Search Documents

By V. Casaletto, L. Widdifield

"Equipment capable of higher production requires more sophisticated maintenance programs. Reduction in fleet size through use of modern technology requires higher utilization and greater availability.Caterpillar's maintenance control system program will display the capabilities of computer technology in a maintenance environment. Utilizing such resources will provide increased availability, lower inventory requirements, fewer last minute disasters, and lower cost per ton for maintenance. High production from premium quality equipment can only be realized by good planning and care, executed by maintenance and operating personnel acting cooperatively.IntroductionAccurate information is the key to accurate decision making. In today' s competitive industry, mines' teeter on the brink between profit and loss. Their survival will be predicated on their ability to retrieve, analyze, and formulate accurate information regarding the operating costs of mobile equipment. This paper deals with the impact of managing equipment operating costs and introduces a computerized control system designed for monitoring and controlling these costs.Caterpillar has produced several computerized modelling programs designed at taking the guesswork out of equipment selection and management. The most basic of these is Equipment Investment Analysis (E.LA.). This model compares two or more alternatives over the projected life of the machine. It deals with comparisons in the owning and operating costs of equipment, as well as, their productivity over a specified period of time.In order for a computer model to be credible as a decision making tool, it must be simple to use and the results measurable and accountable . Caterpillar has introduced several computer models to assist the industry in selecting and managing an equipment fleet. These programs allow the user to predict and monitor the operating costs and production capability of mobile equipment. They are often used in the machine selection process to select equipment which best suits a mine's long-term cost per tonne objectives. After the optimum selection is made, Caterpillar's Maintenance Control System provides an efficient management tool to monitor and verify the data used in the selection model."

Jan 1, 1992

By Yi-Chun Lin

Mechanical/Electrical/Piping (MEP) systems, due to their complexity and diversity, are the most intricate part of building construction. This being the case, Combined Services Drawings (CSD) and Structure, Electric and Mechanic(SEM) drawings can ensure that all coordination issues are resolved prior to construction. Construction companies attempt to apply Building Information Modeling (BIM) to manage and integrate engineering information and solutions efficiently into the CSD and SEM processes to enhance the accuracy of design and the efficiency of review. There are several powerful commercial tools, such as Bentley Navigator, Autodesk Navisworks, and Tekla BIMsight, that can review the integrated BIM model and detect conflicts in systems, and allow planners to correct the conflict issues one at a time. However, for increasing numbers of conflicts, this may be inefficient, and requires them to be arranged in a list according to impact and seriousness before solving them. For this reason, this research implements a module for conflict impact assessment based on rule-based reasoning to classify and weigh conflict impact and seriousness, and highlight the conflicted objects in the BIM system in different colors depending on their conflict type and seriousness during the analysis. This system not only detects and lists possible conflicts and errors, but also sorts them according to the severity of impact and conflict type. Planners can effectively modify the BIM models according to these conflicts as they are listed and visualized in the BIM system. If these conflicts, such as pipeline interference and problems of insufficient space, can be avoided in the early stages of planning, it facilitates the achievement of project objectives in quality, scheduling, and cost.

Aug 1, 2013

By R. D. Brown

"Concerns over possible additional involvement of governments in Canada's mining industry and its adverse effects on the industry 's growth were a frequent topic of conversation at the recent Annual General Meeting of the CIM.Still painfully fresh in the minds of industry leaders are the disastrous results of the federal/provincial scramble over resource revenues which followed the relatively high metal prices witnessed in 1973/1974. At current metal prices, it is not surprising, then, that a nagging fear persists that these governments may once again restructure tax and other rules to the detriment of the industry and the country.This month, Tax Notes recalls some of the progress which the industry and governments have made in 1979 in the taxation of the resource sector, and urges that higher metal prices be viewed in light of the costly exploration, development and production efforts which will be required for the industry to continue to play its important role in our economy.IntroductionAt the Annual General Meeting of The Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, held in April, 1980, it was abundantly clear that there is widespread concern in Canada's mining industry that this country's tax regime may once again be blasted by ill winds of change.A stable and more favourable tax climate, as well as higher metal prices and profits, made 1979 almost a golden year for Canadian mining. However, from the tax viewpoint at least, there are some spots on the silver lining as apprehensions grow that the well-heralded battle between federal and provincial governments over oil and gas may spread to the mining sector, with serious damage to the industry and its newfound federal-provincial cooperation."

