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In formulating its strategic plan in 1998 the New Zealand Minerals Industry identified two related critical issues facing it. These are, broadly speaking, the issues of access to minerals; and the perception the public has towards the industry and its behaviour towards the environment. This presentation will report on the Industry's response to the public perception issue. The Industry has, through the NZMIA Council, and its Communication and Website Committees, developed and implemented strategies covering: communication through the print media, and through its website www.minerals.co.nz, a long-term educational outreach programme with schools, focussing on the significance of minerals, their contribution to community wellbeing and the negligible long-term environmental effects of the Industry's activities.

Jan 1, 2000

By B Hayter, M Carr, K Williams, C Wheeler, W Chen

Current trends into mining iron ore have seen an increase in the exploitation of problematic orebodies that would typically be disregarded. These bulk materials cause problems within all facets of the material handling stream, from remains left in train wagons to transfer chute blockages, which can cause costly downtime to mining operations (Roberts, 1998). These problematic bulk materials are referred to as wet and sticky material (WSM) due to the adhesive and cohesive nature they possess. Their characteristics can be computationally expensive to model. With the development of discrete element modelling (DEM), in conjunction with advancement in computational power over the past decade, it is now more feasible to model WSMs into the DEM technique.This research will couple two different contact models that can represent the characteristics of a WSM. These models include the Simplified Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (SJKR) and the Easo liquid bridging contact models. The SJKR contact model is an expanded form of the classic Hertz model. This model includes the tensile forces that are in the contact zone between two bodies when they are separated, which the Hertz model failed to capture (Johnson, Kendall and Roberts, 1971). The Easo liquid bridging contact model accounts for the capillary effects and surface tension that will form between two bodies, such as that of a WSM (Soulié et al, 2006). Both of these models were coupled to give the best representation of a WSM, which was simulated using MoleculeX™ (Chen and Williams, 2017) as the software platform.Additionally, this research also investigated the adhesion of problematic iron ore samples onto impact plates under dynamic conditions. An experimental set-up consisting of an apron feeder and inclined impact plate was utilised, to gain an understanding of the way the material builds-up and the possible modes of failure that could be experienced. This was undertaken for different wall liner materials, wall liner angles and moisture contents of the iron ore samples. From this, a series of DEM calibration simulations were conducted on the experimental set-up and particle size distributions (PSD) of the iron ore samples. This enabled forming of a database of parameters, which can be scaled for on-site applications in relation to geometry of the plant and PSDs that would represent run-of-mine ores.CITATION:Carr, M, Williams, K, Chen, W, Hayter, B, Roberts, A and Wheeler, C, 2017. The dynamic adhesion of wet and sticky iron ores onto impact plates, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 511–518 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

I once read an æarticleÆ in FHM Magazine entitled æThe Coolest Jobs There Ever WasÆ. It was about a group of guys who were pursuing careers that any person on the planet would just kill for. I distinctly remember drooling over the pages, thinking how much I would love to be Michael SchumacherÆs Chief Engineer at Ferrari, or the Principal Designer and Tester for one of the big Dutch rollercoaster companies. From that moment on, I decided that I wanted a career that was cool enough to make it into the pages of that article. Throughout my time at university, I always had that article in the back of my mind. As a result I constantly wondered about what sort of job I could end up with once I left university. More importantly, I wondered if FHM would be banging down my door to put me in the magazine! After a long and stressful job hunting process (in between completing a thesis and studying for exams) I finally managed to land myself a job with Orica Mining Services. I can honestly say I didnÆt know what to expect when I first joined Orica. Most of my friends ended up working for big mining companies, while I was offered a position with one of the biggest suppliers to these mining companies. However, I had a feeling when I was discussing the role with my future supervisor during the interview process that the job was going to be awesome. I have now spent a year working for Orica and I absolutely love it! While I feel that my job is worthy of being in that FHM article, unfortunately, I donÆt think I am going to get my opportunity to be in the magazine. Apparently I donÆt look too good in a bikini! However, I would love to have the opportunity to discuss the journey that I have taken so far û from my time as an environmental science graduate, then moving on to mining engineering, to now, being part of the Orica Mining Services Graduate Program. My suggestion is to use this paper as a resource. I have learnt during my time at university, as well as my time in the workforce, that the best people you can learn from are your peers. Take what you feel is relevant from the paper; hopefully it will help guide you in shaping your own career.

