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By I. H. Douglas

All grade control methods in use currently by the mining industry are imprecise. The methods suffer from being locally inaccurate, leading to are loss and contact dilution. An ore/waste indicator variable can be used to predict the probability of ore occurrence at a given location, Po. Then, an ore grade Zo for an ore location and a waste grade Zw for a waste location are obtained. The expected revenue is calculated at each location, based on its probability of being are or waste, the corresponding grade, and on the cost of mining and processing the ore or the waste. Finally, the decision of whether to recover the block is based on the expected revenue value for that block. The method is illustrated with an example taken from the Jerritt Canyon district in northeastern Nevada.

Jan 1, 1994

By Harvey P. Knudsen

Case studies are presented in this paper to illustrate the usefulness and applicability of using conditional simulation in under- ground coal mine planning. Conditional simulation is a technique developed in the last five years that allows the building of a simulated ore body (or coal deposit) model. Construction and validation of the simulated model is described in order to show how well the model reproduces the essential characteristics of the deposit. In the model, the thickness, ash, and sulfur content are known everywhere in the deposit and each variable has the same mean, variance, and spatial variability (variogram) as that variable has in the real deposit. Use of the simulated deposit in the design of drilling strategy for long range mine planning is demonstrated in me case study. Determining the potential of short term production scheduling to reduce the fluctuations of sulfur in run of mine coal is described in the second case study.

Jan 1, 1980

By Richard E. Lounsbury

Coal mine refuse handling traditionally has been the redheaded stepchild of the industry - a problem to be ignored as much as possible. During the past few years, however, mining companies have become more aware of the potential water pollution problem associated with refuse handling and storage. Planning for refuse disposal increasingly emphasizes protection of the environment as well as economics of refuse handling. Coal companies are responding to the environmental control needs by devising new systems and adapting well-known techniques to refuse handling systems. Monterey Coal Company has operated a non-polluting refuse disposal system at its No. 1 Mine for over two years. The purpose of this paper is to describe the design considerations given to the planning of that system and the operational experience gained during its construction

Jan 1, 1973

By Martin P. Schroeder

"Challenges have emerged as subway systems age and as new tunnels are bored in congested corridors or in high-risk environments. To help public transportation agencies address tunneling challenges, the American Public Transportation Association has convened numerous independent industry peer reviews composed of top experts in their fields to come together and provide recommendations and solutions. This paper provides case histories of peer reviews that include topics such as boring through toxic soils, boring underneath existing tunnels, retrofit of tunnel ventilation systems, and mitigation of water intrusion. Peer reviews are applicable to all tunnel projects worldwide. The paper will highlight the conditions of these challenges, peer review recommendations, steps taken to reach agreement, and the successes that resulted, which led to major changes, new legislation and reduction of risk. INTRODUCTION Public transit agencies face many challenges in maintaining and expanding safe transit operations, especially as systems age, ridership expands, and budgets remain flat. The development of new industry standards and federal safety regulations places further demands on transit systems, with compliance often taxing in-house resources. Studies of the state-of-good-repair across US public transit systems indicate a current backlog of $84 billion in maintenance projects, which will require an investment of $18.2 billion per year to eliminate the backlog by 2030[1]. Systems not in a state-of-good-repair may not operate efficiently, may not be available to meet the growing ridership demands, and may not meet required safety goals or reduction of risk. Innovation is another clear need transit agencies have for improving system performance and lowering operating costs.To meet these challenges, transit agencies often turn to industry peer reviews for guidance and recommendations as part of their overall strategy to maintain and grow the safe operation of their systems. As a service to its members, the American Public Transportation System (APTA) has developed an industry peer review program designed to give agencies opportunities to learn from each other and help them address challenges in operations, engineering design, and construction of their systems. Over the past 20 years, APTA has performed hundreds of peer reviews covering all aspects of transit system operations from fare collection to agency organization, project delivery methods to safety culture, and engineering design including tunneling and tunnel fire ventilation. As rail transit systems expand to meet increased ridership, it is often necessary to bore new tunnels for alignments in congested areas where surface rights-of-way are lacking. Such proposed alignments can pose significant challenges for transit agencies, as they contend with various tunneling problems."