Jan 1, 1980

By Bruce C. Fielder

"The concentration of uranium in orebodies discovered in the Athabasca Basin of northern Saskatchewan over the last 20 years has increased by a factor of 100. These high grade uranium orebodies are associated with high concentrations of radionuclides, complex mineralogy and an elemental makeup that includes base metals, arsenic, and molybdenum. Exploiting these high grade ores has required metallurgical advances in milling, tailings disposal and effluent treatment as well as changes in the design of uranium mills.This paper describes the most significant advances, including advances in dealing with the environmental issues which have become more prevalent in recent years. The milling processes of the Cluff Lake Mill, Key Lake Mill, Rabbit Lake Mill, and McClean Lake Mill are compared to illustrate both similarities and differences necessary for milling different orebodies.BackgroundUranium mining in Saskatchewan started in 1953 when the Beaverlodge Mine, owned by Eldorado Nuclear Limited (Eldorado), came into operation at Uranium City. Development in the Athabasca basin started in 1975 when the Rabbit Lake mine came into operation. This was followed by the start-up of the Cluff Lake mine in 1980 and the Key Lake mine in 1983. The McClean Lake mine is forecast to start up in the near future. The McArthur River mine recently received construction approval and the Cigar Lake Project and the Midwest Project are currently in the environmental approval process.The Beaverlodge operation ceased production in June 1982 after nearly 30 years of operation. The Rabbit Lake mill processed Rabbit Lake ore from 1975 until 1985, Collins Bay R-Zone ore from 1985 until 1993, and is currently processing ore from the Eagle Point mine (Bharadwaj, Jarvi and Lam, 1996). The Cluff Lake mill processed ore from the D- Orebody from 1980 until 1984. Since then the Claude orebody has been processed and the OP and DS orebodies are presently being milled (SRK. Senes and Melis, 1987; and Cogema Resources Inc. 1994 ). The Key Lake mill processed ore from the Gaertner ore body from 1983 until 1989 and Deilmann ore has been processed since (Cameco Corporation, 1992b and I 994a). Processing of McArthur River ore in the Key Lake mill is scheduled for 1999. The McClean Lake mill will be processing ore from the JLR, Sue and McClcan orebodies associated with the McClean Lake mine. In future ore from the Cigar Lake and Midwest projects will be processed in the McClean Lake mill. (Minatco Limited. 1991a)."

Jan 1, 1998

By B. Jena, M. Rigaud, S. C. Panigrahy

"The influence of flux addition on the structure and properties of pellets produced from low silica specularite with peat moss and bentonite as binders was investigated. Specific pellets basicities in the range of 0.4 to 3.2 were obtained by the addition of limestone or a combination of dolomite and limestone as flux. A t basicities < 1.6, the bonding in the pellets was provided by a glassy silicate phase. At basicities =1.6, calcium ferrites were the predominant bonding phase. When dolomite was added as a flux, presence of magnesia-ferrite was noted. The reduction behaviour of pellets at different basicities was found to be influenced by the type of flux and binder. The pellet compression strength and swelling characteristics were improved with increased basicity.IntroductionThe properties of iron ore pellets are influenced by the type and nature of the ore or concentrate, additives and their subsequent treatment to produce pellets. The interaction between various constituents of the concentrate and additives, i.e. iron oxides, gangue and fluxes etc. result in the formation of various mineralogical phases which affect the degree and nature of bonding achieved in the pellet and the structure and distribution of pores. The pellet properties such as pellet strength and reducibility are influenced by the extent and type of bonding achieved between the ore particles. In view of the present emphasis on the production of high quality pellets to meet progressively stringent quality control requirements, it is essential to investigate the effect of additives on the bonding mechanism and properties of the pellets.In the past, the effects of additives on the bonding mechanism of pellets have been investigated. It is important to note that the conditions and parameters to be controlled are typical of a given concentrate/ore. In this paper, the results of the investigation on characterization of fluxed pellets produced from a low silica specularite concentrate are reported.This investigation was also aimed at assessing the suitability of peat moss for use as a binder for the production of low silica fluxed pellets. Peat moss is abundantly available in the vicinity of iron ore mines in Quebec and encouraging results have been obtained du ring the production of high silica acid and fluxed pellets."

