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By Leticia Rosales Hoz

A chemical and geological study of beach samples from the Mexican North Pacific was undertaken in order to evaluate the chemical composition of the beach sediments and it s association to lithology, climate, topography and weathering. The North Pacific Mexican littoral is characterized by arid weather with wide coastal plains and three geological provinces. The sands from the area are mainly finer, well sorted and show high maturity because of the high wave regime and the high energy conditions produced by the California Current in the coastline. The provenance index reflects that the region has a source of deep seated rocks, now exposed and dissected. Factor analysis made using the chemical composition showed the samples can be differentiated by five factors: 1) SiO2, 2) Al2O3; 3) Cu; 4) Sr and P2O2 and 5) Na content. Samples located in the northof the study area showed the highest values of Fe2O3 (17.72%), TiO2 (2.43%), V (576 ppm) and Zn (141 ppm) associated to methamorphic rocks present in the area.

Jan 1, 2000

By Grigori Abramov

As we enter into the 21st Century, miners are looking more attentively at new mining technologies allowing decrease environment damage along with operational cost. This technic would allow developing of poor and difficult mineral deposits, including the World Ocean offshore zone. Borehole Mining is an underground/underwater remote method of mining carried out from floating platforms or vessels. Definition of Borehole Mining (BHM), working schematic, main technical data and its advantages are given. The method is currently in use in mining of different type of raw materials, such as: uranium, iron ore, quartz sand, coal, polymetallic ores, phosphate, gold, diamonds, rare earths, amber and more. It is also in use in oil and gas stimulation, salt domes storages building and environmental problems solution. Recently recorded data of Borehole Mining productivity (80-100 t/hour/hole) and a depth of mining (over 1 km) has been achieved in a last couple years. Remoteness of method not only secures complete safety of operations but also allows wide sector of underwater applications. The World leaders in Borehole Mining are Russia and the United States. Based on previous experience the Universal Tool for Seabed Borehole Mining has been developed for wide sector of usage: from exploration and mining - through oil & gas stimulation to souterrain storages construction and lake's bottom cleaning.

Jan 1, 2000

By Usui Akira

Mode of occurrence and compositional variations of iron-manganese deposits from seamounts around the NW Pacific submarine island-arc area are described on the basis of on-site description during the Moana Wave Cruise MW9507 and other Japanese cruises, as well as geochemical and mineralogical analyses and dating on collected samples. Hydrogenetic and hydrothermal iron-manganese crusts occur at more than 80 sites out of 150 dredge hauls within a small area of 200x 200 km in the back arc region. The hydrogenetic crusts may have grown continuously at slow rates, but 2-3 times faster than those from the Central Pacific, associated with depletion of Co, Cu, and Ni contents. The site-maximum thickness of the hydrogenetic deposits trends to increase with the increase of distance from the active volcanic chain or the age of substrate volcanic rocks. Also the observed great local variations in thickness within single sites and on small scales may be resulted from post-depositional geological activity at the seamounts such as calcareous sedimentation, collapse of volcanic body and mass wasting,. On the other hand, the rapid hydrothermal manganese mineralization has occurred in place and time during arc volcanism and rifting and is still in progress at modern active areas. The ninety ICP/ES chemical plus XRD analysis show that these deposits are of distinct composition by origin or topographic provinces, but small-scale variation of the deposits of each origin and micro-scale depth variation are not clear.

