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By J. A. Russell

IT IS the purpose of this paper to show how the design of the larger slope hoists in use in the mines of the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation has tended to evolve ta suit the particular conditions of operation. These hoists are all used for hauling coal in trains or trips of pit tubs up the mine slopes, which usually follow the dip of the seam . As the mine is developed to the dip and the slope grows in length, the length of the rope and the size of the hoist required to handle it rends to become extremely cumbersome. It has been found that the best economic conditions of hoisting are obtained when the length of the slope is limited to about seven or eight thousand feet. Beyond this length it is necessary to offset to one side of the line of slope and start a second or auxiliary slope, which will be served by its own hoist installed underground. With this hoisting distance as a basis, we find that we can economically hoist the outputs required, usually about 1,500 tans per eight hours per slope, by hoisting the coal in trips of about twenty boxes. This, on the grades obtaining, will require a rope of about l 1/4in. diameter, running at a speed of 1,200 ta 1,800 feet per minute, and requiring from 1,200 to 1,800 h.p. at the hoist shaft. The tendency is for the rope speeds of the surface hoists to be a little higher than the underground hoists which relay to them, so that the surface hoist has a small margin of time in hand. The oldest surface hoists were steam-driven, but, with few exceptions, these have given place to electric hoists. With the exception of one hoist, which was altered in design, the steam hoists have not had the opportunity of evolving in the same way as the electric hoists, and will not be mentioned any further.

Jan 1, 1944

By Martin Bouchard, Bruno Paillard, Jean-Claude Dubé, André L’Espérance

"A precise analysis of the noise emitted by an aluminum plant has shown that one of the main sources of noise is the noise emitted by an exhaust stack 40 m high and 1.8 m diametre, emitting a pure tone at 320 Hz. Because a classical cost effective solution is not available for this source, active noise control (ANC) solution was investigated.Commonly available ANC systems, how-ever, are not applicable to the chimney considered because the diameter of the stack (f) is too important compared to the wave length(?)of the frequency to control. In fact, until now, active noise control (ANC) has been successfully used to reduce the acoustical energy emitted at the end of ducts in the case of plane wave propagation, i.e. ?/f< 1.7 [1,4].When f> ?/1.7, high order modes propagate in the duct and a single canal active noise control system is not sufficient.This paper presents an ANC system developed to control higher modes in a circular duct. The controller used is based on a multiple-input, multiple-output adaptive filtered X-LMS and allows up to 11 error micro-phones and controls sources. The system has been used in a laboratory on a finite duct of3.5 m long and 0.30 m diameter which corresponds to the same ratio ?/f for the real stack. The efficiency of the system with different numbers and location of control sources and errors sensors has been analyzed. Noise reduction of 15 dB(A) could be obtained with some configurations. Actually, the system is being considered for installation on the real chimney stack."

Jan 1, 1997

By Paul Guliov

Industrial clays, including a variety of bentonites and kaolinbased clays in southern Saskatchewan are hosted by Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary sediments. Ofparticular significance are the deposits of swelling bentonite in the Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation and the kaolinitic clays of the Cretaceous Whitemud and Paleocene Ravenscrag Formations. Swelling bentonite is currently produced in the Wilcox-Truax area by Canadian Clay Products Inc. and yields at least seven different commercial products for a variety of applications. Kaolinitic plastic clays, including ball clay, stoneware and earthenware clay, as well as kaolin in southern Saskatchewan, have a long history of development and use. Products include common and face brick, refractory bricks and other shapes, chinaware, pottery, sewer pipe, chimney flue linings and tiles. Currently clay production is for out-of-province brick manufacturing and for pottery. Recent research and improved technology combined with expansion in certain areas of the global clay industry generally hold promise for a resurgence of a clay-based industry in Saskatchewan. Products of particular promise include: clay tiles; kaolin fillers and extenders; and aluminum as well as related by-products from kaolinitic clays based on the carbochlorination process.