Jan 1, 1992

By V. F. Hollister

Four conditions are commonly accepted as being needed for the development of native sulphur deposits in sedimentary rocks : (1) ample sulphate-bearing evaporite, normally anhydritic; (2) proximity to petroleum deposits; (3) a hydrodynamic system of communication between these two; (4) a stratigraphic or structural trap to prevent escape of the sulphur and sulphur -bearing reaction products. When any of these requisites are absent, apparently no significant residual bio-epigenetic sulphur deposit will form. These requirements are, however, satisfied in some areas, which include both the Triassic and Devonian evaporites of northeastern British Columbia.

Jan 1, 1977

By A. Bauer, P. Katsabanis, M. Baker

The principal results from a previous paper presented at the Mine Accident Prevention Association of Ontario in 1987 (1) are summarized here. It is concluded that the selection of explosives in mines experiencing sulphide ignitions is important and that aluminized explosives should be avoided because of their high explosion temperatures and their detonation products. The duration of the blast is also critical and secondary blasts should not occur simultaneously with nearby priroa:ty blasts.

May 11, 1988

By Richard K. Komarek, Antonios Zavaliangos, Roman T. Dec

Current industrial compacting and briquetting practices are largely based on trial-and¬error techniques. This paper introduces a two dimensional finite element model of compacting/briquetting process in the roller press. Compared with other modeling techniques used in the past, finite element method offers the most versatile approach because it incorporates adequate information about powder behavior, geometry and frictional conditions and offers predictions for the density distribution, velocity field, stress distribution, roll force, roll torque and other important process variables. More over, when the model includes elasticity, it offers predictions on the internal stress state in the briquet after its exit from the pressing zone. This enables to perform realistic computer experiments which are helpful for establishing the pressing system design, forming cavity geometry and process conditions necessary to produce compacted or briquetted product with the desired properties.

Jan 1, 2004

By T. Yalcin

"This paper describes a study carried out to determine the behaviour of Cu-Ni mill tailings during natural and flocculated sedimentations. Settling rates were examined under various conditions through standard laboratory batch settling tests. Flocculation was found to improve the sedimentation process significantly, but its effectiveness depended on several factors such as the pulp density of feed, the type and dosage of flocculating reagent, the pH of pulp, the intensity of mixing flocculant with tailings sand the use of stirring during compaction.It is shown that. for a sedimentation process taking place under given conditions, underflow pulp density (P) and sedimentation time (t) are related by the expression P = k.tn, where k and n are constants. A procedure is described for the use of this expression in thickener size estimations. IntroductionOften a considerable proportion of the mill feed is disposed as tailing, because the valuable mineral recovered usually forms a small fraction of the ore. Moreover, wet concentration processes result in liquid wastes that are several times more voluminous than the ore itself. Thus the handling and disposal of these wastes become an important cost item in most milling operations. The principal unit process employed in tailing disposal is solid-liquid separation which is traditionally carried out by gravity sedimentation in thickeners or tailing dams. Direct disposal of tailings into tailing dams is common practice where sufficiently large areas of land are available but it frequently becomes more economical or practical to densify the tailings in a thickener beforehand.Successful thickener operation depends essentially on correct thickener size which is in turn governed by the sedimentation characteristics of the tailings handled. Flocculation can aid the sedimentation process and bring about significant savings in thickener size, but its effective use requires a detailed study to identify the optimum conditions of application."

