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By Robert Glass Cleland

DURING the closing month of 1929, Walter Douglas found his health impaired by the strain of many difficult years of alternating prosperity and depression, and in April 1930 resigned the presidency of Phelps Dodge. Douglas was succeeded by Louis S. Cates. The choice broke a tradition that had been held inviolate for almost a hundred years. For the first time in its long history, the direction of the company's policies and operations was entrusted to a stranger without previous Phelps Dodge background, training, experience, or tradition. But the choice was wisely made. For a time at least, the path of Phelps Dodge was to run through rough and dubious ground, and no man in the United States was better qualified to blaze that trail than Louis Cates. After graduating from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cates had served a rough and financially un- profitable apprenticeship at one of the century-old mining camps of Chihuahua, Mexico. Following his return to the United States and a brief interlude as assistant to the president of the National Steel and Wire Company, he had resumed his mining career, first as timekeeper, then as

Jan 1, 1952

By Robert T. Gdagher, Allison Butts

EDUCATIONAL trends as reflected in curricular changes are of interest and importance in engineering educa¬tion both as matters of record and as considerations for the future. The data on which the evidence of this report is based were obtained by sending questionnaires to all schools in the United States granting the undergraduate degree in mining engineering, metallurgy, or metallurgical engineering. The questionnaire had two parts, one inquiring as to the general nature of revisions made or planned, and the other asking for information on specific courses added to or dropped from the curriculum, or given more or less time than formerly. The frequency with which curricular changes are made, even in normal times, is notable. Although it was expected that the period since 1939-40 would show numerous revisions, it was somewhat surprising to find that of 62 mining or metallurgical curricula in existence in 1939-40 and reported in the present survey, 58 had been revised or are shortly to be revised, 52 having already been changed during this period. Moreover, approximately half of the mining schools that have already revised their curricula, and probably a similar proportion of the metallurgical schools, are about to make further important changes.

Jan 1, 1948

By Brahm Prakash, R. Schuhmann

Chemical conditions for flotation and nonflotation of quartz with oleic acid as collector and barium, calcium, aluminum, iron, and tin as activators were studied using a simple vacuum-flotation technique in glass-stoppered graduates. The detailed study of barium activation led to an interpretation based on ideal Langmuirian chemisorption.

Jan 1, 1950

[†AARONSON, ALFRED E., Vice-Pres., Mid-Co. Petroleum Co., Mid-Co. Bldg., Tulsa Okla. '18 ABADIE, EMILE R., Min. Engr Box 927, Porterville, Cal. '76 ¦ABADILLA, QUIRICO A. Student, Colorado School Of Mines, Golden, Colo. '20 ABBOTT, CLARENCE E., Gen'l Supt. Iron Mines Div., Tenn. Coal, Iron & R. I. Co., 1405 Minnesota Ave., Bessemer, Ala. '04] [ ]

Jan 1, 1925

By D. B. Crouch, D. A. Poulter

The engineering and metallurgical assessment of the McLaughlin Project ore body concluded that an open-pit mine and cyanide leach mill process would be feasible, producing both waste rock and residual mill tailings. As a part of the planning and permitting process, site selection studies were conducted for the tailings and waste rock disposal. The site selection process began with a regional identification of potential disposal sites and proceeded through 1) regional screening, 2) elimination of sites with obvious fatal flaws, 3) qualitative ranking of site evaluation criteria, 4) quantitative ranking of sites, 5) field investigation, 6) evaluations of field data, and 7) selection of preferred sites. Based on this approach of site rankings and field evaluations, tailings and waste rock disposal sites were selected and recommended for the preliminary design phase of the permitting and project development process. The site selection study provided the documentation necessary to justify the use of these sites for waste disposal and enabled Homestake Mining Co. to anticipate and integrate environmental concerns with agency requirements into the planning process.

