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By D P. Obeng, L Reemeyer, R Holmes

The Zinifex Century Mine employs a large number of Detritor mills for fine and ultra-fine grinding to liberate silica and sphalerite at 80 per cent passing 7.5 microns before final zinc flotation. A joint project between CSIRO Minerals and the Zinifex Century Mine was carried out to evaluate the Detritor mill performance. Plant surveys were conducted around the Detritors in conjunction with laboratory tests. The survey data showed that the Detritors in the ultra-fine milling circuit performed well. They reduced a feed F80 sizing of 46 microns to a product P80 sizing of 7.5 microns at a gross energy consumption of 37.2 kWh/t. Scale-up of ultra-fine milling Detritors was studied using a 0.55 kW laboratory batch unit and a 355 kW full-scale Detritor by processing Century zinc concentrate with 1 mm sand media. The results indicated that the 0.55 kW laboratory mill underestimated the energy consumption of the full-scale Detritor by about 20 per cent for a product P80 of seven microns. The performances of a horizontal IsaMill and a vertical Detritor were compared as ultra-fine milling devices for processing Century zinc concentrate. The experimental data demonstrated that, when using the same grinding media, the energy efficiency of the two mills is similar despite the difference in mill designs. The Detritors used for regrind duty at the Century Mine performed poorly when processing feed at 80 per cent passing 88 micron. The energy consumption was high and the product size distribution was broad with particles above 100 microns in the feed unbroken and particles below ten microns overground. A coarser ceramic media of 3 mm was therefore tested in a laboratory Detritor to process the regrind Detritor feed as an alternative to the 1 mm Colorado sand used at the Century Mine. The ceramic media reduced the energy consumption significantly and produced a narrower product size distribution, which is more desirable for the downstream flotation process.

Jan 1, 2007

By A Bagis, T Baker

In 1983 the New South Wales (NSW) Government began to construct a 35 km freight rail line to provide additional rail capacity to Port Kembla in the Illawarra region, south of Sydney, through a direct connection between the Unanderra to Moss Vale line at Dombarton to the Main South rail line at Maldon in the Southern Highlands. The project area lies within the carefully managed Sydney Water catchment and is also underlain by previous coal mining activities.Construction of the line halted in 1988 prior to its completion after the NSW Government reassessed the demand case and found that the project was not as viable as originally forecast. However, by this stage the line was partially constructed, including the majority of civil earthworks, approach structures to the main river crossings and establishing the portals for the Avon tunnel as a precursor to major tunnelling works.In 2012, the Commonwealth Government funded Transport for NSW to undertake the necessary engineering and environmental preconstruction works. Most importantly here, the 1980s rail link was predicated upon the use of electrically powered locomotives, whereas the locomotive fleet in operation today in NSW is diesel powered. This fact has a significant impact upon the approach and development of the Avon tunnel section, as the diesel powered locomotives combined with the length and grade of the tunnel alignment produces a unique set of conditions requiring specialist engineering design and systems to ensure safe and functional operation of the railway through the tunnel section.Given the above, the Avon tunnel will need to be supported by a ventilation and smoke control design based on the heat rejection from the locomotive consist, consideration of ambient air quality compliance, comparison against in-tunnel air quality goals, and providing safety systems in line with the fire and life safety strategy it requires.This paper explores the current development of both the tunnel civil works responding to the geography, geology, rail functional requirements, as well as the tunnel ventilation systems being revised to suit the diesel locomotives.Further, this paper describes the importance of combining the design outcomes with the procurement methodology in order to achieve the project objectives, a functional outcome and value for money across the project life.CITATION:Baker, T and Bagis, A, 2014. Maldon to Dombarton Rail Link – design development of the Avon Tunnel, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014 , pp 487–494 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 17, 2014

By Prakash AJ, Singh PK, Dhar BB

Safety and stability of underground mine openings, coal pillars and water dams in the near vicinity of operating surface mines are endangered from excessive blast induced vibrations. This paper deals with the investigations carried out in four coal mines. Simultaneous measurements at equal distances from the source indicated higher level of vibration on the surface than those produced in the underground workings. The values of peak particle velocity (PPV) measured on coal pillars, body of water dam were lower than those measured on roof and junctions of the roadways. The parting of coal (3-4.5 m) between two sections vibrated with higher PPV compared to the roof of top section and floor of bottom section. In one case the influence of total charge fired in a round was significant in generation of vibration compared to the maximum charge/delay where monitoring was done vertically below the source.