Jan 1, 1988

By P. Karimi, A. Amini, H. Abdollahi, A. Mirzaeian

Due to detrimental effects of cyanidation process on the environment in gold industry, application of cyanide alternatives such as thiourea are being highly considered in recent projects. In this study, the extraction of gold from poly metal ore, using thiourea was precisely investigated. The representative sample contained 2.5 ppm Au and 160 ppm Ag. The sample was categorized as oxide gold ore, because the main part of its pyrite was changed to iron oxide and hydroxide such as goethite and lepidocrosite. According to mineralogy, the main gangue mineral was quartz. It shows that gold grains are free and interlocked with quartz matrix. Also, the presence of a high amount of silver in free and sulfide forms and also the low content of other sulfide minerals such as base metal sulfides is a remarkable point of these studies. In the gold extraction process with thiourea, there are several parameters that affect the rate of gold dissolution such as concentrations of thiourea as a gold lixiviant and ferric sulfate as an oxidant, pH and size fraction of feed and leaching time. The influence of these parameters on the gold dissolution rate were investigated and optimized. The results showed that the concentration of thiourea is the most influential parameter which could increase the gold recovery to 71% (at 10 g/kg sample). The optimal amount of ferric sulfate was determined as 6 g/kg sample. Also, the optimal levels of size fraction of feed and pH of solution were 88% under 75 micron and 2 as acidity; respectively. Leaching time was 6 hrs. In addition, this sample was leached with cyanide and the optimized values of size fraction of d88=75 microns, pH=10.45, 2500 ppm of sodium cyanide with time leaching of 24 hours were concluded for maximum recovery of gold in solution. Finally, the results of cyanidation tests were compared to the thiourea dissolution after optimizing all affected parameters in cyanidation process.

Jan 1, 2016

By W. J. Kuit

"Complex facilities which provide for the collection, management and treatment of effluents emanating from the Sullivan mine and concentrator tailings were made operational in October 1979. Key features of the system are the use of upgraded tailings ponds for the storage of up to 800 million litres of metals-contaminated effluents, a treatment plant employing lime in a high-density sludge process and a sludge-impoundment facility designed for maximum long-term environmental safety. The completed works are capable of satisfying a difficult range of operating requirements imposed by highly variable weather conditions, drainage flows and soluble metals loadings. Final capital expenditures for the project approached $10 million and annual operating costs are about $0.8 million.This paper discusses the Kimberley effluents treatment project and the major considerations in its development. The treatment process, major plant equipment and initial operating experience are also described.IntroductionCominco Ltd. has worked the Sullivan orebody at Kimberley, B.C. since 1909 and has operated a concentrator some 5 km distant from the mine since 1923. Over the last 70 years, in excess of 120million tonnes of ore have been mined, and production continues at an average rate of 6,500 tonnes per day. It is a well-known fact that the contribution of this operation to Canada&apos;s mining industry and, in particular, Cominco&apos;s development has been significant. However, this success has not been without some undesirable side effects.Unfortunately, the Sullivan is one of only a few major Western Canadian orebodies which may be classed as ""acidic"" in nature. That is, the primary economic minerals, galena and marrnatite, are enclosed in a siliceous host rock with abundant pyrrhotite, but with little or no accompanying alkaline gangue minerals such as calcite and dolomite. The unavoidable consequence of mining such an ore is that contact with air and water generates an acid mine drainage containing various soluble metals orginally present as minerals.This problem also arises in the concentrator&apos;s tailings ponds, which, in the case of the Sullivan, are two separate impoundments of different materials. The 1,100 tonnesl day of ""iron"" tailings are primarily pyrrhotite which is surplus to the requirements of a separate operation that produces sulphuric acid as an intermediate to phosphate fertilizers. Inert gangue minerals with only a minor sulphide content are the main constituents of the 1,200 tonnes/ day of siliceous tailings. Corresponding to the relative proportion of sulphides in the solids, the decant from the iron tailings is substantially more contaminated than that from the siliceous pond."