Jan 1, 1986

By B. D. Harden

FOR over fifty years the Spanish mine, 21 miles northeast of Nevada City, in Nevada County, California, has been one of the Bradley properties. Between 1883 and 1889 it was operated by the late Frederick W. Bradley and P. R. Bradley. The ore averaged only about $1 a ton at that time but the mine was credited with a production of about $900,000 in that period. The property was then closed down until 1922, when the Bradley interests reopened it and continued development for the next nine years, when a 50-ton mill was built. This began operation in April, 1931. This was a selective flotation plant, with the tailing treated on Wilfley tables, and operated on ore from the No. 4 and No. 16 tunnel stopes. This ran from $3 to $6 in gold, 2 to 3 oz. of silver, copper 0.6 per cent, lead 1.5,

Jan 1, 1935

By Hugo L. Johnson, Robert Wallace

THE Midvale plant of the United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company consists of a flotation mill for concentrating sulphide ores of lead and zinc by differential flotation to produce three separate concentrates, one of lead, one of zinc, and one of iron pyrite; and a lead smelter for smelting ores and concentrates to produce base lead bullion, The plant, including its shops, laboratories, office, railroad yards which serve both mill and smelter, and areas reserved for tailing ponds and slag dumps, covers 646 acres on the right bank of the Jordan River at Midvale, Utah. It is twelve miles south of Salt Lake City and sixteen miles east of the West Mountain mining district at Bingham Canyon from which is drawn a large part of its ore supply. Custom ores are treated as well as the product of Company mines.

Jan 1, 1948

By Hugh S. Spence

IN the winter of 1941-42, muscovite mica was discovered by a young prospector, Justin Purdy, in the township of Mattawan, Nipissing District, Ontario, a few miles north of the small settlement of Eau Claire, which lies on the main Transcontinental Highway (No. 17) between Mattawa and North Bay. Muscovite had been known for many years to occur in the general Mattawa region, and various small efforts at production had previously been made by individuals working scattered deposits in the area. These minor activities, however, had never led to production of any consequence or the discovery of any important mica bodies. The Purdy finds were made in a heavily timbered, mountainous area lying about three miles north of the low-lying settled land along the highway, and in a section not hitherto prospected. The mica taken by Purdy and two partners from surface outcrops proved so remarkable in point of size of trimmed sheets that the find attracted considerable attention, and the area surrounding the three claims taken up by the prospectors was quickly blanket-staked by various interests. Though a number of other mica-bearing pegmatite dikes were 'found later on these stakings, none proved as rich as those on the original Purdy ground; very little commercial mica was obtained from them and attempts to develop them were short-lived. Purdy and his partners sold their initial production to dealers in Ottawa and Hull, where the Canadian mica industry long has centered. Young Purdy, unfortunately was killed in a motor accident in the early summer of 1942. His father continued mining operations for a few months and produced and sold a considerable amount of mica. In October 1942 the Purdy holdings were acquired by Inspiration Mining and Development Co. of Amos, Quebec, which had been active in staking in the area. This company formed a subsidiary, Purdy Mica Mines, Limited, to develop the property. Under the energetic management of Joseph R. Norrie, rapid progress was made, and production soon attained important proportions. Realizing from the outset the unusual character and potential value in the war effort of the Purdy discovery, the Metals Controller, Department of Munitions and Supply, at once arranged with the Department of Mines and Resources for an official geological report on the area, and also drew the attention of the War Production Board in Washington to what seemed likely to prove a highly important source of strategic-quality mica. Officials of WPB were sent up in the summer of 1942 to inspect the property,