Jan 1, 2016

By Eugene W. Price

One of the most important fundamental characteristics of iron ore pellets is their porosity. This importance arises from the fact that the pores are the busy avenues whereby many changes are brought about in the life and form of the pellet from the time it is made until the iron it contains emerges as a molten stream from the blast furnace. As a green iron ore pellet is first heated in the drying cycle of a typical heat-hardening process, the pores act as conduits to allow the escape of steam from the water or vapor from the oil which served as binders to hold the green pellet together. After the release of the steam (or oil vapor) the pores then act as conduits whereby oxygen can enter the pellets to 1) convert magnetite (Fe304) to hematite (Fe203), if appropriate, and 2) promote solid state grain growth between adjacent particles of iron ore. The rate of oxidation and the rate of grain growth are directly related to pore size' and pore size distribution. Rate of oxidation is also directly influenced by length of pore and length of pore is obviously related to pellet diameter. It is well to keep in mind that the heat-hardening process does not harden the mineral grains themselves. What it does is weld them together to change the green pellet from a doughy mass, composed of thousands of tiny individual particles, into a strong, intergrown monolithic structure. In the blast furnace the pores again act as conduits for gases, but in this case they trans¬port reductants such as hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (C0) which remove most of the oxygen from the ore. Rate of reduction is also directly related to pore size and pore size distribution.

Jan 1, 1967

By Petr Salak, Adrian St. John, Angelos Gakis

"INTRODUCTIONCrossrail will provide London and the South East of England with a world class, high-capacity railway to ease congestion on London’s public transport system and enable better access between business, residential and entertainment districts. At the heart of this £14.8bn scheme lies Farringdon Station, which will form a major interchange between Crossrail, Thameslink and London Underground. The £400m Farringdon Crossrail station was awarded to a joint venture of BAM Ferrovial Kier (BFK) in 2011, and comprises two ticket halls, two platform tunnels and a multitude of connecting tunnels all constructed using open face sprayed concrete linings (SCL). BFK appointed Dr. Sauer & Partners (DSP) as their specialist SCL designer. As the main contractor for both C300/C410, the Western Running Tunnels and Station Caverns, and also for C435 Farringdon Station, BFK were in a unique position to develop strategies to reduce cost, time and risk for the Client. One such innovation involved the continuation of the TBM drives for the running tunnels right through the length of the new Farringdon platform caverns. This created large diameter precast concrete pilot tunnels for the subsequent platform enlargement using SCL. The benefits of such an approach are described in detail by St.John et al 2015. BFK also introduced another alternative strategy to reduce cost, time and risk, by proposing to abandon the TBMs in the ground (“Turn & Bury”) permanently rather than recovering them through the ticket hall shafts. This de-risked the programme, enabling critical ticket hall construction to proceed unhindered. However, one consequence of this revised strategy was an area of increased underground congestion, with two SCL tunnels (RTE2 and ES2) and a bored tunnel (complete with abandoned TBM) in close proximity to a ticket hall excavation (see Figure 1) and a sensitive, listed railway structure. Faced with this complex geometry, and combined with challenging geotechnical conditions (Gakis et al 2015), the team chose to install enhanced monitoring to study the behavior of tunnel RTE2 and provide additional assurance that the tunnels were performing as predicted. Applying advanced 3D numerical modelling and taking into account the residual tensile strength of the SCL helped avoid unnecessary reinforcement installation in primary lining and/or early installation of a secondary lining in RTE2 prior to ES2 construction."

Jan 1, 2016

By F. L. Jackson

The large scale transportation and storage of sulphur in the liquid state is a relatively new development, but is really only a logical extension of old mining and processing techniques, It is not known who the first person was to win a relatively pure sulphur from ore by melting, but this method was commercially used at least two hundred years ago in Sicily and is still in use today. The Frasch process of mining was invented over sixty years ago, and the development and improvement of-liquid sulphur pumping and handling techniques has paralleled the growth in the Frasch mining industry. During the last fifty years, improvements in the technology of using sulphur have included the premelting of sulphur prior to its being burned for acid production or conversion into CS2 and other compounds. Yet, until fairly recent times, sulphur produced as liquid has been solidified into large blocks at the producing point, broken down by blasting or with mechanical equipment, and shipped in bulk form as a solid.