Jan 1, 1980

By J. A. Finch

"This paper describes major technical developments in rod mill design and operating practice since its introduction into the North American minerals industry over fifty years ago. The basic operating characteristics of the wet, overflow rod mill are described, and significant operating variables are reviewed in terms of their effects on mill power draw, power efficiency, and practical aspects of circuit operation. Key factors for improving the economic performance of rod milling circuits are identified. IntroductionThis paper summarizes the findings of a detailed review of available technical information on the operation of rod mills. One of the basic problems in historical comminution testwork has been the lack of a standard measure of circuit performance. The Bond Operating Work Index, not introduced until after 1950, has proven of immeasurable value in this regard, but first has to be carefully considered in terms of its utility and limitations. Its prescribed use is described in a later section of this paper.During this review, it became apparent that rod mill performance is generally not well understood. Because of combined interactions, the effects of different operating variables may be difficult to assess, and even at times appear erratic. It is obviously difficult to rationalize plant testwork or circuit adjustments when the results are highly unpredictable. The purposes of this review, therefore, were:a) to establish what basic facts have been learned about rod mill performance;b) to define some genera l guidelines for efficient rod mill design and operation; and,c) to establish a basis for specific recommendations for plant tests or adjustments with minimum risk, and maximum potential for circuit performance improvement."

Jan 1, 1986

By Geir M. Haarberg

Electrochemical techniques, mainly linear sweep voltammetry and potential step chronoamperometry, were used to study the behaviour of dissolved phosphorus species in cryolite-alumina melts, The presence of AIPO4 or Na3PO4 gave rise to voltammetric current waves due to electrode reactions involving phosphorus species at potentials where dissolved alumina is stable in cryolite melts, Diffusion kinetics for dissolved P(V) species were studied, Data from industrial cells were used to determine mass balances for phosphorus, For cells being fed with secondary alumina, more phosphorus tends to end up in the produced metal, Laboratory experiments to study the effect of phosphorus in the bath on the current efficiency for aluminium were also carried out.

Jan 1, 2004

By B. H. Sadagah

"Construction of mountain roads at north westerly Saudi Arabia is a difficult task in rugged terrains, where the rock masses are steep slopes, and full of geomorphological constraints.Werka descent lies at the north west region of Saudi Arabia. The Werka descent, constructed four years ago harmed due to rainstorm. The rock masses are metabasalt and metaryolite tuff rocks. The road is eight m-wide, surround by unsupported sharp manmade slope cuts, reaches up to 15 to 40 m height on both sides. Failures took place at both sides of the road, and blocked it. The road of almost 2 km long subjected to all modes of slope instability such as rockfalls, manmade slope failures and debris flows in the absence of the remedial measures. The very precipitous 40 m-high rock slope-cut along the road has no benches, backed by a natural slope of almost 80 m height. Both types of slopes suffer from rockfalls and slope failure’s incidents, frequently took place mainly in rainy seasons. The steep manmade rock slope cut is less than 1 m close to the road, with no ditches, form a potentially source area for rockfall’s hazards.Intensive geotechnical study includes utilization of the RMR and GSI rock masses classifications indicates that the rocks are fair to poor quality. The DIPS, RocFall, Swedge, RocTopple, RocPlane computer program, in addition to GIS and DEM image utilized to perform modeling and deterministic analysis, in order to suggest the mitigation measures for the natural and manmade slope cuts and rockfalls. The seismic coefficients of 0.1 to 0.4 taken into consideration in modeling processes. Input parameters to model the rockfalls and slope failure’s characteristics were studied such as GSI, block size; seeder points, locations of fallen blocks; slope angle, restitution coefficients, and slope roughness. The programs modeled the proposed location, height and energy of the rockfall barriers, collectors, and rock bolts. Two manmade slope cuts studied and modeled utilizing the integrated techniques were to eliminate the risk of slope failures and rockfalls through the construction of remedial measures, this is the study objectives."