Jan 1, 1947

By Richard W. Bayley

The Atlantic City district encompasses several districts and has been previously called by different names, e.g., Atlantic gold district, Atlantic City-South Pass mining district, and Sweetwater mining district. The district is located in a terrane of folded and faulted early Precambrian metamorphic rocks which lies near the south end of the Wind River Range in Fremont County, Wyoming, Historically it is a gold district of little production, but today is an iron district of considerable importance. Gold was discovered in placer deposits about 1842 and in quartz-arsenopyrite veins about 1867, after which there occurred a mining boom lasting a few years. Minor, intermittent gold production from placers and lodes has continued to date, but the total production has probably not exceeded a few millions of dollars. Past lode mining was generally shallow ( in the oxidized zone), the deepest about 3 60 feet. The deeper, less oxidized and sulfide ores on the same lodes have not been explored. They appear to hold the only hope for future gold mining. Sedimentary iron-formation, similar to the Lake Superior taconite, occurs in the northern part of the district. Locally, where the ironformation is thickened by folds and faults, sufficient tonnages are present to be minable, as at Iron Mountain, where the U.S. Steel Corporation produces about 1.3 million tons of iron-ore pellets annually. Exploration of the iron deposits began in 1954, and the first ironore pellets were shipped to Provo, Utah in August 1962. Indicated reserves of iron-formation (about 30 per cent Fe) are reported to be about 300 million tons.

Jan 1, 1968

By C. H. Snyder

Tlie paper deals with details of construction of the Colmol, including improvements in design that will be incorporated in new models. These improvements are results of problems encountered and worked out in experimental operation with the unit. Also included is a descriptive plan of operating where roof and air conditions are of the worst. A summary of production results from the machine is presented. THE various units used in conventional mining are well-built. Generally the universal under -cutter, driven by approximately 50 hp, weighs approximately 25,000 lb, and is a very strong piece of machinery. The drilling machine is not as husky as an undercutter, generally is driven by approximately 15 hp, weighs about 9000 lb, but is a well-constructed, sturdy mechanism. The loader, usually 60 hp, weighs approximately 24,000 lb, and certainly is a strong, rugged unit. The working parts of all three of these sturdy conventional units have been made of tough steel alloys for some time. With the use of three machines having a combined horsepower of approximately 125, with a combined weight of approximately 60,000 lb, and with the possible inherent advantage of single purpose machines performing a single function, the use of considerable explosives has been required to complete the conventional mining cycle. It was therefore our thought, upon conception of the first Colmol,* a machine which was to do the work accomplished by the three conventional units plus explosives, that it must be a rugged mechanism. Now, after building several units, after going through many and varied experiments, and after the expense of some million-odd dollars, we find we have observed and learned nothing that contradicts our original thinking. A continuous miner, if it is to give satisfactory performance, must be a rugged piece of machinery. Ruggedness has been, and is constantly, in the minds of our engineers in designing the Colmol. Improvements where they have been required have been in the direction of more weight, more horse power, better alloys, bigger hydraulic pumps and motors; in short, always, toward more torque, greater strength, more ruggedness. Now not only the finest steel alloys are utilized but more than 100 Timken roller bearings are used. The following is some pertinent data on models being built and to be built: The low unit: Cutting height, 30 to 42 in. By changing the upper gear case the maximum cutting height can be increased to 61 in., giving a variable cutting height of from 30 to 61 in. Width of cut, 9 ft 6 in. Width of body, 75 in. over tracks. Height of body, 271/2 in. Overall length, 23 ft. Driven by three 50-hp motors or a total of 150 hp. Weight, 26 tons. The intermediate unit: Cutting height, 451/2 to 72 in. Width of cut, 9 ft 8 in. Width of body, 77 in. over tracks. Height of body, 43 in. Overall length, 26 ft. Driven by three 70-hp motors or a total of 210 hp. Weight, 35 tons.