Jan 1, 2001

By Sherwin F. Kelly

With the progressive exhaustion of ore deposits easily discovered by surface prospecting, the attention of scientists is being turned more and more to the employment of mechanical means for the location of ore bodies whose outcrops are not visible. The dip needle, the Eotvos Torsion balance, and various methods of electrical prospecting are illustrative of the modem tendency. Interest in the possibility of applying electricity to the solution of many of the prospector&apos;s problems dates much farther back than is usually realized. The first person to notice an abnormal intensity of electrical activity in the region of certain ore bodies was an Englishman, R. W. Fox, who experimented on the Cornwall copper and tin veins about 1830. Dr. Barus, in the United States, carried the early experiments a step further in his work on the deposits of Eureka, Nevada, about 1880. He made the very definite suggestion that the phenomena noticed would be of material aid to the prospector. Not until Professor Schlumberger, of the Ecole des Mines, Paris, took up the matter, shortly before the war, was any definite effort made to put electrical prospecting on a commercial basis. His work resulted in the establishment of sound principles and practicable field technique, for two distinct methods of prospecting.

Jan 1, 1924

By Robert B. Parsons

"New tax rules that can apply to the repayment, extinguishment, or other settlement of a company&apos;s debt are finally taking shape. These new rules are far-reaching in their application, and can affect mining companies in a serious, negative way.IntroductionIn his February 1994 budget, Finance Minister Paul Martin announced changes to the Income Tax Act that could have an adverse impact on a company that restructures its debt. Since then, the new rules have undergone considerable transformation during their fetal stage: draft legislation was introduced in July 1994; revised draft legislation was introduced December 1994; and a third version of draft legislation was introduced February 1995. It seems that the new rules have now been pretty well finalized, and they contain some serious traps that the unwary could fall into. The new rules are of particular importance to mining companies, because a mining company&apos;s resource pools will be caught under the new rules, whereas these pools escaped the wrath of the old rules. The following commentary summarizes the new rules that are generally referred to as the ""debt forgiveness"" rules."

Jan 1, 1995

By C. T. Bischoff

Introduction Air conditioning is a term which has come into common use only during our generation. By definition, it means the positive and accurate control of temperature, humidity, movement, purity, and component constituents of the atmosphere within an enclosure. Claiming such results for Noranda&apos;s ventilation system, or for that of any other large mine, at present would be an idle boast. However, we are working toward that end with considerable success. Modern underground ventilation at Noranda dates back about six years. The later development of air conditioning is in its fourth season, but still in the experimental stage. Various ingenious methods have been devised to cool mines which, because of climatic or geological conditions or depth, are excessively warm. A few installations have been made to warm intake air during the winter months where this is necessary. However, the method currently in use at Noranda is unique in that it accomplishes both ends by one process. This method utilizes the freezing and melting of ice to equalize year-round temperatures. Mining Methods While a discussion of mining methods at Noranda is not proposed in this paper, a brief summary may be in order. The Horne mine of Noranda Mines, Limited, has been developed by six shafts, four of which are now active. The most recent, an internal shaft, extends to 6,000 feet below surface, but all of the ore mined to date has come from above the 3,000-foot level. Figure 1 shows a model of principal ore bodies. The area mined is relatively small in plan, considering its vertical extent and the tonnage per vertical foot. Most of the ore lies within an ellipse about 600 by 1,000 feet. While this has certain advantages, the mining of such massive orebodies has presented many problems.

Jan 1, 1947

By S M. Roscoe

Relationships of Noranda sulphide deposits to volcanic rocks are reviewed and chemical variations within the volcanic sequence are described. The assemblages of minor elements in the pyrites and pyrrhotites of the Noranda and l\llatagami deposits are similar and are characterized by a high content of cobalt, tin and other elements. Isotopic compositions of lead, other geochronological data and stratigraphically disposed zonal distributions of sulphides and minor elements indicate that the deposits were formed prior to folding and metamorphism. Lead isotope data indicate that the Matagami deposits, and several others, were probably formed about 2.95 x 109 years ago and that the Noranda deposits may be about 50 million years younger. The volcanic sequence at Noranda is younger than the thick sequences bordering it on the east and on the west. The relationships are consistent with the hypothesis that these strata-bound sul1>hide de-posits are coeval with their associated volcanic rocks. T HE writer has been engaged in a metallogenic study of the region between Sault Ste. Marie and Chibougamau. An essential objective of this study is the classification of mineral deposits with regard to their composition, form, geological