Jan 1, 2005

For its Hellyer project, Aberfoyle sought to establish a high degree of confidence in all aspects of the feasibility study. Accurate capital and operating cost estimates were an integral and essential part of the study. They were crucial to the evaluation of investment returns and competitive cost position. Both the capital and operating cost estimates were based on the comprehensive data available from exploratory mine development, pilot plant operation, detailed engineering design, and Aberfoyle's experience in the area. One of the principal project objectives was to maximise operating productivity and efficiencies and this created capital cost alternatives which needed thorough cost-benefit assessment. The estimated capital cost for construction and development was $90 million, and the project was completed virtually on time for $80 million. The first year's experience indicated that operating costs would settle to well within 10% of the estimates.

Jan 1, 1990

By H Arvidson, V Chamberlain, J Joughin, N Pollock, F Cessford, T Flitton, T Rowl

Environmental, social and governance issues (ESG) have become a defining feature in the marketplace to differentiate preferred investments. With the sustainability commitment and reporting landscape anticipated to evolve exponentially, it is now imperative to rapidly develop the approach taken by mineral companies to adequately identify and address ESG risks and opportunities in the reporting of Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve (MRMR). MRMR cannot be effectively reported as technically and financially assured and realistically executable, if ESG is not integrated into the strategy, business model, input assumptions and process that defines and drives robust MRMR public reporting. Regulatory reporting codes across the globe are presently in various stages of being updated and modified to ensure ESG factors are appropriately covered as a key part of diligent and transparent disclosure. Security exchanges are making it clear that companies must not omit ESG risks from reports to investors. This paper discusses associated challenges for MRMR reporting and suggests avenues for improvement. Key themes include: the importance of procedure rather than prescription and checklists; how ESG criteria impact Modifying Factors and determination of Reasonable Prospects for Economic Extraction (RPEE); the need for financial models to account for material ESG commitments; the uniqueness of each mineral asset; the need for education, upskilling and accreditation of both ESG experts about MRMR reporting and equally Competent Persons in ESG matters; and the need for clear and balanced reports that meet the needs of end users. (RPEE is adopted here for simplicity and consistency, recognising that some reporting codes still include ‘Eventual’ in the term (ie RPEEE). Whilst RPEE and RPEEE are subtly different the intent is to point to the process of assessing ESG factors in determining reasonable prospects.) The principles of transparency, materiality and competence remain paramount when considering the impact of ESG matters on MRMR reporting, and this necessitates an inclusive, cohesive, and integrated approach to assessing ESG issues to ensure the necessary expertise and diligence is applied.

May 24, 2023

By R K. W Merkle, S Madoom Hussain, T Yellappa

Cr-Ni-Cu¦PGE deposits are known to occur in early Archaean mafic-ultramafic rocks. Early Archaean mafic-ultramafic (MUMF) rocks occur in the western Dharwar craton and range in size from small pods to schist belts. These MUMF pods consist mainly of meta-peridotites, tremolite-actinolite schists, serpentinites, amphibolites and metabasalts. Spinifex, nodular and ocelli textures are also present. The rocks have been subjected to greenschist and amphibolite facies metamorphism. Geochemical studies were undertaken to evaluate the possible occurrence of economically important elements in the mafic-ultramafic enclaves around the major Arsikere-Tavarkere lineament and surrounding gneissic terrain adjoining local shear zones that occur as discontinuous pods between Arsikere and Chennagiri. Talc-serpentine and tremolite- actinolite schists contain chromite which is rimmed by ferrit-chromite. A notable feature of these MUMF rocks is that they exhibit high MgO (22 - 40 per cent), total iron (8.34 - 10.01 per cent), Ni and Cr (~3000, 2800 ppm) contents, with some samples showing komatiitic affinity. The rare earth elements (REE) data show slightly fractionated patterns with enriched LREE (LREE/HREE ~5.0) and negative europium anomalies. The Pt and Pd values reach 6500 and 191 ppb. The MUMF rocks, especially those exhibiting high chromium contents and occurring near shear zones, are potential hosts for economic platinum group element (PGE) deposits.

