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By J. A. M. van Liempt

SINCE the discovery of von Laue, that a crystal forms a natural grating for X-rays, our knowledge of the structure of solids has gone forward with rapid strides. This progress is not only of purely scientific interest, but has also yielded direct technological results. One of the most valuable results is the broadening of our knowledge of the structure of pure metals and alloys. To promote these studies it is often desirable to have at our disposal pieces of metal consisting of one single crystal. As is so often the case in the natural sciences, we obtain the best results by making our earliest experiments on pure, simple materials and avoiding unnecessary complications. The Cryogen Laboratory at Leyden followed this method with much success, because the work was done at such low temperatures that the heat movement of the atoms was almost absent. Similarly we can simplify the studies of metals by leaving out of consideration the influence of the grain boundaries and the mutual influence of the crystals by using unicrystalline instead of polycrystalline metal. Methods of making single crystals have been scientifically studied during the past few years. Some methods were already known in the arts, but these have been improved and new methods have been developed. The methods for making metallic single crystals may be divided into the following groups: A. From the liquid state B. From the gaseous state C. Electrolytically D. By recrystallization in the solid state METHOD A 1. Tammann's Method. 1-Tammann succeeded in making bismuth single crystals of a maximum length of 20 cm. by undercooling the molten metal 0.1 to 0.3° G. below its melting point in glass tubes of a maximum

Jan 1, 1928

By R. S. Handy

The No. 2 unit of the West Mill of the Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining & Concentrating Co., which went into commission Apr. 17, 1912, is structurally a twin of the No. 1 unit, which was started Nov. 9, 1909. Up to the point where the ore enters the concentrating-de-partment, it follows precisely the process described by G. Cae-tani in his article entitled, Milling of Lead-Silver Ores,' under the heading, Preparation of the Mill-Ore. The process from this point forward, in the No. 2 section, is outlined on the accompanying flow-sheet. In describing it I shall attempt to analyze the products of each separate process. The constancy of the tonnage and the uniformity of the quality of the feed render this practicable. No. 1.—550 tons of feed, all having passed 30 mm., is washed into two 15-mm. trommels, 4 ft, in diameter, 60 in. long, 17 rev. per min., 1 in. slope, 3/8-in. gauge steel.

Jan 1, 1913

By T. A. Rickard

The use of the verb in this mood is not as common as formerly: at the time, for' example, when the Bible was translated and the plays of Shakespeare were written. Nevertheless it is an essential part of literary English. In editing the `Mining and Scientific Press' I do not insist upon the use of the subjunctive in articles that are contributed from the outside, but it is deemed proper in all our editorial writing. To speak plainly, the subjunctive is I a mark of scholarship; it is ignored by those that are not particular in such matters, and unfortunately it is a source of perplexity to many that are entirely unfamiliar with the use of it. Therefore, as an editor, I think it well to allow the indicative mood to be used by contributors in sentences in which, to be strictly correct, the verbs .should be in the subjunctive mood. The fact that most subjunctives are indistinguishable in form from indicatives is another cause of trouble to the uninitiated.* For example, the verbs in such phrases as "Suffice it to say ", "So help me God ", and "God save the King" Fare in the subjunctive. One reason why the subjunctive is becoming uncommon is the growing habit of expressing the subjunctive meaning by aid of auxiliary verbs that are coupled with the infinitive; thus: "It will suffice' to say" and "May God save the King". The subjunctive is common in subordinate clauses, and that is how it obtained its name, `subjunctive', meaning * The student is referred to `A New English Grammar', by E. A. Sonnenschein, published by the Clarendon Press, Oxford. This textbook (see pp. 60-71 in Part III) discusses the subject luminously.