Jan 1, 2000

By Jai-Woon Moon

Lemkein seamount located in the west of the Kuwajleen Atoll of RMI is a relatively samll, simple-shaped, peaked type seamount with its base at 4,500 m and summit at 1,452 m water depths. Ferromanganese crusts were identified in the water depth range between 2,000 m and 2,500 m, and they were mostly observed on the northern slopes of the seamount. Among various substrate rocks, breccia occurred most commonly with crusts and formed the thickest crust layers. Average thickness of the Lemkein crusts was about 5 cm. Their chemical compositions were similar to other crusts found in the RMI area; Mn=25.82%, Fe=15.29%, Co=0.74%, Ni=0.56%. Lemkein crusts were characterized by their four distinctive internal layers; 1) Massive Layer 1; 2)Porous, Fe-stained or sediment infilled Layer 2; 3) Massive to slightly porous Layer 3; and, 4)Massive, Dense, Phosphotized, CFA veined Layer 4. Layers 1 and 2 were generally similar in composition, but highest Co concentrations were measured in Layer 1 while relatively higher concentrations of Al, Rb, Fe, and Ti were observed in Layer 2. Layer 3 showed higher concentrations of Ca and P than Layers 1 and 2. Based on the Co-chronography, the age of Layer 1 is 0¡?6 Ma (growth rate = 1.50 mm/Ma), Layer 2 is 6¡?15 Ma (1.75 mm/Ma), Layer 3 is 15¡?27Ma (1.76 mm/Ma), and Layer 4 is 27¡?45 Ma (2.06 mm/Ma). These preliminary results indicated that high Co contents in Layer 1 resulted from slow growth rates; Layer 2 was formed under relatively strong influence of high terrestrial input; and, Layer 3 was probably affected by a minor phosphatization event occurring in 15 Ma.

Jan 1, 2000

By Philomene Verlaan

This study examines the possible relationships between compositional variability in non-hydrothermal manganese nodules and large-scale environmental parameters. In the central SW Pacific (145-180° W and 20-O° S) the level of primary productivity, the rates and proportions of carbonate, silica and organic matter supply to the sediments, and the position of the seafloor relative to the Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD) appear to directly influence nodule composition. Four zones of nodule composition are apparent. These zones correlate fairly well with the level of primary productivity in surface waters, as estimated by satellite-based measurement of chlorophyll content. The observed correlations between surface productivity and nodule composition are consistent with the contention that the dominant source of several transition metals in these deposits (i.e , Mn, Ni, Cu. and Zn) is provided by removal of fine-grained particulate matter from the water column by biological means. Subsequent decay of organic matter in sediments augments the content of these metals in the nodules through oxic and sub-oxic diagenesis. The opposite behavior of Fe and Co content may in part result from mineralogical and dilution effects.

Jan 1, 2000

By Richard C. Newell

The United Kingdom marine aggregate mining industry is the second largest of its kind after Japan. Materials for the construction industry, sea defences and for many other purposes are exploited from shelf waters at depths of 30-50 metres by self-contained suction dredgers which often screen material to obtain a cargo of a particular quality. Assessment of the environmental impact of such mining activities both within the boundaries of the dredged areas, and in the zone of deposition of outwash from the dredger has in the past been mainly based on predictive models based on the settlement rates of the individual particles and assumed Gaussian diffusion principles during the settlement phase. Recent studies which we have made on both the mass balance for materials rejected during the dredging process and direct measurements of the settlement of material in the dispersing plume suggest that the zone of settlement is much less than that predicted from diffusion models. Instead of a downstream settlement plume of 10-20 km in the tidal currents of U.K waters, our measurements show that inorganic components of the dredger plume reach background levels in the water column within 880 metres.

Jan 1, 2000

By Raymond A. Binns

Drilling into an active hydrothermal system linked to convergent-margin felsic magmatism is a listed priority of the Ocean Drilling Program that addresses several fundamental geoscience issues. Solid and fluid products of felsic rock-water interaction, and the consequences for global chemical fluxes and for ore deposition, should differ from those in basaltic mid-ocean ridge environments already successfully tested by Legs 106, 139, 158 and 169. So, too, will fracturing controls on fluid pathways, and sources for metals and ligands. Researching the subsurface volcanic, structural/hydrologic, and mineralisation/alteration architecture of a drilled felsic-hosted system also has economic implications, especially for land¬based mineral exploration. A first-order hypothesis to be tested states that fluids derived from volatile-rich magmas are more important than recirculated seawater in convergent-margin hydrothermal systems - economic geologists increasingly appeal to this for creating "world-class" massive sulfide orebodies. Another hypothesis proposes "subhalative" massive sulfide deposition within hydraulically expanded volcanic products as a factor in generating large orebodies. Many second-order hypotheses such as leaching fractionated volcanics to cause gold enrichment in back¬arc systems also need testing. The thoroughly surveyed, active, PACMANUS hydrothermal field in the Eastern Manus back-arc basin of Papua New Guinea will be the site for ODP Leg 193 commencing in November 2000. It lies near the crest (1655-1750 m) of high-standing Pual Ridge, a 40 km-long edifice of dacite/rhyodacite with basal andesite all having geochemical and isotopic affinities with modern arc volcanoes of nearby New Britain. PACMANUS includes at least three focussed, high-temperature "smoker" sites with Cu+Au-rich massive sulfide deposits, and a field of diffuse, lower temperature venting through intensely altered dacite where modelling indicates significant subsurface mineralisation. Isotopic characteristics of deposits and vent fluids suggest magmatic contributions to the mineralising fluids.