Jan 1, 2015

By Marc C. Betournay, John E. Udd

"In this study, the authors investigated the stabilities of slopes cut predominantly into Trenton limestone in a large quarry in the Montreal region. Analyses of the bench and pit walls indicated that small-scale toppling, ravelling, and wedge failures are the most likely modes of instabilities. Because most of the joints dip steeply, however, the conclusion was made that relatively high walls could probably be justified.The field investigations were supplemented with the determinations of the shearing strengths of artificial discontinuities that were cut into samples of the limestone. The properties of a fine-grained limestone were found to be influenced very much by the magnitudes of the loads that were applied, while the properties of a crystalline limestone were found to be much less, or not load-dependent.The study is one of a number that are being conducted in this area.IntroductionExtensive quarrying has been done in the sedimentary strata of the Montreal area for a very long time. By any standards, it can be said that the Island of Montreal is a major mining area. At present, approximately 20 quarries are being operated in, or near, the city of Montreal.In addition to the millions of tons of limestone that are removed each year, a large number of excavations for foundations are cut into the sedimentary rocks.To date, however, very little information has been published concerning the engineering properties of the local geological materials. No mention is made of this aspect in the references which are presently available.Because of this lack of information, the senior author has initiated a study in which the strength properties of most of the rock types, and of the natural discontinuities contained in these, would be investigated. To date, the results of one other investigation have been published and other work is in process. It is hoped that the end result will be a comprehensive knowledge of the important strength properties of all of the rocks in the entire region."

Jan 1, 1983

By S. Banisi, M. Pourkani, A. R. Laplante, A. Partoazar

"Canadian experience in industrial modeling of grinding, classification, and flotation kinetics was applied at the Sarcheshmeh copper mine, which processes 40,000 t/d of ore at 0.9 % Cu, in an effort to improve capacity and metallurgical performance. Mcivor's functional performance analysis was applied to ball mill cyclone circuits to maximize circuit capacity. Plitt's cyclone model was applied to predict how apex wear would affect classification performance, as part of a predictive maintenance program whereby the optimum wear period is determined for cast iron apexes. The flotation flowsheet was improved using Agar's optimization criteria. The impact of these technologies has been nothing short of spectacular, with an improved capacity of 1 S to 20""/o, and increased recoveries.1-IntroductionThe Sarcheshmeh copper ore body, which may rank as third or fourth largest in the world, contains 1 billion tonnes averaging 0.90 % copper and 0.03 % molybdenum. It is located southeast of Iran and has been processing 40,000 t/d of ore since 1982. The mine produces 100,000 tonnes of copper and 2,200 tonnes of molybdenum concentrate per year. After three stages of crushing, the ore with a Fso of 12. 7 mm is fed to 8 parallel ball mills in closed circuit with cyclones to produce a product 70""/o finer than 7 S microns. The concentrate of the first stage of flotation is reground and the tailings constitute the main component of the plant final tailings. A concentrate with an average grade of 31 % Cu is obtained after cleaning and re-cleaning stages. Total recovery of the plant varies between 83 and 87 % depending on the operating conditions and ore type.To improve the overall performance of the plant, it was first decided to evaluate the performance of grinding, classification and flotation. Measures were then taken to improve performance using the following criteria: (i) The improvements should be of the types that have resulted in significant improvements in other plants (e.g. Shannon et al, 1993); and (ii) The proposed improvements must be achievable with the manual operation presently used at Sarcheshmeh. The outcome of this study could also help in making decisions on the implementation of automatic control systems in the Sarcheshmeh copper mine."

Jan 1, 1998

By F. Nava-Alonso, A. Uribe-Salas, C. Rodriguez-Rodriguez

Ozone has been proposed to pretreat refractory ores before the cyanidation process for precious metals extraction. As pyrargyrite is one of the silver species most common in Mexican refractory ores, the ozonization of this silver sulfide was studied. The effect of pH and ozone concentration on silver dissolution was evaluated by means of a factorial experimental design. Two levels of sulfuric acid concentration and ozone in gas concentration were evaluated: 0.18 and 0.72 mol/L of acid and 0.054 and 0.077 gO3/L, respectively. The highest silver dissolution was obtained when using the higher acid and ozone concentration.