Jan 1, 1962

By R. Bhima Rao

Performing a magnetizing roast in a furnace or kiln is a well-established technology. However, the use of microwave heat for the magnetization of hematite in the beneficiation of ferruginous bauxite is a new approach. This paper reports on an investigation of this procedure, which is followed by comminution and magnetic separation. The results of this investigation indicate that a nonmagnetic product containing 80% A1203 and 2.5% Fe203 with a recovery of 80% can be made from a crude bauxite ore containing 55.9% A1203 and 5.6% Fe203. This product is suitable for refractory use. The mechanism is explained by the ability of the microwave radiation to heat specific points within the bauxite. These heat-specific points are at the location of iron minerals. In a reduced atmosphere, the microwaves promote faster conversion of the iron minerals to a magnetic phase, which improves the magnetic-separation process.

Jan 1, 1997

By Stefan Medel

As a pioneer Herrenknecht started in 2018 to automate the production of tunnel lining segments. Since then, many automation processes became state of the art. Robots cleaning and oiling the moulds, hydraulic units opening and closing them fully independently. Artificial Intelligence (AI) controls the works and ensures the quality requirements. Data management has become a massive tool from a simple data collector towards a control and optimization tool. Sensors controlling concrete maturity and supporting the precast team to optimize the concrete mix. These state of the art and new innovations will be presented in this paper.

Jun 23, 2024

By George C. Trevorrow

It is a pleasure to appear on this program and discuss a subject which is of particular interest to me. In my regular duties as Safety Director of Bituminous Coal Operators' Association, I am called on by member companies to discuss matters affecting face ventilation. As a member of the Joint Industry Safety Committee, as I will later describe, I have a part in processing requests for the use of auxiliary fans for face ventilation. The use of auxiliary fans in bituminous coal mines for this purpose came into rather wide use in the late. '20's when conveyor mining was introduced. In this application, the equipment consisted of a chain conveyor with a face chain conveyor parallel to the face on which the coal was loaded by hand and, in turn, was discharged onto the room conveyor and thence to a loading point on the entry at the mouth of the room. Another method was to use a shaker conveyor with a duckbill which was maneuvered across the face of the room from which the coal was loaded and transported by the shaker to the loading point. In either case the equipment did not readily lend itself to driving crosscuts or breakthroughs with the result that rooms were driven to depths of 250 or 300 feet without adequate means of ventilating the face area with the main split of air. It was, therefore, necessary to use other means of ventilating this area as the rooms were being driven and during retreat work if pillars were extracted. Auxiliary fans of the blowing type were utilized for this purpose. They were of very small capacity using small diameter tubing. By the time the room was driven half way to its projected limit ventilation was very poor or practically nonexistent. To compound the problem the fan was usually set up at the mouth or neck of the room and in many cases the intake air to the fan was the return air from the room. It is small wonder, therefore, that there is on record 12 cases where auxiliary fans were given as the cause of explosions. In 9 of these occurrences, arcs or sparks from open-type motors or accessory equipment on these fans were given as the primary ignition source. They fell into such ill repute that in a number of cases they were blamed as the ignition source even though smoking was strongly suspected as the primary cause.

Jan 1, 1967

By Michael von Seebach

High-pressure grinding rolls subject the feed material to pressures of 200 N/mm? During this process considerable size reduction and the Formation of flakes occur. This paper describes the basic consideration For design and operating of this type of mill. It is also shown that the particle size distribution resulting from this process is typical for grinding processes but untypical for crushing processes. High pressure grinding rolls are designed in size of up to 2.8 m roll diameter allowing feed material top sizes of 250 mm. The rigid frame, bearing and drive - train design allows a broad application of the high-pressure grinding rolls operating the machine in open or semi-closed and closed circuit for dry and moist feed materials. Operating results show that capacity increases of up to 100 % can be accomplished with this technology. The high-pressure grinding roll also, allows for lower operating and maintenance costs due to energy savings of up to 20 L and reduction of wear to less than 1 76 for dry and less than 0.1 5 for wet grinding. Other advantages of the high-pressure grinding rolls are smaller equipment sizes than a ball or SAG-mill for a given capacity resulting in lower building sizes with reduced capital in- vestment costs.

Jan 1, 1987

By James A. L. White

Although the quantity of native sulphur associated with volcanism is large, production from such deposits represents only a very small percentage of total world production, This paper describes the location of the known deposits, the typical geology of these deposits and the nature of the sulphur mineralization. Methods of treatment are discussed and some comments are offered on the economic position of these occurences in world sulphur markets.