Jan 1, 2000

By Burrows D. R.

Metal-rich sediments precipitating from hot saline brine pools were first discovered in 1965 in the Red Sea.1-2 The subsequent discovery of high temperature black smokers and associated massive sulphides in 1977 at latitude 21oN on the East Pacific Rise3 came more as a confirmation than a revelation. Formation of massive sulphides through precipitation from circulating sea-water had been predicted by Oftedahl in 19584, and the mechanisms well evaluated in basaltic-hosted Cyprus-type 5 and in Kuroko-type deposits.6,7 Sea-floor exploration from 1977 through the 1980?s in sediment-starved mid-oceanic ridge (MOR) settings had little impact on land-based exploration. This is primarily because: a) MOR spreading centres were recognized as poor analogies to even Cyprus-type basalt-hosted deposits; b) their preservation potential was limited due to rapid oxidation and c) the metallic deposits studied were small and therefore not directly comparable to the far larger ore bodies on land. More recently underwater mineral deposit research has focused in a variety of back-arc environments associated with felsic submarine volcanism, environments more similar to those predicted for the formation of Kuroko-type deposits (e.g. Okinawa Trough, 8 Lau Basin, 9 Manus Basin, 10 Aeolian arc, 11). Most studies, while scientifically interesting, were hampered, in general, by a lack of good descriptive data, a reliance on isolated grab samples, and a lack of sub-surface observations. This research has therefore had only limited direct impact on exploration strategies with the possible exception of research conducted in areas where faulting provided enhanced vertical exposures. 12

Jan 1, 2011

By Jung-Hoon Kang

Present study was stemmed from the survey associated with deep-sea mining in the KODOS area between Clarion Fracture Zone and Clipperton Fracture Zone located in the North Pacific Ocean. The study area, which is located in the southeastern part of North Pacific gyre, is oligotrophic waters with low nutrients and chl-a concentrations below 1µg/l (MOMAF, 1996). This area is also characterized by divergence at 8°N and convergence at 6°N, which moved northward or southward in the range of a few kilometers with seasonal and climate changes. If the waste materials related to deep-sea mining are intruded into the surface waters continuously, unexpected effects to water column ecosystem are anticipated negatively. In order to assess the impact on the planktonic ecosystem, natural variation need to be distinguished from anthropogenically induced variation in terms of the abundance and species composition of plankton. In this study, mesoscale variation of zooplankton community was reported in relation to the physical conditions in the northeastern Pacific during 1998 and 1999. Temperature and salinity were determined using a CTD from surface to 200m depth in July 3-20, 1998 and in June 22-July 1, 1999. Zooplankton samples were collected from two different depths (0-50m, 50-200m) by vertical towing using an opening-closing net (100cm diameter and 300 µm mesh size). The samplings were carried out at every one degree between 5° and 12°N (1998), between 5° and 11°N (1999) along the meridional lines of 131°30´ W. The net was lowered to the depth of interest from a stationary research vessel and towed upward to collect zooplankton at a speed of 25~30 m per minute. Zooplankton samples were transferred to 1-l sampling bottles and immediately fixed with neutralized formalin into the final concentration of 5%. Considering the characteristics of zooplankton such as diurnal vertical migration, all samplings were done during the nighttime. The volume filtered by the net was calculated from the readings of flow meter (Hydro-Bios Model 438-115). Zooplankton were identified to the genus level and enumerated under a microscope. The abundance of zooplankton at each station was expressed as the numbers/100 m3.

Jan 1, 2003

By Thomas Kuhn

The detailed investigation of both active and inactive submarine hydrothermal systems has gained tremendous progress during the last decades because of the increasing usage of remotely operated vehicles (ROV) as well as manned submersibles. Special aspects like the targeted sampling of chimney structures and vent fluids as well as the analysis of zonations of near-surface structures like sulfides mounds was only possible with the usage of such vehicles. However, the availability of such vehicles has been very limited because of the few number of deep-water ROVs and manned submersibles which need both a trained crew and a special research vessel. This was especially true for the German science community which did not have such devices at its disposal until recently. With the ROV QUEST 5 which is based at the University of Bremen (c/o. Prof. Dr. G. Wefer, Dr. V. Ratmeyer) this major drawback has now been eliminated.