Jan 1, 2011

By S. P. Jekielek

"This paper describes the automation of a mine hoist ore loading pocket using a programmable controller. It provides an introduction to programmable control, and outlines the various modes and operating sequences of the loading pocket. A comparison is made with previous equipment to illustrate the increased flexibility, reliability and diagnostic functions that are gained.IntroductionLoading pockets have evolved from a couple of manually operated air cylinders to entirely automated systems. Early pockets were usually formed in rock, with loading and discharging regulated by air-operated gate s. Interlocks, added to this arrangement, prevented simultaneous operation of the gates and ensured proper hoist position . As the loading pocket advanced, it was recognized that gravity feed posed problems, often becoming plugged or letting water run through into the shaft. A belt conveyor was employed, eliminating the se problems and resulting in greater loading control. Weighing the combination of transistorized logic modules, replaced many relay systems. This elimination of moving parts and contacts increased reliability and reduced maintenance costs.As semiconductor technology progressed, there were major breakthroughs in miniaturization and reliability, and as a result the programmable controller was introduced. Programmable controllers first appeared in the automotive industry in the late 1960&apos;s. A system controller was required to replace the large relay panels in operation at that time. The use of digital integrated circuitry enabled these programmable controllers to automate processes with hundreds of inputs and outputs. Advances in electronics reduced production costs , making controllers for smaller application s viable . This development is on-going, each generation introducing controllers with greater capabilities for a wider variety of systems. equipment was the next step in loading pocket development, and dependance on much of the manual control was reduced . The complete system was first automated using relay panels. Solid- state devices were later introduced, and static control,"

Jan 1, 1980

By H. Lorenzen, D. Buyze

"Magnesium-bearing salts occur in the Zechstein Basin in the north eastern part of the Netherlands at a depth of 1500m to 2500 m.Exploration results justified the exploitation of these salts by means of solution mining for the production of refractory grade magnesium- oxide. This paper discusses design criteria, operation parameters, and methods used for magnesium chloride solution mining by Noordelijke Zoutwinning B. V. (NOZO), an operating company of Billiton International Metals B. V.A unique variation of widely used solution mining techniques has been developed for mining the complex Veendam salt deposit. NOZO extracts salt through deviated wells with a set of parallel, suspended tubings. Cavern fluid pressure is maintained close to that of overburden rock. These special design features provide an answer for the complex characteristics of the minerals, halite, carnallite, bischofite and kieserite, from which a solution rich in magnesium is generated. Dissolution chemistry and rock mechanical behaviour of these salts are unlike those of rock salt. Throughout a few years, NOZO demonstrated adequate process control while they continue improving the operation.IntroductionBilliton, a wholly owned company of the Royal Dutch /Shell Group of Companies, is active in metal exploration, mining, processing, and trading, mainly in the non-ferrous sector.Since 1972 Billiton has been active with solution mining magnesium salts in the northeastern part of the Netherlands, in the Province of Groningen, near the city of Veendam . Solution mining techniques were developed in conjunction with the ""Koninklijke/Shell Laboratorium Amsterdam"" (KSLA) and the ""Koninklijke/Shell Exploration and Production Laboratorium"" (KSEPL), Rijswijk. The company&apos;s objective is to produce magnesia sinter (MgO) from magnesium-chloride brine (MgClz) and de-carbonated dolomite (CaO.MgO). The magnesia produced serves as base material for the manufacturing of refractory bricks, used for furnace linings in the steel industry."

Jan 1, 1986

By Donald MacFadgen

Since 1950, a total of 164 miles of levels and rooms have been roof-bolted in the collieries of the Dominion Coal Company. Roof bolting is an efficient and economic method of sup-port where heavy timber sets or steel booms are necessary for temporary roof support, or where conventional methods of support interfere with the passage of mechanical mining equipment. This paper discusses present roof bolting practices and special bolting applications. THE practice of roof bolting in be collieries of the Dominion Coal Company dates from 1950, when preliminary studies and experiments were carried out in a mechanized room and pillar section of Dominion No. 20 Colliery. These studies were made in close liaison with members of the United States Bureau of Mines who were conducting similar studies. Following the successful application of roof bolting in No. 20 Colliery, this method of roof support was introduced into other collieries

Jan 1, 1963