Jan 1, 1931

By Robert Mehl

A STUDY of the structures arising from the decomposition of the a solid solutions in the Cu-Zn and the Cu-Al systems is of peculiar interest in the study of the mechanism of precipitation from solid solutions. It is possible in these alloys, by varying the composition within the ß field, to precipitate from the same basic lattice phases having different lattice structures. It has been rather generally assumed heretofore that the type of structure originating from the decomposition of a solid solution-the Widmanstätten structure-is determined by the lattice structure of the parent solid solution alone. In the first paper of this series1 evidence was advanced which threw doubt upon this hypothesis; but definite proof of the correctness or incorrectness of the hypothesis should be forthcoming from a study of these alloys, for if the structures originating, for example, from the precipitation of the a phase from ß and of the -y phase from the ß in the Cu-Zn system should be shown to be crystallographically different, the hypothesis would necessarily be held as definitely disproved. Furthermore, the newer proposal enunciated in the first paper of this series-that the origin of the Widmanstätten structure lies in a cooperation between the lattice of the parent solid solution and that of the precipitate-which at present seems the only alternative hypothesis, would in such an event be given added weight. The work here reported shows that the Widmanstätten structures originating in the precipitation of the a phase from the a and in the precipitation of the -y phase from the ß in the Cu-Zn system are indeed crystallographically different; and incidentally presents some new descriptive information on the Widmanstätten structure from a more general point of view.

Jan 1, 1931

By John Pew

PRIOR to the development of the bulk-oil carrier, practically all transportation of oil was in barrels and in cans contained in wooden cases; the latter was known as case oil. In the year 1885, approximately two hundred million gallons of petroleum were exported from this country in barrels and about one and three-quarter millions in bulk; less than twelve years later, the shipment in barrels had decreased to nearly one and three-quarter million gallons, while the transport of bulk oil had increased to four hundred eighty-four million gallons. The first modern tanker, the "Glückauf," was built in England in 1886. Her hull, which was 300 ft. long, was divided into compartments by transverse bulk-heads, these compartments being divided by longitu-dinal center-line bulkheads extending throughout the oil spaces. There was a pump room forward of the boiler room, thus providing a cofferdam or safety space. Between the main and upper decks, a narrow trunk extended the full length of the' oil spaces, the trans-verse and longitudinal bulkheads being carried to the upper deck. This allowed for the expansion of the oil from a rise in temperature, and if the tank below the main deck was kept full, the danger of the oil moving with the roll and pitch of the vessel was considerably reduced. Spaces for the carriage of light oil were provided on each side of the vessel outboard of the expansion trunk, while water ballast was carried under the machinery compartments fore and aft. Although vessels previously had been built to carry oil next to the skin of the ship, it is claimed that the "Glückauf" was the first one constructed on the new principle outlined.

Jan 12, 1922

All data about shipments from the present state of West Virginia, even when it was still a part of the "Old Dominion," are shown in Table 56 together with the source of information, and all other figures are estimated. While the earliest production was undoubtedly in the extreme northern part of the state, coal having been quite largely used in Pennsylvania before any is credited to West Virginia, the largest production in the early days of the industry was along the Kanawha River where the salt furnaces used tremendous quantities for years before shipments were made by river. When we take into consideration the economic conditions existing then, it is evident that the consumption of coal by the salt industry along the Kanawha and Kiskiminitas Rivers rivalled in importance that of any industry today. There were no canals built in this state, the shipments before railroads were built being by the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers, and production in the northern counties began after the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad was completed from Cumberland to Wheeling. For some years after this line was completed all locomotive fuel used on it was hauled from the Cumberland region. The movement of coal from Boone County by Coal River to the Kanawha and Ohio Rivers from 1857 to 1880 is rather unique in its size and the length of movement, nearly all the coal going at least as far as Cincinnati and much of it to New Orleans. Fayette County began shipping when the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad was completed and Mercer County, when the Norfolk & Western Railroad reached there in 1884; none of the other large producing counties in the southern part of the state began producing coal in the period under study.