Jan 1, 1967

By Joel K. Waterland

The Homes take Mining Company at Lead, South Dakota has a yearly production of 1,868,741 tons of ore produced from horizontal cut-and-fill stopes and timber cut-and-fill stopes. This production, in addition to the necessary development (drifts and raises), requires 5,168,271 feet of drilling annually. The rock for the most part consists of quartz; mica schist; and cummingtonite schist; and must be considered as relatively hard. Penetration rates average about 15 inches per minute using an operating air pressure of 100 psi. The rock is tough, rather than brittle, and dulling occurs quite rapidly. The average regrind period is approximately 19 feet per regrind using a 1-7/16 inch carbide bit. At the present time, all drilling is accomplished with 2-5/8 inch bore airleg mounted drills, and 2-3/4 inch and 3-inch diameter bore -stopers (raising only). These machines are all direct striking, with 4-1/4 inch chucks. 7/8-inch hexagonal carbon drill steel with forged collars are used in conjunction with 1-7/16 inch multi-use, threaded, carbide bits. 62,793 rods, and 16,234 bits are used to maintain the yearly production. The number of rods noted are the rods that were sent: underground, both new and reconditioned.

Jan 1, 1963

By Robert E. Barrett

The history of mine safety legislation in this country is also a history of mine explosions. Nearly every piece of safety legislation that has been introduced or amended has resulted from some type of a disaster. When coal was first discovered and mined, it was extracted from along outcrops. As the coal became depleted near the surface, underground mining developed. When the first mine penetrated the outcrop, a great number of problems developed, many of which remain with us today. One of those problems is the potential for mine ignitions and explosions. Naturally, when underground mining progressed a few feet into the outcrop, some type of artificial light was needed. Early accounts of mining in Spain, Italy, Japan, and Great Britain indicate that torches served to light the mines. Later, candles were used, and still later, earthern oil lamps containing fish oil were used. As workings got deeper, explosions began to occur. When one did occur it was thought to be the work of goblins or the devil. As explosions became more frequent, it became very obvious that the use of open flames for lighting was very dangerous. A substitute was sought. Dried fish skins which gave off a weak phosphorescent light were tried. A mixture of flour and lime made from oyster shells called Canton phosphorous was also tried unsuccessfully. Fireflies in a bottle were also used.

Jan 1, 1976

By Terry D. Vandell

The purposes of this presentation are: (1) to discuss the actual as well as potential incidents that have caused and that could cause groundwater contamination at uranium in situ leach mining sites and (2) to discuss remedial actions and solutions that have been or that could be implemented in the future to stop or prevent serious groundwater contamination from in situ leach mining in Wyoming?s Powder River Basin. Open pit, underground, and existing and proposed in situ leach uranium mine sites in the Powder River Basin are shown in Figure 1. In situ leach mining or solution mining for extracting minerals in liquid form is a relatively new addition to the list of conventional mining methods currently used to extract uranium in Wyoming's Powder River Basin. Basically, the in situ leach mining method involves: (1) the injection of a leach solution lixiviant (an acidic or basic oxidizing solution) into a uranium-bearing ore body, via injection wells, to complex the contained uranium, (2) mobilization of the uranium complex from the host material via creation of a soluble complex salt, and (3) surface recovery of the solution bearing the uranium complex via production wells. Uranium is then separated from the leach solution by conventional milling unit operations (ion exchange).

Jan 1, 1981

By J. R. Pennington

The town of Green River, Wyoming, is located along the Green River on an arid plateau at a elevation of 6,300 feet. Green River has become the center of a booming soda ash industry. The rapid development of coal, oil, and gas resources, coupled with the soda ash boom, have created growth pains for the area. Green River and Rock Springs have experienced a 20-25% population increase in 1973 alone. However, public officials, business leaders, and local citizens are taking positive steps to ease the problems relating to housing, schools, medical services, and recreational facilities. What Is Soda Ash? Soda ash is one of the most widely used chemicals in the world. It is an important raw material in the manufacture of glass, paper, soap, petroleum products, metals, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, plastics, and a host of other items essential to every day living. In ancient times, soda ash was obtained from water solutions of various desert earths. Later, it was produced by leaching the ashes of wood and seaweed. For the past 100 years, it has been manufactured by the ammonia-soda process, which employs large quantities of salt, limestone, and coal as raw materials.

