features an industrial minerals review. Several people put in a fair amount of time in developing the material for this issue, all the while doing their own jobs. Thank you to the industrial minerals annual review editor, to the Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division technical committee chair and vice-chairs, and to the authors of the individual commodity profiles. Jim Norman, member SME, of Tetra Tech, is the industrial minerals annual review editor. Rajesh Raitani, member SME, of Cytec Industries Inc., is chair of the Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division?s Technical Committee. The technical Committee vice chairs include: ? Vishal Gupta, member SME, of FlSmidth, Agricultural Materials. ? Candace Trimble, member SME, of Oil- Dri Corporation of America, and Bradley Van Gosen, of the U.S. Geological Survey, ceramics and refractory materials. ? Stanley Krukowski, member SME, of the Oklahoma Geological Survey, chemical raw materials. ? Russell Winn, member SME, of R.E. James Gravel Co., chemical raw materials. ? Justin Zdunczyk, member SME, of Plum Creek, construction materials. ? Jerry Gauntt, member SME, of Golder Associates, fillers and pigments. ? Michael Cheshire, member SME, of Los Alamos National Laboratory, sorbents, filters and process aids. ? Rajesh Raitani, member SME, of Cytec, Industries Inc., specialty minerals. Their help makes possible this June industrial minerals issue. On behalf of ME readers, the editors thank them.

Jul 1, 2013

By John Marsden, Mike Botz

A variety of modeling techniques can be utilized to forecast metal production at heap leaching operations. These approaches reflect a wide range of complexity, flexibility, time to implement, cost, and accuracy. For many operators, a spreadsheet-based modeling technique is attractive since the calculations are directly accessible, models can often be developed by site staff, and the results are generally easy to extract and interpret. The authors have developed a spreadsheet-based modeling technique that provides a high degree of flexibility, while still considering detailed operating information for ore properties, leach kinetics, scaleup factors, lift height, and in-heap metal inventories. The technique involves establishing kinetic leach curves for each ore type to characterize metal extractions, followed by application of separate metal recovery curves to define the rate at which leached metals exit the heap in pregnant solution, taking into account delays due to the in-heap solution inventory. At any point in time, the difference between total metal extracted and total metal recovered is equal to the in-heap inventory of the leached metal. This modeling technique is particularly useful for larger multi-lift heaps where delays in metal recovery are appreciable due to in-heap solution holdup. The technique is also applicable to sites with multiple heaps, leach cycles, and/or metal recovery plants (e.g., carbon columns for gold; solvent extraction for copper). This paper describes the modeling technique, including input data required and methods for defining kinetic leach curves and metal recovery curves. The technique is compared against an alternative spreadsheet technique using a simplified in-heap solution inventory calculation to forecast metal production, which has proven to be effective at a number of sites.

Sep 3, 2019

By P. D. Rao, D. E. Walsh

Chemical and physical properties of typical low-rank coal (LRC) ash are significantly different than bituminous coal ash. With the exception of extraneous ash, which is incorporated during mining or is due to ash partings within or between coal seams, LRC ash consists primarily of inherent ash that is bonded into the coal&apos;s organic matrix or finely disseminated mineral matter. This paper reviews the nature of LRC ash, both inherit and extraneous, and how this impacts the prospects of washing and utilizing LRCs. A literature review, as well as washability data, proximate and ultimate analyses and ash analysis of 25 Alaskan LRC seams are used as a basis for this discussion. The authors&apos; remit research into the nature and distribution of phosphorous in an Alaskan LRC is also discussed

Feb 24, 1997

By S. A. G. Poppen, M. B. Mirza, A. I. Cooley

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for siting and constructing a licensed geologic repository for commercially generated high-level nuclear waste. Within DOE, the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM) Program has this responsibility. To accomplish this mission, the OCRWM Program is engaged in a multidisciplined effort to identify, qualify, and develop repository sites. The current strategy of the OCRWM Program is to identify candidate repository sites in basalt, tuff, and salt and to develop exploratory shafts at those sites. Within OCRWM, the Salt Repository Project Office (SRPO) identified the salt site for the development of exploratory shafts. The proposed Exploratory Shaft Facility (ESF) in salt will have several primary purposes. The shafts will provide access to the reference repository horizon to permit in situ testing of the salt horizons in order to satisfy the following data acquisition needs: • Verification of the salt repository design parameters and validation of performance assessment models • Demonstration of the constructibility • Capability to adequately seal penetrations into the salt An exploratory shaft is required by 10 CFR Part 60 for the conduct of in situ testing at depth prior to submittal of a license application for construction authorization of a repository. Therefore, construction of an ESF will also facilitate the licensing process.