Jan 1, 1942

By G. B. Pryde

IN laying out a new mine, provision should be made for the ultimate recovery of as much coal in any given bed as is consistent with safety and economic mining. Though each mining district, if not each individual mine, has problems that make the adoption of any hard and fast rule impossible, certain basic principles are adapted to practically all conditions. One of the most vital is the provision for barrier pillars of ample dimensions to protect all haulage and permanent airways during the life of the property. Where conditions permit, room or butt entries should be driven on the strike or slightly to the raise and rooms turned at right angles to said entries. The width of rooms and room pillars is governed by conditions prevailing in the mines under consideration. A safe rule is: In advancing, extract not more than 25 to 35 per cent. of the entire seam; in exceptionally thick seams, considerably less than 25 per cent. should be taken. Rooms usually vary in length from 250 to 350 ft. (76 to 106 m.) with a barrier pillar of not less than 80 ft. between the last crosscut in rooms, and entry and room crosscuts should be driven on sights; room crosscuts should be driven at right angles to the direction of the rooms. In mines under excessively heavy cover or where roof conditions are bad, rooms should be driven narrow and a barrier pillar left at every fifth to tenth room. This barrier should be of such dimensions that one or more rooms, with pillars of usual dimensions, may be turned through it when the barrier is no longer required. Two of the advantages of such a barrier are the protection of the panel against peaking of roof load during pillar extraction and the easy closing of the entry in case of fire.

Jan 2, 1921

By Robert Kinzie

WHEN Mr. Cameron, the President of the Santa Cruz Portland Cement Co., returned from Europe in 1929, he brought first-hand infor-mation about a very versatile type of hydraulic cement. It was not a new cement, many articles having been written about it in foreign journals, but in this country the record of this type of cement had been either neglected or minimized. Using local materials, and applying the information brought back by Mr. Cameron together with many data in numerous publications, the Santa Cruz Portland Cement Co. developed the Santa Cruz high-silica cement. This cement is manufactured by grinding with portland cement clinker a properly calcined mixture of siliceous material and lime. It has all the utility of portland cement, together with an increased resistance to the destructive action of many aggressive solutions. To explain the necessity for the development of a cement having these characteristics, the history of hydraulic binding materials may be reviewed briefly. The materials used as binding media by primitive people were mud, lime, gypsum and bitumin. Due to its utility, ease of preparation, and its common occurrence, lime was the most widely used. Fat lime, when used by itself or with an inert sand, hardened only on the outside surface, where the carbonate was formed by absorption of carbon dioxide from the air, while, the interior of the mortar remained soft. It was quite early discovered that the incorporation of proper siliceous material with the lime increased its ability to harden, and for this purpose various natural siliceous powders were used, such as puzzo-lana in Italy, trass in what is now Germany, and santorin in Greece. These powders reacted with the lime forming a permanent cement and rendered unnecessary the access of carbon dioxide to the mortar.

Jan 1, 1934

By Andrew A. Blair

It is now well known that certain pig-irons give a considerably smaller percentage of sulphur when determined by evolution-methods than when determined by oxidation-methods. The most striking examplcs of such irons are those made either wholly or in large part from New Jersey magnetites containing more or less titanium. It is never safe to use an evolution-method on such iron; for it is quite common that the sulphur result by evolution is only one-half or even one-third as great as that obtained by oxidation. For this reason, evolution-methods should be discarded, except in the analysis of pig-irons known to contain the sulphur in a state of combination from which it is evolved as sulphuretted hydrogen on treatment with hydrochloric acid. A good example of an iron containing, in the residue, sulphur insoluble in hydrochloric acid having come to our attention, it was determined to try to isolate a suspected insoluble sulphide. A large piece of high-silicon gray-forge iron was accordingly selected as the most promising material to work on. This piece was dissolved slowly, through several months, in dilute hydrochloric acid, aided by the electric current, yielding a soft graphitic residue. The object of dissolving a mass of iron, instead of drillings, was to prevent the crushing, by the drill, of any insoluble crystalline compound that might be present. The first step in the preparation was to break up the graphitic material and put it through bolting-cloth of 157 meshes to the linear inch. This was done by crushing the mass under the fingers on the bolting-cloth fastened over the top of a beaker, while a stream of water from a wash-bottle washed the finer portions through the cloth. The suspended matter was allowed to settle. It was then transferred to a platinum