Jan 1, 1995

By Culshaw MG, Deaves AP, Bell FG

The accurate prediction both of the water ingress into sub-surface excavations and the nearby groundwater pressures is of fundamental importance to the control of the stability and flooding of tunnels or mines constructed below the water table. Predic- tions are usually based on laboratory and in situ permeability determinations together with observations of groundwater conditions in boreholes. Although established theoretical methods provide a basis for prediction, the actual ingress depends on many factors. The objective of this paper is to explore the geological controls on groundwater conditions, and the available methods of prediction of both groundwater flow and pressure are outlined. Salient points are emphasised by reference to a case history involving the construc- tion of a tunnel in a faulted and mixed sequence of sandstones, siltstones, shales and coals. Water ingress quantities have been monitored for a variety geological and geotechnical conditions including heavily faulted and mine disturbed ground. The overall results are discussed with reference to the relevant hydrological and geologi- cal conditions in terms of the geological structure, lithology and rockmass condition as well as the construction methods.

Jan 1, 1988

By Jowett A

To compare open circuit lead primary rougher results at Mount Isa Mines Ltd., eleven surveys were made over five weeks of plant operation with varying ore sources, including a specially hauled sample of 100% Black Star ore. Three of the surveys which represented extremes in performance were selected for sizing, cyclosizing and assaying for lead, zinc and iron. A comparison of the flotation kinetics has revealed the similarities (including common problems) and differences for the surveyed ores. The concepts of entrainment and collectorless flotability are used to aid interpretation of the kinetic data.

Jan 1, 1978

By Pratt V

The economic, social and political environment of the mining and minerals industries is, as we all know, volatile and affected by constantly changing international forces. In addition, the outcome of negotiations with overseas customers is often uncertain for long periods, or even unfavourable. The industries and companies represented at this Conference are in an arena of high competition, risk taking and enormous capital outlay. They are industries which our overseas markets (rightly or wrongly) have criticised for industrial relations problems, unreliable production and uncertain deliveries. They are industries which have an urgent need to be cost effective and competitive at all levels of activity.A critical factor in the mining and metallurgy industries is, therefore, its human resources and its human resource management. It requires the full use of available talent, innovation, skills and qualifications within its workforce, and the appropriate management of these resources.

Jan 1, 1985

By Pollard DM, Willis GM

The removal of bismuth from liquid copper in a vacuum furnace was studied over a range of pressures. The rate determining step changes from diffusion in the gas at pressures above 0.2 Torr to approach the Langmuir evaporation rate at pressures of 10-2 Torr. Oxygen and sulphur were found to have a negligible effect on the rate. Bismuth removal from copper sulphide was found to be considerably slower than from copper. This is consistent with the known thermodynamic properties of ternary sulphide melts.

Jan 1, 1980

By M Lee, J F. Carswell, G Reitsema

"The increased costs of underground mining have continually challenged engineers to identify opportunities for alternatives to common approaches to underground development. Considerations to the design of horizontal and vertical development at the Dugald River mine targeted inclined raise boring to reduce horizontal development, not only to reduce cost, but to allow development activities to focus on other areas of the mine.The mine plan consists of 50 raise bored ventilation shafts, of which 17 have been mined to date with diameters ranging from 3.1 m to 5 m and lengths from 30 m to 200 m. The expected performance and stability of these shafts has been determined using methodologies proposed by McCracken and Stacey (1989) and further refined by Peck, Coombes and Lee (2011). Actual raise performances have been collated and compared to a database of raise bore performances across Australia as presented by Coombes, Lee and Peck (2011), and form a database of raise bore performance specific to Dugald River.Opportunities to further optimise the mine plan and reduce costs have seen the introduction of large diameter-inclined raise bored ventilation shafts to minimise the required lateral development to connect the ventilation circuits. Large diameter inclined shafts ranging between 3.1 m and 4.5 m in diameter have been successfully mined with dips down to 70°, reducing the cost of lateral development by more than $1 million over the next two years.Both technical and operational challenges were overcome in the mining of large diameter-inclined raise bores, including modification of: existing methodologies of assessing shaft wall stability for inclined raises. These included variations of the McCracken and Stacey method and the utilisation of the modified stability number (N’) previously developed for stope performance (Potvin, 1988). both the collar and toe development profiles, including the general set-up of the raise bore drill rig to reduce the operational risks associated with angled raises.Due to their success, inclined raises have been designed for subsequent stages of the life-of-mine ventilation system at Dugald River. This has resulted in significant capital cost savings for the mine.CITATION:Carswell, J F, Reitsema, G and Lee, M, 2017. Vertical and inclined raise bore performance at Dugald River mine, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2017, pp 313–320 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Oct 16, 2017