Jan 1, 2008

By C Thompson, D Connelly

The history of mill liners has evolved over time and this paper tracks the changes and development of liner technology. It provides an overview of the primary types of liners, the design and the materials of construction. The design of a mill liner is driven by application, materials of construction, casting technology and handling issues. The choice of solid steel, grid liners, rubber or composites and magnetic liners is based on many factors.The methods used for monitoring wear and predicting eventual change out time are many and varied. The contribution of discrete element modeling (DEM) analysis in predicting wear profile is discussed.Mill trajectory and DEM software programs are used with great effect to predict the effect of lifter height, face angle, high low lifters or mill speed. In the field, trial and operational experience is used or improvements/design concepts at one operation are applied to another. Broken mill lifters, accentuated wear and other problems can be better understood using hardness testing, chemical analysis and photo micrograph analysis of pearlitic or martensitic structure along with fracture face observations. This forms a part of the typical root cause analysis. However given correct and sound liner and lifter, feed and discharge design media selection, and materials of construction, the majority of premature liner or bolting failure is normally attributed to incorrect operational methods such as excessive high ball to feed ratio, incorrect mill speed relating to lifter ball throw, incorrect media selection, "tramp" material entering the mill charge from upstream or recirculating process and understanding the specific mill operation in question.It is hoped that this paper will benefit mill operators who are faced with challenges of improving wear life and at the same time optimizing mill throughput and performance.CITATION:Connelly, D and Thompson, C, 2013. The selection design and application of mill liners for large wet grinding mills, in Proceedings MetPlant 2013 , pp 133-140 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 15, 2013

The principal source of funding the working capital requirements of gold miners has traditionally been equity. However in the 1980s, with a substantial increase in activity in the exploration for, and the production of, gold the traditional sources of equity finance became no longer sufficient to meet demand. With the often high cost of raising equity, the need for developing alternative financing structures became critical, especially since the stockmarket crash of 1987 which at least until recently, adversely affected the amount of equity capital available for investment in mining.

Jan 1, 1994

This paper is an outline of the developmental practices now in use at North Broken Hill Limited, N.S.W. The description will be given under the following headings.I. General.......opening up of a new level.II. Driving.III. Winzing.IV. Rising.V. Auxiliary Ventilation.VI. Notes on the Introduction of Mechanical Appliances.VII. Office Records and Routine.I. GENERALThe lode, for purposes of description, may be said to be divided into two portions which are usually referred to as the Southern and Northern Orebodies.The southern ore-body is the larger and in places attains a width of 200 feet. The northern ore-body is, generally speaking, comparatively narrow. These ore-bodies have a northerly pitch of approximately 45' and a westerly dip of 60. In the southern ore-body a grid of ore chutes is provided at 31 ft. 8 in. (5 square set) intervals and this necessitates an elaborate arrangement of cross-cuts, portion of which have to be driven through the foot-wall. Crushed country rock adjacent to the foot-wall makes it necessary for drives to be placed at least 60 feet from the lode.In the northern ore-body the ore chutes are arranged along a longitudinal drive, thus making a much simpler layout. These layouts were described in detail by A. R. West (Proceedings A.I.M.M. No. 117). In opening up a new level from the shaft plat, a heading is extended in a westerly direction until a point approximately 60 feet from the footwall of the lode is reached.At this point the direction of the cross-cut is altered to a bearing approximately 90 to the general strike of the ore-body, and the cross-cut continued until the hanging-wall is intersected. From the information obtained together with that from diamond drilling, the outline of the ore-body is plotted as closely as possible, and this serves as a basis for the layout of the level. Drives south and north from the main cross-cut are made in order to determine the southern and northern extremity of the southern ore-body. The former is usually driven in the centre of the ore-body and serves as a permanent gangway and ventilation drive for the new level.From the northern extremity of the southern ore-body, the drive north is...