Jan 1, 1965

By P. Roman, L. Daneshmend

"During the last decade, mining companies have been overwhelmed by technological solutions to perceived problems. This is particularly true with information technology where rapid advances have resulted in a professional climate characterized by technomania — the perception that failure to adopt emerging technologies will result in a loss of competitive advantage. This paper describes the applicability of structured analysis and design techniques as an appropriate methodology for integrating emerging technologies in the mining industry. The potential of this approach to improve overall mine effectiveness through improved communication and co-ordination between operations and maintenance is discussed. IntroductionA strong working relationship between the operations and maintenance departments in both open pit and underground mines is fundamental to the overall success of the mining endeavour. Unfortunately, for many mines, this characterization is far from accurate. Short-range production targets dominate the day-to-day management of the mines. This can be seen in Bostwick and Buchanan’s (1993) report on American Barrick Resources efforts to achieve an aggressive 415 000 tpd mining program at their Goldstrike operation in Nevada. When production managers do not meet their quotas, the finger is often pointed at maintenance. As a result, a confrontational culture can develop between the two organizations, resulting in a lack of cooperation that exacerbates the problem. Historically, production planning has taken priority over maintenance planning. This is reasonable since production is the primary purpose of the mine with maintenance serving in a support role. This basic relationship remains intact today. However, the trends toward mechanization, increasing levels of automation, and larger equipment, have resulted in increased reliance on the equipment used in the mine. As a result, downtime costs now go well beyond the direct labour associated with the repair of the machine. Lost production costs due to downtime resulting from failed equipment are becoming an increasingly important factor in determining a mine’s overall economic performance."

Jan 1, 2001

By T. Skinner, M. Sahebkar

"In recent years, the mining industry has been inundated with new technologies and software systems to aid in productivity improvement. Accompanying this increased level of technology and computer systems has been the exponential growth in data sources and sinks for all aspects of a mining operation. This rapid growth in data and technology has evolved through vendor “push” approaches and user “pull” scenarios, the result of which has been that currently, no standards exist defining how data from new technology should be accessed and transferred from surface mining equipment and systems. Consequently, many incremental benefits of the systems have not been realized. This paper will present a discussion of this important issue and introduce a new committee formed to address standards to assist the industry in making effective use of current and future technology. Potential benefits accruing from the development of these standards will be illustrated through the use of a case study at Fording Coal Limited. IntroductionThe mining industry is currently faced with a rapid evolution in the computing-based systems capabilities of mobile production equipment. At the same time, there is a trend toward the introduction of even larger machines, with novel designs or incorporation of new technologies within existing designs. Computing and control technology will be required to operate and acquire knowledge about equipment operation, utilization, and performance. Such knowledge has the potential to lead to enhanced equipment design, more appropriate equipment selection, and optimized equipment performance. The equipment systems will be required to be integrated with mine production monitoring systems, maintenance management software, and a wealth of other information systems to provide a complete understanding of the effects of various factors such as maintenance, equipment design and production on economics (Roman and Daneshmend, 2001). This will lead to a better understanding and implementation of the opportunities to enhance the performance of the mine through interaction of the mine operations."

Jan 1, 2003

By Wayne D. Goodfellow, William M. Luff, Steven J. Juras

Abstract-Brunswick No. 12 is a vent-proximal massive sulfide deposit that formed above a feeder pipe with associated hydrothermal alteration. Because of the replacement of bedded sulfides deposited above the hydrothermal vent, individual sulfide lenses show the following vertical and lateral zoning outward from the vent complex: massive pyrite-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite core - interlayered pyrite-sphalerite-galena (Pb-Zn ore zone) - bedded pyrite. The feeder zone which underlies the Cu-rich core consists of an anastomosing network of pyrite-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite­ quartz veins with variable and generally minor contents of ferroan carbonate, Fe-rich chlorite, sphalerite, galena and arsenopyrite. Hydrothermal alteration of felsic igneous rocks hosting and adjacent to the feeder pipe is represented by an inner zone (zone 1) characterized by sulfide stringers, Fe-rich chlorite, muscovite, quartz, and ferroan carbonate that formed at the expense of feldspars and what was probably glass; outer zones (Il and III) are represented by Mg-rich chlorite and muscovite formation, and the albitization and silicification of K-feldspar. Accompanying these alteration trends is a marked decrease of Na + Ca, and an increase in Fe + Mg + C03 in zone 1, and increases in Mg + Na in the outer zones. The classic zoning of metals within the sulfide lenses, the formation of a feeder pipe below the vent-proximal sulfide core, and the hydrothermal alteration of felsic volcanic rocks cut by the feeder pipe all support a vent-proximal origin for the Brunswick No. 12 deposit. Furthermore, restriction of sulfide stringer mineralization to the footwall sequence, the folding of the stringer zone by an F1 fold, and the difficulty of long distance mass transfer of metals from the sulfides into the host rocks all argue against a tectonic origin for the stringer zone. All of the evidence indicates that the feeder pipe formed during the ore forming hydrothermal event, but has been distorted and in some areas detached from the overlying massive sulfides during subsequent deformation.