Jan 1, 1951

By C. H. Snyder

Tlie paper deals with details of construction of the Colmol, including improvements in design that will be incorporated in new models. These improvements are results of problems encountered and worked out in experimental operation with the unit. Also included is a descriptive plan of operating where roof and air conditions are of the worst. A summary of production results from the machine is presented. THE various units used in conventional mining are well-built. Generally the universal under -cutter, driven by approximately 50 hp, weighs approximately 25,000 lb, and is a very strong piece of machinery. The drilling machine is not as husky as an undercutter, generally is driven by approximately 15 hp, weighs about 9000 lb, but is a well-constructed, sturdy mechanism. The loader, usually 60 hp, weighs approximately 24,000 lb, and certainly is a strong, rugged unit. The working parts of all three of these sturdy conventional units have been made of tough steel alloys for some time. With the use of three machines having a combined horsepower of approximately 125, with a combined weight of approximately 60,000 lb, and with the possible inherent advantage of single purpose machines performing a single function, the use of considerable explosives has been required to complete the conventional mining cycle. It was therefore our thought, upon conception of the first Colmol,* a machine which was to do the work accomplished by the three conventional units plus explosives, that it must be a rugged mechanism. Now, after building several units, after going through many and varied experiments, and after the expense of some million-odd dollars, we find we have observed and learned nothing that contradicts our original thinking. A continuous miner, if it is to give satisfactory performance, must be a rugged piece of machinery. Ruggedness has been, and is constantly, in the minds of our engineers in designing the Colmol. Improvements where they have been required have been in the direction of more weight, more horse power, better alloys, bigger hydraulic pumps and motors; in short, always, toward more torque, greater strength, more ruggedness. Now not only the finest steel alloys are utilized but more than 100 Timken roller bearings are used. The following is some pertinent data on models being built and to be built: The low unit: Cutting height, 30 to 42 in. By changing the upper gear case the maximum cutting height can be increased to 61 in., giving a variable cutting height of from 30 to 61 in. Width of cut, 9 ft 6 in. Width of body, 75 in. over tracks. Height of body, 271/2 in. Overall length, 23 ft. Driven by three 50-hp motors or a total of 150 hp. Weight, 26 tons. The intermediate unit: Cutting height, 451/2 to 72 in. Width of cut, 9 ft 8 in. Width of body, 77 in. over tracks. Height of body, 43 in. Overall length, 26 ft. Driven by three 70-hp motors or a total of 210 hp. Weight, 35 tons.

Jan 1, 1951

By C. E. Lesher

Two processes for agglomerating fine sized ores with low temperature coke are described. One process (Orcarb) agglomerates ores with limited amounts of carbon; the other (ore-carbon pellets) pelletizes fine sized ores, using low temperature cokes as the binder. Data are presented on the products obtained when taconite, magnetite, and hematite concentrates and several titanium oxide ores were used. REDUCTION of finely divided oxide ores has long been a major metallurgical problem. Various methods of agglomerating, notably briquetting, sintering, nodulizing, and pelletizing, have been developed and are in industrial use. Carbon is the usual reducing agent for oxide ores and attempts have been made to agglomerate fine ores with coking coal in order to get the metallurgical advantages of intimate contact and increased particle sizes suitable for subsequent smelting or reduction.1-3 For the past three years, research has been in progress on two processes for combining fine sized ores with reactive carbon in the form of low temperature coke. By one process, designated Orcarb, the ore is coated with coke carbon in amounts limited to that required for reduction and the result is an appreciable but limited increase in product particle size over that of the original ore. The second process, called ore-carbon pellets, produces pellets of fine ore bound by low temperature coke. The first objective was to develop a process for combining an oxide ore with only enough carbon for its reduction, the amount being that derived from the simple reduction equations. The carbon (that amount theoretically required for the reduction of the oxides in an agglomerate with ore), calculated to CO, ranges from 10 pct for zinc calcines or phosphate ores to 21 pct for rutile and 26 pct for silica. The carbon required for reducing iron oxides falls between the extremes—10 and 26 pct. When the carbon in the agglomerate is low temperature coke, reduction by hydrogen may be expected to take place, thus modifying the calculated carbon require- ment. On the other hand, in practice, an excess of reducing agent over that required in theory is normally used. Screen sizes of three iron ores on which the greater part of the experimental work was performed are given in Table I. Most of the testing was done with Freeport (Renton Mine) coal, but Pittsburgh and Elkhorn bed coals were also used. The first objective was to agglomerate the ore with sufficient low temperature coke to provide carbon for reduction, i.e., in the range from 10 to 25 pct. This was accomplished by preheating the ore, mixing with pulverized coking coal, and completing the coal carbonization in a plain steel rotating retort. The pilot retort, as it is now constituted, is shown by diagram in Fig. 1 and photograph, Fig. 2. Ore is fed into the upper kiln by a screw; it is heated to 900" to 1100°F by direct flame and it is then discharged into an insulating hopper from which it goes