Jan 1, 1974

By G. Rainville, I. Servi, F. Katrak

Despite the severe drought conditions that reduced farm requirements for industrial mineral products, most industrial minerals markets in 1988 continued their growth or, at worst, remained flat. Earlier projections of output declines did not materialize in most segments. Preliminary estimates of demand in Europe and Asia show strong growth for most industrial minerals. Profitability in industrial minerals in North America was best in those minerals that had a significant export market or were not strongly regional. Growth and price trends in the more regional industrial minerals markets in the US such as sand and gravel, crushed stone, and cement, more closely followed the broadly disparate regional economic conditions. For example, sand and gravel and crushed stone grew strongly in the Pacific Coast and northeastern markets but not as much as in the Southeast. Total growth for sand and gravel in 1988 is projected at about 3% above 1987 levels. Combined production is up about 27 Mt (30 million st) to 2 Gt (2.2 billion st). Following the relentless trend of foreign acquisition of US cement companies (currently about two-thirds are owned by foreign interests), several aggregate operations have been purchased by foreign companies. Notable among these in 1988 was the acquisition of Rinker Materials Corp. by CSR of Australia. The acquisition of this Florida-based aggregate and concrete operation will expand the current holdings of CSR in the southeastern US, with operations consolidated under the Rinker logo. In addition, Pike Industries of New England and J.L. Shiely Co. of Minnesota were significant aggregate producers that were acquired by foreign firms. New England's only cement manufacturer, Dragon Products, was acquired by a subsidiary of Cementes del Norte of Spain. Dravo continued to expand its influence in the lime and limestone markets. It became the major supplier of construction aggregates on the inland river system with its purchase of Cyprus Minerals' limestone aggregate operations in Kentucky, Louisiana, and Texas. Although lime production continued to grow from 14 to 15 Mt (15.7 to 16.7 million st) in 1988, lime imports decreased for the fifth consecutive year to 145 kt (160,000 st). In the more export-oriented industrial minerals markets, performance was generally very good for 1988. Soda ash enjoyed an excellent year, with its price up to $102.50/t ($93 per st). This reflected the tight market situation for soda ash, particularly in late 1988. Soda ash production in 1988 was 8.6 Mt (9.5 million st), reflecting the industry's improved efficiency. Particularly significant was the increase in caustic soda prices that led to increased substitution by soda ash. The export market remained at 2.1 Mt (2.3 million st). Phosphate production recovered to the 42 Mt (46 million st) level, a 12% increase despite a soft export market. The price, however, remained soft throughout the year. W.R. Grace sold its interest in its Florida phosphate mine and its phosphoric acid complex as part of its divestiture of the agrichemicals business. The strengthening of the major producers has continued as lower cost capacity has been idled. Future permitting of phosphoric acid facilities and development of reserves will be necessary to maintain current production levels beyond the mid- to late 1990s. Despite new developments worldwide in the titanium minerals market, strong demand has continued to apply pressure to price, with concentrate and slag prices going up. The demand for high quality slag as feedstock for pigment production has resulted in process improvements in South Africa (Richard's Bay) and in plans by Canada to import high quality ilmenite by 1991 to produce a 90% TiO2 slag. Although growth in industrial silica sand applications was small in 1988, concentration in the industry continued. Unimin continued to acquire silica operations. Unimin is now the nation's leading producer of granular silica. The end users of silica have consolidated further. Owens-Illinois purchased Brockway Inc., a leading container glass producer. Three companies now control 75% of the container glass industry. ECC continued to be an aggressive purchaser of industrial minerals operations throughout the world. It acquired Cyprus Minerals' calcium carbonate business as well as two operations in Italy. In addition, ECC continued its aggressive acquisition of kaolin (Australia) and aggregate producers. 1988 was a good year for industrial minerals markets worldwide. More importantly, though, it was a year that showed continuing consolidations of reserve ownership in the industry around the world. Barite AN. Castelli, Baroid Drilling Fluids Inc. US mine production of barite decreased 9.4% during 1988. Consumption (sold or used by grinding plants) increased by 37.9%. Imports are estimated to have increased by 21.2%. World mine production decreased by 9.8%, according to the US Bureau of Mines. The value of domestically produced barite, fob mine, decreased 4.6%, according to the Bureau. The declared value cif US port of all imported ground barite during the first 10 months of 1988 increased from $37.16/t ($33.71 per st) in 1987 to $37.92/t ($34.40 per st), according to Bureau figures. Nevada continued to be the leading producer of barite with 72% of the total, followed by Georgia and Missouri. The Bureau of Mines estimates 69% of US mine production was used as a weighting agent in drilling fluids. The other 31% was used in barium chemicals, glass, or as a filler. Most of the production from Missouri, Georgia, and Tennessee was used in the non-oilfield sector. Of the total consumption used by grinding plants and chemical manufac-