Jan 1, 1992

By John R. Goode

"This paper reviews options for the separation of a mixture of rare earth elements (REE) into its component elements. Earlier separations used selective chemistry such as double salt precipitation and reductive/oxidative processes – methods that still have a place in the industry. Fractional crystallization was developed for more complete separations of adjacent REE. The latter method was replaced by ion exchange (IX), which was in turn replaced by solvent extraction (SX). Two main SX chemistries are in use, solvation and cation exchangers, with several variants (mixed solvents, ionic liquids, etc.) now under investigation. SX plant configurations have evolved including advanced techniques like “hyperlinking”, novel saponification methods, and alternative stripping techniques. The classic mixer-settler is the most commonly employed device although centrifugal contactors have been pilot-tested. Non-dispersive SX options including microfluidic devices and membrane-assisted SX techniques are being developed and could revolutionize the SX option. Other REE separation techniques now being studied include Molecular Recognition Technology (MRT), Free Flow Electrophoresis (FFE), newer IX systems, and electrolytic processes. Additionally, the classical crystallization and selective precipitation methods and newer bacteria-mediated processes, chloride volatilization, high performance liquid chromatography, and magnetic separation systems have been studied. This paper reviews the options and concludes that conventional SX is the technology of choice but viable alternatives could be demonstrated and acceptable within a couple of years.INTRODUCTIONThe chemical properties of the individual REE are very similar which is why REE minerals and ore deposits almost invariably contain a mixture of all fifteen REE, i.e., La to Lu plus Y. That said, the distribution of REE in a given deposit is frequently dominated by the light REE (LREE, i.e., La to Nd). Examples include the Bayan Obo, Mianning, Lynas Mt. Weld, and Molycorp Mountain Pass deposits where heavy REE (HREE – Sm to Lu and Y) typically account for well under 5% of the REE content. The LREE operations produce some HREE but the main sources of these important elements are the ionic clay deposits of Southern China. Importantly, all of the REE recovery operations referenced above, except for cerianite-bearing ionic clay deposits, initially produce a mixed REE precipitate or calcine with a REE distribution similar to that in the ore (Goode, 2016). However, the consumers of the REE, the manufacturers of magnets, phosphors, catalysts, optical glass, etc., require separated products with purities generally ranging from 99% to as high as 99.9999% depending on the element in question and the end use. Hence there is a need to separate the individual REE one from the other. This paper is intended to review the options."

Jan 1, 2016

By Alex Rown

"THE SYDNEY COAL FIELD has long been afflicted by high costs and low productivities. However, a distinct possibility now exists that improvements can be made in costs, productivities and revenues. If these hopes materialize, the Sydney coal field will once again be regarded as a valuable asset in our national inventory of energy and metallurgical coals. The economic possibilities for the Sydney collieries depend on performance at the pits and in the market place. Because this audience is already well informed about colliery planning, I would like to start with an assessment of the modern coal market insofar as it may relate to the Sydney field. Since 1950 we have seen a vast growth in the population and industrial empires of the western world which has resulted in an enormous and escalating demand for energy. If the energy supply pattern of the first 50 years of this century had been followed, this would have led to an immense demand for coal."