Jan 1, 1956

By C. E. Lesher

Two processes for agglomerating fine sized ores with low temperature coke are described. One process (Orcarb) agglomerates ores with limited amounts of carbon; the other (ore-carbon pellets) pelletizes fine sized ores, using low temperature cokes as the binder. Data are presented on the products obtained when taconite, magnetite, and hematite concentrates and several titanium oxide ores were used. REDUCTION of finely divided oxide ores has long been a major metallurgical problem. Various methods of agglomerating, notably briquetting, sintering, nodulizing, and pelletizing, have been developed and are in industrial use. Carbon is the usual reducing agent for oxide ores and attempts have been made to agglomerate fine ores with coking coal in order to get the metallurgical advantages of intimate contact and increased particle sizes suitable for subsequent smelting or reduction.1-3 For the past three years, research has been in progress on two processes for combining fine sized ores with reactive carbon in the form of low temperature coke. By one process, designated Orcarb, the ore is coated with coke carbon in amounts limited to that required for reduction and the result is an appreciable but limited increase in product particle size over that of the original ore. The second process, called ore-carbon pellets, produces pellets of fine ore bound by low temperature coke. The first objective was to develop a process for combining an oxide ore with only enough carbon for its reduction, the amount being that derived from the simple reduction equations. The carbon (that amount theoretically required for the reduction of the oxides in an agglomerate with ore), calculated to CO, ranges from 10 pct for zinc calcines Or phosphate Ores to 21 pct for rutile and 26 pct for silica. The carbon required for reducing iron oxides falls between the extremes—10 and 26 pet' When the carbon in the agglomerate is low temperature coke, reduction by hydrogen may be expected to take place, thus modifying the calculated carbon require- ment. On the other hand, in practice, an excess of reducing agent over that required in theory is normally used. Screen sizes of three iron ores on which the greater part of the experimental work was performed are given in Table I. Most of the testing was done with Freeport (Renton Mine) coal, but Pittsburgh and Elkhorn bed coals were also used. The first objective was to agglomerate the ore with sufficient low temperature coke to provide carbon for reduction, i.e., in the range from 10 to 25 pct. This was accomplished by preheating the ore, mixing with pulverized coking coal, and completing the coal carbonization in a plain steel rotating retort. The pilot retort, as it is now constituted, is shown by diagram in Fig. 1 and photograph, Fig. 2. Ore is fed into the upper kiln by a screw; it is heated to 900° to 1100°F by direct flame and it is then discharged into an insulating hopper from which it goes