Jan 1, 1944

The distribution of tin and iron between slag and metal phases at about 1150°C was studied in pot scale experiments. The distribution coefficient k = (Sn/Fe) In metal X (Fe/Sn) in slag was found to vary from about 300 for metal corresponding to nearly pure tin, to about 100 for metal of about miscibility gap composition (17' 4 per cent Fe). Results conformed reasonably well to a straight line relationship between log k and (l-2NFe), as expected on theoretical grounds, and are consistent with thermodynamic data for the Fe-Sn phase diagram and the reaction Fe + SnO = FeO + Sn.Calculations are presented indicating the feasibility of smelting low-grade tin concentrates in a two-stage counter-current reduction process.

Jan 1, 1966

Mechanism Responsible for Flocculation in Poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide) Temperature Responsive Dewatering - Attractive Interaction Forces Induced by Surface Hydrophobicity

Sep 13, 2010

By L Edwards, M Haest, D Mittrup

The focus in the iron ore industry has shifted from increasing production volumes with less regard for cost, to efficient production of quality tonnes. BHP Billiton iron ore geoscience and exploration has embedded infrared spectroscopic sensing of drill hole samples to help meet this challenge.Infrared spectroscopy is delivering mineral predictions that are used for (automated) geology logging and modelling. The spectra are processed together with other available data sets to predict geometallurgical and geotechnical variables that include lump per cent and uniaxial compressive strength.Trials are ongoing to test the benefit of infrared spectroscopy during mining, including the analysis of grade control samples and remote sensing of mine faces. Results show great benefits in the fields of short-term geology modelling, better understanding of material (handling) properties, identification of geotechnical risk areas and high resolution ore-waste delineation.These trials are bringing BHP Billiton iron ore closer to its ultimate goal of having infrared spectroscopic data collected across the mining value chain. Once such data are available everywhere, regression models can be trained at one point (eg iron grade model trained on exploration samples) and be applied elsewhere (eg iron grade predicted on mine faces). Such predictive analytics will enable not only high precision mining, but also provide maximum time to tailor plant design to the ore in the ground, based on learnings from ores processed in other plants. This will improve planning outputs that will eventually increase mining efficiency, processing capability and product quality.CITATION:Haest, M, Mittrup, D and Edwards, L, 2017. Infrared spectroscopy in BHP Billiton iron ore with a focus on in-mine infrared sensing, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 549–556 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

THOSE who dabble in mining are no exception to the general rule that persons who know a little of a subject are apt to think that they know all about it. Some colour may be lent to the belief that anyone may succeed in mining when we hear stories ofsuccessful diggers and others who have accidentally dropped on to something good through no foresight on their part; but we seldom hear the contra account of the far larger number who fail. Those who go more thoroughly into the subject, and take up mining as a profession, know very well that it is not one that can be carried out successfully by rule of thumb, but when they point this out to the public they are credited with trying to make it a closed profession; and outsiders are for ever trying to find out the "trade secrets," at the same time spurning the main one, which is hard study, experience, and the ability to apply their knowledge. The average mining man is not rich. When he amasses a fortune it is generally through speculation rather than professional work, thought no doubt his technical knowledge may have assisted...

Jan 1, 1910

By D I. Cliff

The loss of 11 miners in the 7 August 1994 Moura No.2 Underground Mine Disaster was the catalyst for major change in the way safety was managed in the Australian Mining Industry. The impact was felt across all sectors not just underground coal. It was the catalyst for the overhaul of the regulatory frameworks, moving away from prescription to management systems and risk management. This had a substantial impact on the way not only the industry operated but also on how the regulator functioned. It heralded the introduction of competency-based training across all levels of the mining workforce. Since that time major improvements in safety performance have occurred. However, hiding within the statistics are some disturbing trends. This paper aims to analyse the progress made in the past 30 years and identify the current and emerging issues. Automation is bringing major production and safety benefits, but at the same time other factors such as the reduction in workforce numbers and ever-increasing production pressures are leading to high turnover rates. This in turn causes to a loss of experience and expertise. In addition, and of particular importance, is the recognition of psychosocial wellness on workforce safety. Many of these factors are not unique to the mining industry however they may be exacerbated by the scale of mining, the remoteness of the mines and family unfriendly mining rosters.