Jan 1, 1972

By F. A. McLean

The past decade has witnessed a rapid increase in the number and variety of uses found for internal combustion engines in mining operations. Gasoline engines are now widely used for operating core drills, pumps, compressors, small hoists, switching locomotives, tractors, boats, and other equipment. The heavy-oil engine is employed for operating compressors, generators, shovels, ore-milling machinery, and- in the iron, copper, and coal districts- in connection with that&apos; latest newcomer in modern railroading, the oil-electric locomotive. Each of these applications could well form a subject for a lengthy treatise in itself. This paper, however, will be confined to a discussion of some of the features of internal combustion engines as applied to mine compressing plants and mill drive. Perhaps at no time in the history of mining in Canada has the search for new mines been more vigorously carried on, more old properties rejuvenated, or more remote districts exploited than during the past three years. The mine operator of today has a far wider range of equipment and facilities at his disposal than had the pioneers of Rossland, Cobalt, or Porcupine. Each year now witnesses the hinterland driven farther and farther back as improved forms of transportation, machinery, and methods make possible the exploration of properties once considered too inaccessible to warrant serious attention. Howey, Sherritt-Gordon, Callinan-Flin Flon, Jackson-Manion, Picard Gold Mines, and a number of properties in British Columbia, afford excellent examples of work carried out on an extensive scale miles from a railway, or in comparatively inaccessible mountain regions.

Jan 1, 1928

By W. A. Jones

THE estimation of the average value of gold ore involves many considerations, among them the correct sampling of the deposit, the dilution by waste, and the loss of high-grade fines. It is a common experience that, after all these factors have been evaluated, adjustment of the assays is necessary before satisfactory agreement between the calculated mine grade and the mill heads is obtained. In fact, at many mines the latter correction overshadows all others in the preparation of routine estimates. For this reason it is proposed to deal only with the mathematical treatment of mine assays and the problem of bringing estimates into conformity with the corrected mill heads. Mine assays differ from physical measurements because the range of values is very great and these are not symmetrically distributed above and below the average, there being fewer high than low results. There is no widely accepted mathematical procedure for determining the average of series of measurements which exhibit these characteristics. Customary practice consists in empirically reducing high assays until a satisfactory agreement with mill heads is reached. It was thought that more confidence could be placed in grade estimates if a logical basis for calculations could be devised .. In an attempt to find a fundamentally sound procedure, amenable to practical application, many series of assays comprising over 235,000 channel samples (1) were studied at Hollinger Consolidated Gold Mines, Limited. Such an investigation could only be made where records covering many years of operation are available and where tabulating and calculating machines are in use. The results are recorded in the hope that the relationships noted for the large groups of assays used are of fundamental character and that the data will be useful to others dealing with the problem of grade estimation.

Jan 1, 1943

By W A. James

The use of spectrographic semi-quantitative analysis has recently been of considerable value in establishing the geological relationships in a complicated orebody. The principal minerals found in the Mount Pleasant orebody are cassiterite, stannite, sphalerite, molybdenite, wolframite, chalcopyrite and galena, associated with arsenopyrite, pyrite and fluorite. In addition to the large number of minerals, a further com-plication is the non-uniform distribution of the economic minerals, with one mineral being the only one present in major amounts in one area and another mineral being predominant in another area. At the same time, all minerals are present to a minor extent throughout the deposit. This heterogeneity made it advisable to analyse all exploration samples thoroughly. Analysis by conventional means would have resulted in prohibitive costs. By the use of emission spectroscopy, however, it was possible to obtain, quickly and relatively inexpensively, a reasonably comprehensive picture of the orebody un-der investigation.

Jan 1, 1963

By J M. Anderson

The cable belt conveyor installation at Craigmont Mines Limited, Merritt, B.C., has the greatest one-stage vertical fall of any conveyor installed overland in Canada. Since the late summer of 1961, this conveyor has carried more than 5,000,000 tons of copper ore from open pit to concentrator site. When the conveyor is loaded, the drive motor acts as an induction generator, delivering power to an external circuit. This paper covers the selection, the operation, the performance statistics, and the installation and operating costs of this conveyor system. Introduction T HE Craigmont mine is located in the south-western interior region of the Province of British Columbia, approximately 240 miles northeast of Vancouver. A moderate climate, good roads, service by the Canadian Pacific Railroad, power from the British Columbia Hydro Authority, gas from the nearby main line of the Inland Natural Gas Company and close proximity to the village of Merritt provide a favourable location for this mining operation. The ore occurrences at Craigmont have a vertical extent of 1,500 feet,

Jan 1, 1965

By John A. Hansuld

Geochemical dispersion of metals under various environmental conditions is discussed within the frame-work of Eh (oxidation potential) and pH (acidity). In general, two aspects are considered -(1) the oxidation of certain primary sulphides in the outcrop or sub-outcrop environment, and (2) the movement of metals in different dispersion media. Practical applications of each are illustrated by means of exploration case histories representing environmental conditions in the Canadian Shield, the southwestern United States and the Caribbean.