Jan 1, 1956

By Earl S. Greiner, Eric R. Jette

ALTHOUGH the mechanical and chemical characteristics of certain iron-nickel-silicon alloys have been investigated,1 the available literature shows no results of a systematic investigation of the constitution of this system. This paper describes the results of an X-ray investigation of the constitution of the iron-rich iron-nickel-silicon alloys at 600°C. Data on the constitution of the included binary systems obtained in other investigations have been correlated with the structure of the ternary alloys. Jette and Foote2 have presented a tentative constitutional diagram of the iron-nickel system following X-ray studies on quenched specimens. This diagram shows that the alloys at 600°C. containing from zero to approximately 4 atomic per cent nickel consist of a body-centered cubic (alpha) phase, the alloys containing 4 to 24 atomic per cent nickel consist of body-centered cubic (alpha) and face- centered cubic (gamma) phases, and the alloys containing from 24 to 100 atomic per cent nickel consist of a face-centered cubic (gamma) phase. These investigators recognized that it was not possible to retain the gamma phase in equilibrium by quenching alloys containing less than approximately 25 atomic per cent nickel and that high-temperature X-ray methods were desirable to determine the gamma-phase solubility limit. In a later investigation of the iron-nickel alloys, Owen and Sulley3 determined the alpha-phase solid solubility limit to be 3.5 atomic per cent nickel at 600°C. High-temperature X-ray methods showed the solid solubility limit of the gamma phase to be 14 atomic per cent nickel at 600°C. Since the high-temperature X-ray method should reveal equilibrium conditions in these alloys better than the quench method of other investigators, the results of Owen and Sulley pertaining to the gamma-phase boundary are to be preferred. As the result of an X-ray investigation of quenched iron-silicon alloys, Greiner and Jette4 have shown these materials to consist of a body-centered cubic (alpha) phase containing from o to 26.4 atomic per cent silicon at 600°C. The alloys containing from 26.4 to approximately 50 atomic per cent silicon consist of two phases at 600°C.; namely, alpha and eta. The eta phase corresponds to the stoichiometrical formula FeSi (33.4 wt. per cent Si).* The literature pertaining to the constitution of the nickel-silicon alloys has been reviewed by Ackerman,5 who found disagreements in the results of various investigators on several parts of the system. Subsequent data on the constitution of the nickel-silicon alloys were reported by Osawa and Okamoto.6

Jan 1, 1943

By Eric R. Jette, Earl S. Greiner

Although the mechanical and chemical characteristics of certain iron-nickel-silicon alloys have been investigated,1 the available literature shows no results of a systematic investigation of the constitution of this system. 'This paper describes the results of an X-ray investigation of the constitution of the iron-rich iron-nickel-silicon alloys at 600°C. Data 011 the constitution of the included binary systems obtained in other investigations have been correlated with the structure of the ternary alloys. Jette and Foote2 have presented a tentative constitutional diagram of the iron-nickel system. following X-ray studies on quenched specimens. This diagram shows that the alloys at 600°C. containing from zero to approximately 4 atomic per cent nickel consist of a body-centered cubic (alpha) phase, the alloys containing 4 to 24 atomic per cent nickel consist of body-centered cubic (alpha) and face-centered cubic (gamma) phases, and the alloys containing from 24 to Ioo atomic per cent nickel consist of a face-centered cubic (gamma) phase. These investigators recognized that it was not possible to retain the gamma phase in equilibrium by quenching alloys containing less than approximately 25 atomic per cent nickel and that high-temperature X-ray methods were desirable to determine the gamma-phase solubility limit. In a later investigation of the iron-nickel alloys, Owen and Sulley3 determined the alpha-phase solid solubility limit to be 3.5 atomic per cent nickel at 600°C. High-temperature X-ray methods showed the solid solubility limit of the gamma phase to be 14 atomic per cent nickel at 600°C. Since the high-temperature X-ray method should reveal equilibrium conditions in these alloys better than the quench method of other investigators, the results of Owen and Sulley pertaining to the gamma-phase boundary are to be preferred. As the result of an X-ray investigation of quenched iron-silicon alloys, Greiner and Jette4 have shown these materials to consist of a body-centered cubic (alpha) phase containing from o to 26.4 atomic per cent silicon at 600°C. The alloys containing from 26.4 to approximately 50 atomic per cent silicon consist of two phases at 600°C.; namely, alpha and eta. The eta phase corresponds to the stoichiometrical formula FeSi (33.4 wt per cent Si)." The literature pertaining to the constitution of the nickel-silicon alloys has been reviewed by Ackerman,' who found disagreements in the results of various investigators on several parts of the system. Subsequent data on the constitution of the nickel-silicon alloys were reported by oSawa and okamoto.6