Jan 1, 2003

By Robert G. Ditchburn

Msjflkcisokng During the past sixteen years, GNS Science has developed a number of radiometric methods for dating massive sulfide samples from submarine arc and back-arc volcanoes. This has improved our understanding of the formation of these hydrothermal systems, the frequency and duration of their activity, and assisted marine mineral exploration companies in assessing the economic potential of these deposits that can be rich in copper, zinc and gold (up to 90 ppm Au in some chimneys). The radiometric dating methods that we employ utilize radium isotopes that are extracted from the host rocks without their parent thorium isotopes, by ascending, hot, acidic hydrothermal fluids. When the hydrothermal fluid discharges into cold seawater, chemically similar barium and radium co-precipitate as barite, a common mineral contained within the black smoker chimneys that grow upwards from the seafloor. From the onset of mineralization, the isotopes 228Ra and 226Ra (with half-lives of 5.75 yrs and 1600 yrs, respectively) begin to decay, so that the 228Ra/226Ra and 226Ra/Ba values decrease with time. Thus, samples can be dated using these ratios once the initial values, i.e., the values at the onset of mineralization, have been established, ideally from active chimneys. 228Ra decays to 228Th (half-life 1.91 yrs) and from the 228Th/228Ra values, the growth-rate of individual chimneys can be estimated. The isotope 210Pb (half-life 22.3 yrs) is occasionally used for dating the mineralization, although several samples from a chimney are needed to determine an age from the 210Pb grown from 226Ra, using the isochron technique.

Sep 14, 2011

By Sven Petersen, Iain J. Stobbs, Bramley J. Murton, Paul A. J. Lusty

"INTRODUCTIONIt is widely thought that seafloor massive sulphide (SMS) deposits, the modern analogue of volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits, present a potential global resource for base (Cu, Zn) and precious metals (Au, Ag). In addition, SMS deposits can be enriched in ‘critical metals’ including Se, Te, Tl [1], which are essential for use in the construction of modern and green technologies. Globally over 340 high temperature hydrothermal sites have been identified at a range of ocean spreading centres [2], significant massive sulphide deposit formation has been recorded at 165 of these sites [3].To date only 13 deep sea sulphide deposits have undergone intrusive investigation (drilling or coring) and of these, only 6 sites have published tonnage estimates [2]. Almost all research and drilling of SMS deposits has been focused on active systems, the investigation of the morphology, subsurface structure and mineralogy of hydrothermally extinct seafloor massive sulphide (eSMS) deposits is almost non-existent.As such, little is known about the mechanisms that operate post-SMS formation and which have an impact on the preservation and hence resource value of SMS. Identifying these generic processes and mechanisms, and the extent to which they impact the resource grade, is critical in evaluating the global potential of SMS."

Jan 1, 2017

By V. K. Banakar

The occurrence of hydrogenous ferromanganese encrustations (Fe-Mn crusts) on the Cretaceous age Afanasiy-Nikitin Seamounts (ANS) in the eastern Equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO) was first reported by Banakar et al. (1997, Marine Geology). The major element composition of the samples from the upper flank of the ANS (~1650 m water depth) indicated enrichment of Co up to 0.9 % (Parthiban and Banakar, 1999, Indian Mineralogist). Subsequently a project supported by the Department of Ocean Development to explore the ANS for Co-enriched Fe-Mn crusts was launched in 2002 by the National Institute of Oceanography. Sampling at regular depth intervals along two transects on the slopes of the northern elevated region of the ANS was carried out. The Fe-Mn oxide deposition is evident on almost all types of substrates viz., basalts, conglomerate limestone, fossil corals etc., and the thickness of the oxide layer varies from a patina to 7 cm. The Fe-Mn crust growth is evident only above a water depth of 3200 m, below which semi-lithified carbonate ooze is dominant. The ANS Fe-Mn crusts from all the water depths exhibit Mn/Fe < 1.5 suggesting pure hydrogenetic accumulation of metal-hydroxides. Bulk sample Ce-contents for a few selected depth-representative samples are remarkably high, up to 3700 ppm with an average of ~2500 ppm. The positive Ce-anomaly decreases from ~8 at 1600 m depth to ~1.6 at 3200 m depth, which is in contrast to the modern dissolved oxygen depth-profile in the region. This observation suggests that major time-period of the Fe-Mn crust accretion history is dominated by ambient waters with lower-oxygen at deeper depths than at the intermediate depths. This in turn probably suggests a major reorganization in the deep-intermediate hydrography of the region in the past.