Apr 16, 2024

By M S. Powell

In this paper it is argued that we are entering a new mining era, based on considerably more challenging orebodies as we rapidly expand minerals production by exploiting previously uneconomic deposits. Rapidly increasing production costs cannot be sustained by continually increasing commodity prices, as illustrated by the recent downturn in the industry.Driven by reduction in grade, requiring the processing of 50 to 100 per cent more ore to recover the same amount of metal, often accompanied by finer grain structure - necessitating a finer product size and more challenging recovery - the productivity of the mining industry is dropping in real terms. The author suggests that tweaking current technologies and relying on economies of scale will not turn the industry around, but rather a switch to considerably more efficient processing is required.It is imperative to utilise the properties of the orebody, especially in terms of variability, in revolutionising our processing techniques. Our new mantra may be æselective mass mining with flexible processingÆ. This paper explores how this may be implemented using current technology and equipment in order to change the cost profile of the new mining industry. Orebody knowledge, based on the underlying process drivers, rather than proxies, is required. These properties and their variability will need to be propagated into the orebody through utilising the geological data rather than smoothing block averages, which destroys information on variability.Novel flexible circuit designs are presented that can respond to a wide variability in ore properties and throughput requirements in order to slash processing costs and energy utilisation, while enhancing overall recovery. The success of these circuits will be based on an ability to predict at both design stage and in everyday processing the variable ore properties, which is dependent upon reliable orebody knowledge that caries variability and underlying processing properties.CITATION:Powell, M S, 2013. Utilising orebody knowledge to improve comminution circuit design and energy utilisation, in Proceedings The Second AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2013 , pp 27-36 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 29, 2013

The National Economic Viewpoint? Any substantial project undertaken by private enterprise would normally be subjected to a Discounted Cash Flow analysis of its commercial viability, and would proceed only if the rate of return was judged satisfactory. A 'national viewpoint' analysis attempts to do the same but from the viewpoint of the community as a whole. The objective is to ensure that those projects are undertaken which yield the best return, economic and social, to the nation as a whole.

Jan 1, 1984

The ready solubility of gold in dilute aqueous solutions of the cyanides of the alkalies or alkaline earths provides a convenient method for the separation of the precious metal -from the large surplus of associated materia1. The finely ground ore is pulped with a weak solution of cyanide, agitated to dissolve the gold, filtered and washed. The lowgrade filtrate is then clarified and the gold precipitated by some electronegative agent, the most usual being finely divided zinc or zinc dust. The slight precipitate is collectedon some form of filter coated with a filter aid, the filter cake being then known as "gold slime".A typical analysis of this slime is given in Table 1.

Jan 1, 1956

The resource industry must prepare for the inevitable shift towards automation as an operational objective. Although this may seem like a distant concern, many mining companies and equipment manufacturers are already conducting full-scale automation trials. The necessary technology is advancing at a rapid pace yet the training of people to support it at the trade level lags far behind. Those given the responsibility of installing and maintaining automated equipment in the mining environment require a unique set of skills and knowledge. These training needs demand attention to ensure that the wider uptake of automation is sustainable and achieves its full potential.   This paper documents work undertaken by CRCMining and the Mining Industry Skills Centre towards establishing a training framework seeking to address the needs of trade level personnel tasked with the support of automation equipment. A comprehensive definition of the skills and knowledge required by the hypothetical automation-specialised tradesperson is presented. The training pathway identified for these personnel is also described. This work forms part of the Mining Industry Skills Centre's Automation Skills Formation Strategy, funded by the Queensland Department of Education and Training.

Jun 1, 2010

By P Tzeferis

An exploratory laboratory work was carried out on microbial leaching of poor non-sulphide nickel ores, not amenable to conventional mineral processing operations. The results have shown that domestic low-grade lateritic ores of limonitic or haematitic type are amenable to bioleaching by fungal strains of Aspergillus sp and Penicillium sp. Maximum nickel and cobalt recoveries achieved were 60 per cent and 50 per cent respectively. Losses of soluble nickel in the fungal biomass were found in the range 3 - 11 per cent. Chemical analysis of the leach liquors showed the presence of significant amounts of citric, oxalic and other organic acids, indicating the role which certain metabolic products of fungal activity may play in the process. Possibilities for future investigations are discussed.

Jan 1, 1997

Coagulation-Neutralisation Technology to Treat Wastewater from Lead-Zinc Concentrator

Sep 13, 2010