Jan 1, 1902

By James R. Cudworth, Joseph C. Mead

The Birmingham district of Alabama has utilized the slag from its blast furnaces consistently since the earliest development of the slag industry. Today there are producers of slag cement who started business in 1900, and who have, under a progressive policy, expanded the number of their products to meet present demands. There are producers of slag aggregates and other crushed slag products who have been successful for periods of over thirty years. There are at the present two companies, Cheney Lime and Cement Co. and the Southern Cement Co., manufacturing puzzolan cement; two companies, Birmingham Slag Co. and Woodstock Slag Co., making slag aggregates and by-products; one company, Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railway Co., a subsidiary of the U. S. Steel Corporation, producing ground open-hearth basic slag for soil conditioning. Two companies, the Sloss Sheffield Steel and Iron Co. and the Woodstock Slag Co., make slag concrete in ready-mix plants and one company, the Superock Company, manufactures fine and coarse slag aggregates under a new granulation process. NO Portland cement is made with slag as an ingredient, because dolomite is used so extensively as a blast-furnace flux that the magnesium content of the slag is excessive. Sources of Slag In the Birmingham district there are 22 blast furnaces, of which the majority are in blast. The present production is 165,000 tons of pig iron monthly; the production in 1935 was 1,297,960 gross tons1. There arc also two blast furnaces at Gadsden and one ferroalloy electric furnaee at Anniston. From these two sources is obtained slag to approximately 1.1 tons per ton of pig iron. History of Development of the Industry The history of the local utilization of slag as an industry probably starts with the Birmingharii Slag Cement Co. This company was

Jan 1, 1938

By Joseph C. Mead, James R. Cudworth

The Birmingham district of Alabama has utilized the slag from its blast furnaces consistently since the earliest development of the slag industry. Today there are producers of slag cement who started business in 1900, and who have, under a progressive policy, expanded the number of their products to meet present demands. There are producers of slag aggregates and other crushed slag products who have been successful for periods of over thirty years. There are at the present two companies, Cheney Lime and Cement Co. and the Southern Cement Co., manufacturing puzzolan cement; two companies, Birmingham Slag Co. and Woodstock Slag Co., making slag aggregates and by-products; one company, Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railway Co., a subsidiary of the U. S. Steel Corporation, producing ground open-hearth basic slag for soil conditioning. Two companies, the Sloss Sheffield Steel and Iron Co. and the Woodstock Slag Co., make slag concrete in ready-mix plants and one company, the Superock Company, manufactures fine and coarse slag aggregates under a new granulation process. NO Portland cement is made with slag as an ingredient, because dolomite is used so extensively as a blast-furnace flux that the magnesium content of the slag is excessive. Sources of Slag In the Birmingham district there are 22 blast furnaces, of which the majority are in blast. The present production is 165,000 tons of pig iron monthly; the production in 1935 was 1,297,960 gross tons1. There arc also two blast furnaces at Gadsden and one ferroalloy electric furnaee at Anniston. From these two sources is obtained slag to approximately 1.1 tons per ton of pig iron. History of Development of the Industry The history of the local utilization of slag as an industry probably starts with the Birmingharii Slag Cement Co. This company was

Jan 1, 1938

ENGINEERS AVAILABLE (Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members.) Member, graduate engineer, aged 44, with over 22 years' experience in connection with the development of large coal and coke properties in different parts of the country, desires position as general manager or general superintendent of large bituminous coal producer, or will take an interest and the management of a smaller operation. No. 258 Member, aged 41, mining engineer, manager or general superintendent, 20 years' experience, 10 years in Mexico, 5 years Western States, 5 years abroad. Guarantee results, fluent Spanish, excellent references. New York interview. No. 282. Member, technical mining graduate, 10 years' experience, especially in design, erection, construction and purchase of power and mining equipment and supplies, desires position in purchasing department. Married, aged 32, employed at present, references furnished. No. 295.