Jan 1, 2005

By Robert G. Ditchburn

The NW caldera hydrothermal vent field at Brothers volcano, of the Kermadec-Tonga arc, has associated massive sulfide mineralization. This includes an abundance of black smoker chimneys that contain significant concentrations of copper, lead, zinc and gold (de Ronde et al., 2005; de Ronde et al, 2010, under review). [ ] The oldest volcanic massive sulphide (VMS) samples recovered so far from Brothers have been dated using radiometric methods at GNS Science and found to be c. 1000 years old. By contrast, a volcanic cone that has formed in the southern part of the caldera has no associated VMS. Only elemental sulphur and Fe-oxide crusts are present here, samples of which have been analysed for their trace elements. From d34S values of sulfates and native sulfur, and the volume of gas (dominated by CO2 and H2S) discharging at the cone site, elements being deposited here are considered more directly magmatic in origin (de Ronde et al., 2005; 2010 under review). It has been discovered that deep-seated changes in volcanic activity at Brothers affect the NW caldera and cone site simultaneously, though the mineralogy at each site is so very different. Thus, the cone site is being studied to determine if elements being deposited there can be used as predictors of potential future VMS mineralisation as similar sites have been found at other volcanoes along the Kermadec arc and elsewhere. The frequency of these deep-seated magmatic events is considered important in the formation of Cu-Au-rich mineralization along arcs. The analysis of Fe within resulting hydrothermal plumes (surveyed by surface vessels), and trace elements in rock and mineral samples, are used to help determine the influence of magmatic contributions to the hydrothermal system. To verify that plumes are a reliable proxy for hydrothermal events depositing iron on the seafloor, Fe-oxide crusts from Brothers volcano cone have been dated to see if their emplacement coincides with highly Fe-enriched plumes in the water column. The radiometric dating techniques developed for barite-rich VMS, i.e. using 228Ra and 226Ra, were unsuitable for the Fe-oxide crusts because 210Pb was the only isotope detected by gamma spectrometry. Therefore, new techniques using 210Pb, 10Be and arsenic have been established.

Jan 1, 2010

By Michael Johnston

Nautilus Minerals is exploring for high-grade gold, silver, copper, and zinc-rich submarine massive sulphide deposits (SMS) within the territorial waters of the sovereign state of Papua New Guinea. Work to date has shown that these systems contain spectacularly high metal grades. To date a total of 88 surface sulphide grab samples have been collected from Nautilus’ Solwara 1 Prospect within EL 1196 in the Manus Basin, returning average grades of 15.5 g/t gold, 191g/t silver, 10.8% copper, and 4.7% Zn. Drilling in January/February 2006 confirmed the presence of this high grade system, with sulphide intersections up to 19m below the sea floor, with a best intersection of 11.6m at 9.1 g/t Au and 13.1% Cu.

By Carl L. Kaiser

This abstract discusses selected recent technology developments at the Deep Submergence Lab at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution aimed at fundamentally changing the nature and scope of AUV operations in the deep ocean. The Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Sentry is described in its current configuration with discussion of emerging capabilities. Telepresence enhanced AUV operations are discussed including moving both operations and data processing personnel off the vessel. Autonomous Surface Vessel (ASV) aided AUV operations are discussed including recent experiments where an ASV provided both navigational aiding and a satellite based relay for acoustic communication of telemetery and mission redirection. New flexible communications strategies to perform intervention and manipulation tasks from an untethered vehicle are discussed. The abstract concludes with a brief discussion of industrial collaborations, including the newly launched Center for Marine Robotics.