Jan 1, 1966

By E. Zucker

In this paper, as in the 1960 CIM paper of the same name, s1gmf1cant new developments in electrical-mechanical mining equipment are briefly described. These include static thyristor-supplied D.C. drives for mine hoists, load-haul-dump systems, process controls with small and medium-size computers, and several other new items of equipment and Concepts. All the new hardware descriptions are given in the context of over-all process integration. This means the actual mechanical linking together of two or more processes and the preliminary step in the development of production-line mining.

Jan 1, 1969

By W. J. Jenner

"Introduction The Saskatchewan Power Corporation is a provincial crown corporation which operates under a mandate to supply all customers within Saskatchewan with electricity and natural gas. The Saskatchewan Power Corporation operates two coal mines within the province of Saskatchewan. The Souris Valley Mine is located a few miles south of the city of Estevan and produces approximately 300 000 Mg of lignite per year. The lignite is shipped about four kilometres by truck and burned at the 882 MW Boundary Dam Power Station, also owned by the Saskatchewan Power Corporation. The Poplar River Mine is located just south-west of the town of Coronach, Saskatchewan which is some 190 kilo metres west of Estevan. This mine produces approximately 1 675 000 Mg of lignite per year. The lignite is shipped seven miles by rail to the Saskatchewan Power Corporation's Poplar River Power Station. The Poplar River Mine is the sole sup plier of fuel to the Poplar River Power Station, which generates some 300 MW of electrical power. A second 300 MW unit is due to be commissioned at the Poplar River Power Station in mid-1983 and the Poplar River Mine will have doubled its capacity to approximately 3 350 000 Mg per year by that time: Souris Valley Mine Geology The Souris Valley Mine extracts lignite from the Estevan seam of the Ravenscrag Formation. This formation is of Tertiary age and was deposited during the Paleocene Epoch. The Ravenscrag Formation outcrops throughout southern Saskatachewan and all coal mined in the province occurs in this formation. Ravenscrag sediments are deltaic in origin and are composed of a series of fine sands, silts, clay and lignite deposits."

Jan 1, 1985

By Alan E. Cameron

WE assemble again today in this comfortable, hospitable Inn to begin this, the 58th, Meeting of our Society. It is just a year ago when last we met but that year was, probably, the most portentious year in the whole history of mankind. In that year, the German &apos;Atlantic Wall&apos; was broached, the Rhine was crossed, and Germany, as a Nation, has ceased to be. The agony of Europe is over; convalescence may be, probably will be, slow. But blood no longer flows in Europe. Time will heal the sores, cover the scars, regenerate the industries, rebuild the cities, and re-establish the people. True, the war of all wars is not yet over. True, a bloody conflict remains . But, the power of the United Nations now converges on one target. The rain of blood will be heavy. We can hope the storm will be short. The sun is on the horizon. The light of peace 1s in the sky. What of that Peace? Are we ready for it? Have we a &apos;sure foundation &apos; for our future world? Are the footings under that foundation broad and substantial? Can we look forward with confidence to a lasting peace and a fruitful life? The United Nations, even as this is being written, are in conference in San Francisco, placing the footings, rearing the foundations for a world edifice. There are bickerings; there are jealousies. The world is tired, and a tired family always squabbles. We can, we must, believe that the decisions they make, the edifices they rear, will be better than anything we each could effect separately. It will be a compromise, probably; it will carry things that will hurt us, just as it will carry things that will hurt others. We can, we must, believe that the good of the whole is a greater good than the good of the part. Each Nation within the United Nations must sacrifice something, each part of each Nation must sacrifice something, each individual within each part of each nation must contribute something, if the whole is to be wholesome. Sacrifice and contribution must be the order of the day if the New World we are about to build is to be worth while. What of Nova Scotia? The world has travelled far in the last year; how far has Nova Scotia gone? Canada has preparations for the Peace under way; what has Nova Scotia done? Is Nova Scotia preparing counter measures for the sacrifices it must make? Is each of us ready to contribute his share?

Jan 1, 1945