Jan 1, 1987

By Joseph L. Petrillo

In July 1997, Kvaerner Environmental signed a unique contract with Echo Bay Alaska called the Transfer Risk and Accelerate Closure (TRAC). The contract called for Kvaerner to assume the responsibilities and obligations associated with closeout of the Alaska-Juneau (A-J) Mine. Kvaerner is an international engineering and construction company with global interdisciplinary experience in the mining industry and environmental remediation. Echo Bay’s requirements called for Kvaerner to: •Provide a fixed price for closure with no change orders. •Negotiate, prepare and implement a final closeout plan as outlined by Echo Bay. •Complete a closure program that exceeded current regulatory requirements. •Improve, expand and maintain a proactive public and community relations program. •Hire Echo Bay employees where possible. •Provide adequate performance guarantees and judicial relief of environmental claims.

Jan 1, 1999

By T. Tafi

The Ute-Ulay project area is located approximately five miles west of Lake City, in Hinsdale County, Colorado. The Ute-Ulay Mine site is approximately one mile east of the project area. The elevation of the site is 9,200 feet and is adjacent to Henson Creek (Figure 1) [ ] The Ute-Ulay Mining complex is an inactive gold, silver, and zinc mining/milling operation, that operated from the 1880?s until the 1970?s, and sporadically into the late 1990?s. The mining complex comprises several levels of underground mines, a flotation mill, and an abandoned town site. Due to the narrow, steep sided canyon, milled tailings were pumped upstream one mile in a sluice box to a wider section of the canyon, and deposited into five tailings impoundments and one berm located between the impoundments. An estimated 9,000 cubic yards (yd3) of fine grained tailings were located in the impoundments adjacent to the creek. The Ute-Ulay project area consisted of the mill tailings impoundments located upstream from the historic mine.

Jan 1, 2011

By Shuangchun Yang, Le Tong, Ronggui Fan, Cunlei Li

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is difficult to treat due to its physicochemical characteristics, such as high pH and high heavy metal concentrations, so it causes great harm to the environment and human health. If acid mine drainage is discharged arbitrarily without treatment, it will lead to a series of environmental problems and cause long-term environmental pollution. In this paper, the source and hazards of acid mine drainage are introduced in detail. And the principle, the mechanism, the application, and basic information of the current primary technology of the treatment for acid mine drainage are comprehensively introduced and summarized. The summarized treatment technologies for acid mine drainage mainly include neutralization, sulfidization, constructed wetland method, adsorption method, microbiological method, ion exchange method, membrane technology, and microbial fuel cell technology. Also, the primary technology of treatment for acid mine drainage is systematically compared and evaluated. Moreover, some suggestions on the development direction of water treatment technology in the future are put forward. This paper provides a scientific reference for scientific and technical works to treat acid mine drainage.

Sep 4, 2020

By M. Hamarat

Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold (FCX) is committed to preserving and enhancing biodiversity in the areas in which we operate. As a member of the ICMM, FCX is committed to implement the 10 Sustainable Development (SD) Principles throughout our business. FCX is also a member of the Wildlife Habitat Council (WHC), a nonprofit coalition dedicated to protecting and enhancing wildl ife habitat. In alignment with ICMM SD Principle 7 and our Environmental Policy, FCX has set a performance goal to prepare a biodiversity inventory in 2010 and land management plan by end of 2011 for all active mining sites. In 2010 FCX established a Biodiversity Task Force to assist sites in biodiversity management; optimize use of resources around the globe; implement FCX goals and targets; and align biodiversity programs with ICMM principles and guidance. The task force consists of Environment and SD Department management, scientists and engineers from FCX sites, and WHC staff. The Task Force recently issued a biodiversity inventory guidance document to set expectations and provide consistency across the sites when developing a biodiversity inventory and land management plan.

Jan 1, 2011