Jan 6, 1916

By Ralph M. Barnett, Albert K. Smith

During the last few years, a great deal of interest has been aroused in the use of more refined blasting techniques. It has been the effort of many mining companies to reduce powder cost, obtain better rock breakage, reduce drilling costs and provide safer working places. With the advent of new types of powder and such techniques as cushion blasting, line blasting, smoothwall or soundwall blasting, and presplitting or preshearing, these goals are approaching reality. Smoothwall blasting and presplitting have re- ceived much attention at the Climax Molybdenum Co., Climax, Colo., mine because of the large cost factor involved. An experimental program was begun in 1961, and during 1964 to the present has been used in many working areas. Some spectacular results have been achieved by the operating personnel in hard ground, but the most beneficial results have been in areas where the ground has been soft and highly fractured.

Jan 7, 1965

By T. Sterry Hunt

THE essential principle of this new process, now in operation in Chili and in North Carolina, for the extraction of copper from its ores, is the dissolving of the oxides of copper by a hot solution of protochloride of iron and common salt. In the action which takes place, the protochloride of iron is converted into peroxide, while the oxides of copper are changed into protochloride and dichloride, the latter of which, though insoluble in water, is readily soluble in a hot strong brine. From the solution thus obtained, metallic iron throws down the copper in a metallic state, regenerating the protochloride of iron; which is then ready for the treatment of a fresh portion of oxidized copper ore. In the case of slimy ores, the contact of the bath with the ore is effected by agitation in tubs ; but when the ores are granular, lixiviation in large vats is equally efficient and simpler. The hot solutions, charged with chlorides of copper, are digested in tanks with scrap-iron, or better, are made to flow through covered channels containing the scrap-iron, and in their passage lose the whole of their copper; the reaction at the same time evolving so much heat as to keep up the temperature of the liquid. In order to prevent a certain loss of chlorine, which otherwise takes place from the production of some basic ferric chloride in the reaction between the ferrous chloride and the oxides of copper (both protoxide and dinoxide being generally present in calcined ores), a portion of sulphurous fumes from the roasting is made to pass through the regenerated bath before adding it to fresh ore. This has hitherto been effected by injection, with the aid of a jet of steam.

Jan 1, 1873

By J. W. Gilbert

DuriNG the sinking of the Needmore shaft, on one of the leases of the Eagle-Picher Mining and Smelting Co north of Webb City, Missouri, a very strong flow of water was encountered at a depth of 140 ft. Because OF the speed at which the water rose in the shaft after pumping was discontinued, and in order to speed up sinking operations, a new type of shaft bar and drilling equiprnent was devised, which saved approximately one hour on each shift This bar is made of an ordinary scren type shaft bar with a common drill arm attached to the bar by clamps and welded Into place To this drill arm is attached an ordinary arm clamp with set collar below Through this clamp is attached another drill bar of ordinary length so constructed that it slides back and forth and rotates around the perimeter of the shaft on the set collar A tripod saddle with legs removed is welded to the rotating bar, which enables the drill operator to drill holes at any angle completely around the shaft and also, after an arm extension, permits the drilling of the corner holes without removal of the rig from the saddle Upon completion of the drilling of a shaft round, all that is necessary for the complete removal of the drill machine and shaft bar is to engage the hoist hook through a. ¾-in. eye provided for that purpose on top of the bar and disconnect the air and water lines from the machine, thereby making it possible to pull the whole apparatus out in one piece. At no time is it necessary to remove the machine from the saddle Screw jacks are installed on the vertical bar to further ensure the rigidity of the shaft and bar arm. The accompanying sketch illustrates the details and method of setting up.