By T Ladinig

Raise caving is a novel cave mining method, which has been proposed for mass mining at increasing mining depths in LKAB operations. The method makes use of the raise mining technology and an active stress management approach. For the implementation the method is split into two phases, namely a de-stressing phase and a production phase. In the de-stressing phase, a slot-pillar system is established. The purpose of slots is to provide stress shadows and the purpose of the large pillars is to control stress and seismicity. The production phase follows after the de-stressing phase. Required infrastructure in the production phase is developed delayed in stress shadows and bulk extraction takes place in de-stressed zones. Eventually the pillars crush and they are extracted in the production phase. A comprehensive research and development program has been launched to develop the raise caving method towards implementation. As part of this program a full-scale test site of raise caving will be conducted as well as raise caving operations are planned for depth extensions in LKAB mines. This paper discusses the design of raise caving operations in practice at the LKAB mines. In particular, the purpose of the paper is to focus on requirements for the development and design of a raise caving operation. The development of raise caving is discussed from a systems engineering perspective as well as from a management perspective. The functional requirements in the destressing and production phase are outlined and discussed in the paper. The discussion is on basis of the main elements of the raise caving system, such as slots, stopes, pillars and infrastructure. Critical rock engineering design requirements in the de-stressing and production phase are highlighted and dependencies between individual main elements are identified. The analyses show that pillars are especially important for the success of the mining method. Overall, the analyses show that raise caving is a complex system and that its development demands a multidisciplinary approach.

Mar 29, 2023

The value of Australia's education services exports increased to over $15 billion dollars in 2009, placing education as the third overall export earner behind coal and iron ore; however there are concerns over the impact of emerging policies on the future of both the industry and the provision of mining education. Policies have impacts on the growing number of international rankings (or league tables) of mining jurisdictions and universities. A high position in such rankings might be used as a measure of perceived quality with benefit to those at the top and to the detriment to those lower down.    Top performing companies in the relatively new domain of sustainability have been shown to achieve better financial performance than their industry competitors, assisting them in attracting top quality committed staff, hence positioning themselves well for the future. The world's mining companies, jurisdictions and universities are now ranked with results in the public domain. It is argued as to the validity of the data or perceptions used in such rankings, but there is no doubt they are influential in determining the flow of dollars around the globe. By investing your pension fund assets in the shares of the top performing companies, by placing your exploration dollars in a country at the top of such a list of attractive jurisdictions, attending or recruiting from a University at the top of the rankings - risk must surely be reduced?   While savings and risk reduction can undoubtedly result from the introduction of new technologies developed through appropriate R&D (the other core activity of a university), the maintenance of a very high level of exploration and production performance through dedicated highly skilled staff every hour of every day quietly improves financial performance, while avoiding safety, environmental and/or community incidents (ie protects the 'triple bottom line'). As always risk reduction comes down to enabling quality people to do a quality job - through the actions of such people we can sustain the global mining industry and secure our social license to operate. However, there is global concern over where the numbers of such people, including those with the recently required skills in sustainability, are going to come from.   This presentation will discuss some of the complexity and interactions involved in the development of such rankings, the dangers inherent in their simple acceptance and use, plus indicate some of the directions mining educators might take to sustain and increase the supply of quality graduates to the global mining industry. This is an ABSTRACT ONLY. No paper was prepared for this presentation.