Jan 1, 1943

By Charles T. Baroch, Charles J. Baroch

In 20 years of commercial development, nuclear reactors have demonstrated that they are a safe, dependable, and economical source of power. Operating experience with commercial power reactors has firmly established nuclear power as a practicable source of energy. For both boiling-water (BWR) and pressurized-water (PWR) reactors, performances to date have generally met design predictions. Furthermore, it has become possible to analyze and understand the nuclear, chemical, and physical behavior of this class of reactors. The United Kingdom has had similar success with gas-cooled reactors. The Experimental Boiling Water Reactor (EBWR), the first United States experimental power reactor, began operation in 1956. It proved to be capable of supplying 4500 kw (kilowatts) of power. This reactor was followed in 1957 by the Pressurized Water Reactor at Shippingport, Pa. It was the nation's first full-scale central-station nuclear power plant and the first in the world designed exclusively for the production of civilian electric power. The Shippingport reactor was originally designed to produce 60 megawatts (MW) of electricity, and it was increased to 100 MW in 1964. In 12 years of operation, this reactor generated over 4.5-million MW-hr of electricity in spite of many shutdowns for experimental alterations. By 1969, a total of 15 central-station nuclear power reactors were operable in the United States with an aggregate electrical capacity of over 4200 MW. Early in 1964, Jersey Central Power & Light Co. announced plans for constructing a 515-MW nuclear plant at Oyster Creek, N.J., to be built without government financial assistance. The company stated that a nuclear plant had been selected competitively with fossil fuel. Their economic analysis stated that the plant would generate electricity at less than 4 mills per kw-hr, competitive with coal at 200 per million Btu (British thermal units). Coal cost in 1964 for that region averaged 26.00 per million Btu. The Jersey Central report created wide interest in public-utility circles; nevertheless, no other nuclear plants were announced in 1964. However, in 1965, six nuclear plants were announced by utilities, followed by 26 in 1966, 29 in 1967, and 10 in 1968. By Sept. 30, 1969, 97 reactors were operable, being built, or planned. The cost of these, all committed by electric utilities, was estimated at about $12 billion. When constructed, they will have an electrical capacity of 72,000 MW. The unprecedented surge in power reactors that started in 1965 tapered in 1968, and only seven reactors were announced in

Jan 1, 1976

By Earl S. Greiner, Eric R. Jette

Although the mechanical and chemical characteristics of certain iron-nickel-silicon alloys have been investigated,1 the available literature shows no results of a systematic investigation of the constitution of this system. 'This paper describes the results of an X-ray investigation of the constitution of the iron-rich iron-nickel-silicon alloys at 600°C. Data 011 the constitution of the included binary systems obtained in other investigations have been correlated with the structure of the ternary alloys. Jette and Foote2 have presented a tentative constitutional diagram of the iron-nickel system. following X-ray studies on quenched specimens. This diagram shows that the alloys at 600°C. containing from zero to approximately 4 atomic per cent nickel consist of a body-centered cubic (alpha) phase, the alloys containing 4 to 24 atomic per cent nickel consist of body-centered cubic (alpha) and face-centered cubic (gamma) phases, and the alloys containing from 24 to Ioo atomic per cent nickel consist of a face-centered cubic (gamma) phase. These investigators recognized that it was not possible to retain the gamma phase in equilibrium by quenching alloys containing less than approximately 25 atomic per cent nickel and that high-temperature X-ray methods were desirable to determine the gamma-phase solubility limit. In a later investigation of the iron-nickel alloys, Owen and Sulley3 determined the alpha-phase solid solubility limit to be 3.5 atomic per cent nickel at 600°C. High-temperature X-ray methods showed the solid solubility limit of the gamma phase to be 14 atomic per cent nickel at 600°C. Since the high-temperature X-ray method should reveal equilibrium conditions in these alloys better than the quench method of other investigators, the results of Owen and Sulley pertaining to the gamma-phase boundary are to be preferred. As the result of an X-ray investigation of quenched iron-silicon alloys, Greiner and Jette4 have shown these materials to consist of a body-centered cubic (alpha) phase containing from o to 26.4 atomic per cent silicon at 600°C. The alloys containing from 26.4 to approximately 50 atomic per cent silicon consist of two phases at 600°C.; namely, alpha and eta. The eta phase corresponds to the stoichiometrical formula FeSi (33.4 wt per cent Si)." The literature pertaining to the constitution of the nickel-silicon alloys has been reviewed by Ackerman,' who found disagreements in the results of various investigators on several parts of the system. Subsequent data on the constitution of the nickel-silicon alloys were reported by oSawa and okamoto.6