Jan 1, 1946

W. L. Saunders, New York, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary*):—The Laramie tunnel, though a small one, compares very favorably in the speed of driving with the great Alpine tunnels which have the record so far. I think it safe to say that, taking all things into consideration, the record made at Laramie is the best American record, though it still falls short of the long-tunnel records abroad. In discussing tunnel-records it must always be borne in mind that there are conditions peculiar to each individual tunnel job, so that no comparisons are complete, fair and conclusive. At Laramie there is one point which stands out prominently, and which distinguishes this from any of the recently-built Alpine tunnels, and that is that here we have great progress in an American driven tunnel without the use of a carriage for mounting the drills. At the Arlberg and Loetschberg tunnels, the carriage was an essential condition for progress. All the heading-drills were mounted upon a bar which rested upon a small carriage. This carriage was withdrawn after the drilling and run into the heading after the blast without much disturbance of the drills, and with very little adjustment except that required in jacking the horizontal bar across the tunnel. The carriage was so small in its track-area that it required little mucking to run it in to the face; and as the rock-drills used were heavy machines 38 in. in diameter, progress in setting up and drilling was very much accelerated by the use of the carriage. At the Laramie tunnel hammer-drills were used instead of piston-drills, and here we have an important distinction which

Jan 1, 1913

Present indications are that the Fourth National Exposition of Chemical Industries, to be held in Grand Central Palace, New York, Sept. 23 to 28, will be the greatest exhibition of its kind ever held. Preparations are well under way and the advisory committee is working hard to make, every department of the affair a success. Men prominent in the chemical and allied industries will speak on subjects vital to present conditions and needs. Dr. C. H. Herty, and Dr. G. W. Thompson, President of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, are to make opening addresses. F. J. Tone, President of the American Electrochemical Society; Dr. W. H. Nichols, President of the American Chemical Society, and several others, are expected to make addresses also. Prof. Joseph W. Richards will speak on : ?Ferro-alloys of silicon, tungsten, uranium, vanadium, molybdenum, and titanium." Theodore Swann, President of the Southern Manganese Corporation will speak on "Ferro-manganese." The program for the exposition is in active preparation. There will be a series of symposiums on the "Development of Chemical Industries in the United States, notably since July, 1914." Among other topics for consideration is that of potash development; C. A. Higgins, of the Hercules Powder Company, will speak of the operations of that company in the recovery of potash from kelp; Linn Bradley, of the Research Corporation, on its recovery from cement dust, and other sources, by electrical precipitation. Other symposiums will be devoted to chemical engineering, acids, industrial organic chemistry, the ceramic industries, and the metal industries. Among the speakers are: A. Hough.-" Chemical Engineering in Explosives: TNT; TNA; Picric Acid; and Nitrobenzol." E. J. Pranke.-" Development of Nitric Acid Manufacture." S. P. Sadtler.-"Development of Industrial Organic Chemistry." Geo. H. Tomlinson.-" Wood as a Source of Ethyl Alcohol." C. A. Higgins.-"Kelp as a, Source of Organic Solvents." Alcan Hirsch.-" Pyrophoric Alloys."

Jan 9, 1918

By G. S. Hume

ACTIVE drilling operations for oil were carried on during the summer of 1923 in various parts of, western Canada, particularly in Alberta. During the early part of the summer, interest centered in southern Alberta, in the Coutts area, just north of the producing Kevin-Sunburst field of Montana; but on Nov. 14 a strike of oil by British Petroleums Ltd. at its well near Wainwright, 120 mi. east of Edmonton, diverted public attention to a new field. According to present estimates, this well has a possible production of from 60 to 100 bbl. a day; the oil is 15° Be. with an asphaltic base and is obtained from a sand at the depth of 2019-2036 ft. The oil stands at 1700 ft. in the casing and there is sufficient gas pressure to cause it to flow when the well is opened. The oil horizon is in a sandstone in rocks of Colorado age. It is known that there is a terrace structure of which the western edge extends in a northwesterly direction from the vicinity of Hardisty to Viking, where it probably swings more to the north. At Viking a small dome-like structure on this terrace gives rise to an important gas field. Wainwright lies directly northeast of Hardisty. The exact structure in the Wainwright field is unknown. At Fabyan, 6 mi. northwest of Wainwright, the Imperial Oil Co.1 last year brought 1n a large gas well estimated at 14,000,000 cu. ft.; the escaping gas sprayed a small amount of heavy black oil over the derrick. The gas was obtained at a depth of 2727 ft., deeper drilling encountering a water sand. The results of drilling in the Wainwright field are encouraging for future development.