Jan 1, 1989

By B. Petkof

Olivine has been an accepted industrial mineral for the last 50 years. Its initial acceptance was based on the recognition of its refractory properties by European research workers in the middle to late 1920's. Initial U.S. olivine production began in the early 1930's in North Carolina and continues there today. Olivine also is produced in the State of Washington and in other countries.

Jan 1, 1982

By Lianhui Jia, Yali Han

"The key technologies of a large rectangular pipe jacking machine with dimensions of 10.12m × 7.27m (width x height) include selection of rectangular cross-section cutting modes, analysis on the strength and stiffness of the rectangular shield, integrated control of electro-hydraulic proportional thrust systems and ground conditioning for excavation are presented in detail in this paper. These key technologies have been successfully applied and verified on site during tunneling, providing a new concept for the building of large rectangular traffic and pedestrian tunnels in urban areas for the future.1 INTRODUCTIONIn the past, underground tunnels were mainly used for drainage, sewage, utilities, metro tunnel, etc. and most of them had circular cross-sections. Recently, as a result of economic development, gradually accelerating urbanization process and diminishing ground space, underground tunnels have already become a new trend for urban underground space utilization. Due to the heavy traffic flow, the demands for rectangular cross-section underground tunnels, such as pedestrian underpass and road tunnel, are increasing gradually.The Rectangular pipe jacking machine (hereinafter referred to as RPJM) was firstly developed in Japan for the construction of metro station, pedestrian underpass, underwater tunnel by-passes, etc. Kazunaki Kawai et al. introduced a RPJM developed and manufactured by KOMATSU in 2002 [1]. Tosikazu Kubota et al. confirmed the rectangular tunnels’ superiority to circular tunnels with regard to larger inner cross-section and lower construction cost in their RPJM construction reports [2]. Compared to circular pipe jacking machines, a RPJM also has the merits of a higher inner tunnel space utilization ratio and is able to excavate in shallow overburden areas. As shown in Figure 1, the effective area of a rectangular tunnel is more than 20% higher than that of an equivalent circular tunnel."

Jan 1, 2016

By Cristian Saavedra, Patricio Zarate

Flotation collectors play a crucial role in mineral flotation by selectively adhering to mineral surfaces and aiding in their separation from gangue material. They are heteropolar molecules, as defined by Sutherland and Wark (1955), featuring non-polar hydrocarbon chains and polar groups interacting with mineral surfaces to induce hydrophobicity selectively. The importance of collectors in mineral processing, as underscored by Lotter and Bradshaw (2010), lies in their ability to enhance recovery rates and improve selectivity, thereby optimizing the extraction of valuable minerals from complex ores. Collectors are classified based on their mechanism of action, as proposed by Laskowski (2010). This classification categorizes collectors into three groups: water-soluble compounds, water-insoluble “oily” collectors, and water-insoluble amphipathic compounds forming molecular films at the water/gas interface. This complements the chemical structure-based classification by Sutherland and Wark (1955) and Suoninen and Laajalehto (1993), offering a comprehensive understanding of collector diversity in flotation systems. Collector selection is an iterative process crucial for optimizing mineral processing efficiency, as emphasized by Lotter and Bradshaw (2010). Understanding the significance of collector mixing or synergy outcomes is paramount for enhancing mineral flotation efficiency and sustainability. Taguta, O’Connor, and McFadzean (2018) demonstrate that mixed collector systems enhance interaction enthalpies and microflotation recoveries, indicating improved performance. McFadzean, Castelyn, and O’Connor (2012), along with Critchley and Riaz (1991), delve into investigating synergistic interactions between collectors, offering insights for strategic selection. Observations from the study of collector synergy, as noted by Wakamatsu et al. (1980), reveal nuanced relationships surpassing individual collector behaviors. The methodology outlined in this paper provides valuable guidance for classifying and selecting collectors based on specific application needs, while also suggesting the potential for synergistically improving recovery across fine, intermediate, and coarse particles.

Feb 1, 2025