Jan 1, 1943

By G. C. Stone

AS the term "hardness" is used with many different meanings, it should be understood that it here means resistance to deformation by compression. It was determined by measuring the pressure, in pounds per square inch, necessary to reduce by 20 per cent., the length of cylinders 1 in. (25 mm.) in diameter by 2.6 in. (66 mm.) long. The tests were made at Columbia University on an Olsen 400,000-lb. machine, the load being applied at a constant rate of speed 0.0319 in. per min. The results were obtained by Messrs. Rigg and Williams, and some of them were given in a paper read at the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing Materials, in June, 1913. The remainder of the results were obtained in subsequent experiments by the same authors. In all cases, the results given are the averages of three or more closely concordant tests. All of the spelters tested were of standard commercial grades and all were of compositions making them good deliveries. The accompanying table gives the results arranged in the order of increasing hardness:

Jan 1, 1919

Meeting of Mar. 26, 1915.-The following Committee on Nominations was appointed: Fred W. Bradley, Chairman; James F. Kemp, Past President; Frank M. Smith, Chairman Montana Section; R. C. Gemmell, Chairman Utah Section; Frank A. Ross, Chairman Columbia Section; Louis S. Cates, Arthur Thacher. The Committee on Precious and Base Metals and the Committee on . Coal and Coke were appointed, the personnel of which is shown in another part of this Bulletin. The President was authorized to appoint a Committee on Welfare with J. Parke Channing as Chairman. W. P. Cutter, Librarian of the United Engineering Societies' Library, was appointed a representative of the Institute on-the Committee oh Classification of Engineering Knowledge to co-operate with similar committees of other engineering societies. A vote of thanks was extended-to Edward B. Sturgis for his excellent work in arranging for the Annual Dinner. in February, of this year. The suns of $57.30 was appropriated to the New' York Section. It was resolved that in response to the courteous invitation from 36 members of the Institute in Arizona and the neighborhood, the 1916 summer meeting of the Institute be held in Arizona.

Jan 5, 1915

By R. W. Raymond

Edward Cooper was born in New York City, Oct. 26, 1824. His father, Peter Cooper, to say nothing of manifold reasoils for fame as an inventor and philanthropist, deserves to be remembered as a pioneer in the establishment .of public schools ; and it is not surprising that. he sent his son to one of the democratic institutions in which he was himself so ardently interested. From the public school Edward Cooper went to Columbia College, where he made the acquaintance of Abram S. Hewitt, who was first his tutor, afterwards his traveling companion, brother-in-law, business partner and life-long friend.' For twenty years I was the consulting engineer of the firm of Cooper & Hewitt, and also connected with the work of the Cooper Union, in which they were both deeply interested and faithfully active. On the basis of the intimate knowledge thus gained, I venture an estimate of Edward Cooper's character and career which, if not fully comprehensive, may facilitate a juster estimate than would be reached by the student of those data which the modesty of the man permitted to be placed upon public record.

Jan 1, 1907