Jan 3, 1924

By W. K. Lewis

During the last decade the petroleum refinery engineer has made great progress in achieving a better understanding of the physical behavior of hydrocarbon mixtures, with particular reference to their pressure-temperature-volume relationships, the mechanism of the evaporation of liquids, the condensation of vapors, including the changes in composition, and the heat effects accompanying them. With the new insight into the mechanism of movement of oil and gas through the formations in which they occur, achieved by the production engineer, it is clear that the latter will need to utilize in the solution of his own problems much of the information outlined above. It is the purpose of this paper to outline the portions of that information that seem most certain to prove of importance in production work. Properties of Pure Hydrocarbons While it is true that petroleum always consists of highly complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, none the less understanding of the behavior of the mixture must be based upon a knowledge of the properties of the pure components. However, in view of the tremendous number of hydrocarbons existing in petroleum, the determination and formulation of the properties of all of them would seem a discouraging task. The difficulty of the situation is increased by the undoubted facts that the overwhelming majority of chemical individuals in petroleum have never been isolated as pure compounds, none of their physical properties have been determined and even their chemical constitution is unknown. The situation would be hopeless were it not for the fact that certain extraordinary correlations of important properties of various hydrocarbons have been discovered which make it possible to predict those properties for a given chemical individual on the basis of a very limited characterization of it. Thus one can predict the vapor-pressure curve of an unknown hydrocarbon over a considerable range from the knowledge of a

Jan 1, 1934

By John Fritz

TROUGH it is not a condition of the Award, the fact is that the John Fritz Medal never has been given to an engineer who had not already received one or more similar awards. This "medal for medalists," on the evening of April 20, was presented to Daniel C. Jackling at a special dinner held at the Union League Club in New York. The citation read "For notable industrial achievement in initiating mass production of copper from low-grade ores through the application of engineering principles." The present award recognizes the same accomplishment-the launching and guiding to the port of marvelous success of the Utah Copper Co., first of the so-called "Porphyries"-as did the award of the William Lawrence Saunders Gold Medal by the A.I.M.E. in 1930, and before that the Award of the Gold Medal of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America in 1926. Following the custom a biography of the Medalist had been published in a small pamphlet as a supplement to the John Fritz Medal Book. T. A. Rickard was the au¬thor of the sketch of Mr. Jackling, an innovation being the placing of a copy of the booklet at the place of each of the diners. The committee in charge of the dinner consisted of two past-presidents: R. E. Tally, of the A.I.M.E., who was chairman; Bancroft Gherardi, of the A.I.E.E.; and Thaddeus Merriman, director of the A. S. C. E., the John Fritz Medal being a joint award of the four societies. Frederick M. Becket, President of the A.I.M.E., as chairman for the occasion, briefly stated the purpose of the dinner. He stressed his satisfaction that the award was symbolic of the cooperative professional activities of the four great national organizations of engineers. He introduced Francis Lee Stuart, past-president of the A.S.C.E. and now chairman of the John Fritz Medal Board of Award. Mr. Stuart outlined the history and purpose of the Medal established in 1902 in memory of John Fritz, of Bethlehem, Pa., one of the great pioneers of America's iron and steel industry, metallurgist, and president of the A.I.M.E. in 1894. Mr. Stuart called the roll of former John Fritz Medalists, three of whom, Ralph Modjeski, J. Waldo Smith, and Ambrose Swasey, were present to do honor to Mr. Jackling. He then introduced George Otis Smith, whose privilege it was to present the Medalist for 1933. Dr. Smith was the senior of the four A.I.M.E. representatives on the Board that last year selected Mr. Jackling for the honor. His speech follows in full.

Jan 1, 1933