Jun 1, 2010

By Denby B

The ever increasing demand on land use has led to large areas of land being considered for development, which because of past mining activities are covered by substantial depths of fill materials. This paper examines the problem faced with the development of land infilled with open cast mining backfill, in predicting the behaviour of the fill upon development. To be able to design foundations suitable to withstand the movements that occur within open cast backfills or design a backfilling operation that produces land suitable for a proposed after development, a means of predicting backfill settlement is required. Factors critical to this prediction are the timing of backfilling operations, the compactive state of the backfill and the inundation of the backfill. The analysis of a considerable quantity of data collected from the monitoring of backfilling operations and backfill movement at a range of open cast coal sites located within the UK has given the authors a better understanding of how open cast backfills behave in terms of long-term creep settlement, collapse settlement and how these are effected by backfill scheduling. This knowledge has been encoded into a program running under Microsoft Windows that enables a user to make settlement predictions for a point, a given section or area or for the whole site. Differential settlements, critical to any development design, can also be determined between any two points taking into consideration the heterogeneous nature of open cast backfills. The program was tested with data from an open cast coal site in the UK. Compaction monitoring during the placement of the backfill material enabled a model of the backfill to be constructed taking into account backfill properties and scheduling. This model, taken as input into the program, enabled future backfill settlement predictions to be made. A comparison is given between these results and actual settlements obtained from a short-term settlement monitoring scheme.

Jan 1, 1995

By R L. Grogan

Mining is currently undergoing a progressive expansion into novel environments (such as the deep ocean), commodities (such as tantalum, rare earths, and other ‘green economy minerals’), and new methods (such as the autonomous underwater cutting machines required to operate in the deep ocean environment, or the use of expanding grouts to deliver a blast-free mining method). The advent of novel mining, environments and commodities heralds an era that will undoubtedly start with much discomfort on the part of regulators and stakeholders, due to a feeling of overwhelming uncertainty. These proposed mining scenarios have few precedents, few examples of successful implementation, short baseline monitoring periods, and few examples of legacy sites that may assist with understanding long term risk and exposure. The evolution of the environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) process in many regulatory environments recognises stakeholder engagement in a formal and facilitated manner. This is a positive step, and allows stakeholders to be much more meaningfully involved in the permitting process than they historically were. However, with this advance comes the challenge of identifying and communicating with stakeholders; sharing information in a meaningful way, fostering relationships with what can be an extremely large group, and delivering on commitments that inspire confidence to permit operations that have never been permitted before. In order to meet this challenge, it is suggested that changes to collection of data, communication of data, the nature of commitments, and the reporting of performance need to be made in order to effectively communicate management of new technologies, and the impacts that mining may have in new environments (such as the deep ocean). The communication challenge is necessarily greater when describing technology that has never been used, or environments that have never previously been accessed by humans on an industrial scale. CITATION:Grogan, R L, 2018. Permitting in the face of uncertainty – how to deliver confidence to regulators and investors, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2018, pp 46–48 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 25, 2018

By Brett J. R

Some recent and current research and development projects relating to strip type open cut coal mining are reviewed. The projects include a dragline-hopper-truck mining system, an overburden slusher system, improvement of dragline operations, continuous excavation and conveying of overburden materials, and a steep angle coal conveying system. Most of these projects offer prospects for reducing costs in deep strip mining operations, but only the overburden slusher project has the potential for large cost reductions. A project on highwall mining of coal has demonstrated that this coal mining system is viable and capable of achieving high productivity rates. Production highwall mining operations are now starting to become established in Australia.

Jan 1, 1991

The BHP Billiton Cannington Mine uses paste as the principal method of backfill. The paste consists of mine tailings and cement. The pastefill process at Cannington includes a surface plant where the thickened total tailings stream is filtered using two vacuum disc filters operating in parallel. The filter cake is mixed with Portland cement in a spiral mixer to produce a paste at a specified yield stress and cement content. The initial system design only required paste to be delivered under gravity. In July 2001, Cannington Mine expanded to 1.8 million tonnes per annum. In order to achieve this, production commenced on five new levels underground, 350 metres horizontally from the paste plant. Due to the high viscosity of paste, this distance was too far to transport by gravity. Traditionally, paste has been transported only short distances (50 m) using positive displacement pumps, with very limited success. At Cannington, a conveyor was installed which was designed to achieve zero spillage into the environment. This paper discusses the innovative design strategies used to attain zero harm on the environment whilst conveying a material, which is difficult to transport.