Sep 14, 2011

By K. T. Damodaran

The Chavara and Manavalakurichi placer deposits have been known since a long time for their rich reserves of heavy minerals like ilmenite, rutile, monazite etc. While detailed work has been conducted on the mineralogy and texture of the bulk placer sediments, reports on the detailed investigations on individual minerals are relatively scanty. Though, limited work pertaining to the chemistry of ilmenite has been carried out by Nair et al (1995) and Ramakrishnan et al (1997), a comprehensive study of the weathering patterns of ilmenite along the longitudinal and vertical profiles has not been, so far, undertaken. Data on the microscopic analysis of ilmenite from the southwest placers, too, is sketchy. The present work deals with the variation of the weathering undergone by ilmenite in the southwest placer deposits based on chemical and mineralogical analyses.

Jan 1, 2002

By Sebastian Ernst Volkmann, Felix Lehnen

"INTRODUCTIONWhile today’s mine planning of land-based ore deposits follows methods, which are well established, mining standards for the deep-sea have not established. Having gained a basic understanding of geological settings, there is still a lack of tools and methods to assess and plan future mining projects in the deep-sea. In the framework of the “Blue Mining” research project (2014-2018) technologies and methods for the exploration and exploitation of deep-sea minerals are developed that will bring deep-sea mining a step closer. The “Blue Mining” project receives funding from the European Commission (EC; Framework Programme 7; GA No. 604500) and addresses all aspects of the value chain in the field of deep-sea mining. The project philosophy is that deep-sea mining is planned and executed in the most responsible manner: Ensuring societal benefits and profitability at acceptable resource utilization and lowest possible environmental footprint (Volkmann 2014).Inspired by the high-tech farming industry, a concept to mine seafloor manganese nodules (SMnN) was developed. Mining is considered to be similar to the potato harvest on land (Figure 1), which involves mining a field partitioned into long, narrow strips (Volkmann and Lehnen 2017). The proposed mining system composes of one mining support vessel (MSV), one or two self-propelled, crawler-type seafloor mining tools SMT(s) and different types of underwater vehicles. The MSV follows the mining route of the SMT(s), picking up the about potato-sized nodules from the seafloor. The ore is pre-processed in situ and is lifted on board of the MSV, where the ore is dewatered and loaded onto bulk carriers for transport to the purchaser. Processing and refining of ore is not subject of “Blue Mining” research."

Jan 1, 2017

By Carla J. Moore

The National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), Marine Geology and Geophysics Division and co-located World Data Center-A for MGG archives and distributes global marine sediment data from U.S. and international sources. NGDC is part of the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. NGDC offers a variety of digital marine sediment data sets including sediment descriptions, textural analyses, geochemistry, paleontology, paleomagnetism, and well logs. Some data sets are compiled by outside sources and sent to NGDC for distribution; many are received under exchange agreements and through the World Data Center system. Other data sets are compiled at NGDC, frequently in cooperation with other government agencies or academic institutions. One of the best examples of the latter is the Index to Marine Geological Samples, or "Core Curators&apos; Database".

Jan 1, 1993

By Tetsuo Yamazaki

Seafloor massive sulfides (SMS) in the western Pacific have received much attention as resources for gold, silver, copper, zinc, and lead (Lenoble, 2000). Since the end of the 1980s, SMS have been found in the back-arc basin and on oceanic island-arc areas. The typical representatives found are in the Okinawa Trough and on the Izu-Ogasawara Arc near Japan (Halbach et al., 1989; Iizasa et al., 1999), in the Lau Basin and the North Fiji Basin near Fiji (Fouquet et al., 1991; Bendel et al., 1993), and in the East Manus Basin near Papua New Guinea (PNG) (Kia and Lasark, 1999). The higher gold, silver, and copper contents in one of the areas increased the chance for profitable mining operation, which was considered by a private company (Malnic, 2001). The company gathered investment money and announced to start the commercial mining from 2010 (www.nautilusminerals.com). On the basis of geological information of the Sunrise Deposit of the Myojin Knoll on the Izu-Ogasawara Arc (Iizasa et al., 1999) and geotechnical characteristics of SMS (Yamazaki and Park, 2003), some preliminary economic validation analyses of the SMS mining in small production scale were reported by one of the authors (Yamazaki et al., 2003; Yamazaki and Park, 2005; Yamazaki, 2007). The results showed high profitability of the SMS mining.

Jan 1, 2011