Jan 1, 2002

Mssissippi Valley-type (MVT) and sedimentary-exhalative (SEDEX) zinc-lead deposits represent about half to three-quarters of the world's production and reserves of lead and zinc. The two deposit-types have traditionally been regarded as separate entities in terms of genesis largely because they possess very different morphologies, resulting from the epigenetic nature of MVT deposits and the syngenetic origin of SEDEX deposits. Similarities in regional setting, metal ratios, size and grade, lead and sulphur isotopes, and source(s) of fluids and metals in the two deposit-types, however, suggest that they could be products of similar genetic processes. The physical properties of MVT ore fluids suggest that certain types of SEDEX deposits could have been formed from fluids possessing similar salinities and temperatures. The hypothesis is further strengthened by the facts that: 1. in several cases MVT and SEDEX mineralisation occurs in the same region, and 2. recent advances in establishing the timing of MVT mineralisation has revealed that some MVT deposits are contemporaneous with nearby SEDEX deposits. If MVT and SEDEX zinc-lead deposits do indeed share a common ultimate derivation from fluids that emanated from sedimentary basins, then the presence of one deposit-type in a region could be used to infer the possible presence of undetected deposits of the other type. Furthermore, knowledge of the mineralisation age of one type will constrain the exploration target host rocks of the other type. A genetic relationship between MVT and SEDEX mineralisation may also explain why certain individual deposits, such as several in Ireland and eastern Canada, appear to be 'hybrids' and possess geological attributes of both end-member types.

Jan 1, 1993

By Rigby D, Gould K. W, Hart G. H

The variation in chemical and isotopic composition of hydrocarbon gases generated from humic source rocks in the Cooper Basin, the orth West Shelf, the agoorin oil shale deposit. ollinsville and the southern Sydney Basin is reviewed, discussed and interpreted.The primary composition of gases generated in and released from such source rocks appears to be very largely controlled by the degree of dispersion of the organic material. For example in eoaly shales, where the degree of dispersion may be high, products as generated may escape into surrounding inorganic structures where further maturational reactions may proceed. On the other hand, when the organic materials occur in massive form, as in coal seams, the hydrocarbons generated tend to be retained within the coal. Further cracking to the stage of methane generation is usually required before release of hydrocarbon products is significant.Secondary factors of importance in determining seam gas composition in the Bowen (Collinsville) and southern Sydney Basins are the invasion of coal measures by carbon dioxide from external magmatic sources and/or the vertical diffusion and loss from the surface ofgases generated at depth.Isotopic measurements of gas composition have been particularly valuable in determining the origins and histories of the gases examined, in demonstrating when gases are of mixed origins and in the prediction of gas quality in exploration.

Jan 1, 1985

By J P. Sykes, A Trench

Mineral commodity prices are subject to volatility over both the short and longer run – driving fluctuating operating margins for mining companies over time. Such market dynamics influence mine operating decisions depending on the interplay of company-specific and mineral market factors. The company factors include corporate financial strength and price-risk management strategy, as well as mining practices and methods at the operation level. The critical mineral market factor is the price of the ex-mine product. This results from underlying microeconomic and macroeconomic root-causes pertaining to mineral supply and demand, in addition to the activities of financial participants within commodity markets.Significant changes in commodity prices of an extended duration, either up or down, remain the principal influence upon mine economics – and therefore on mining practices too. Accurate and precise forecasting of commodity prices (and of relevant exchange rates) continues to prove elusive both to mineral economists and market analysts. Thus, at any given point in time, there are often widely differing price forecasts available for both the relevant commodity and currency. Companies as a result are unclear how to respond in practical operating terms to such price-side uncertainty – other than to manage incremental capital and operating expenditure. Typical company – and industry financier – responses to the difficulty in predicting future mineral commodity prices are to take measures to manage uncertainties in mining project revenues and costs. These operating practices are prudent – yet come at an economic cost: that is, lost revenue and margin opportunity is inevitable in any such system not easily capable of responding to price volatility in the market. The mine of the future will seek to capture this lost economic opportunity. This paper presents a three-stage framework for analysing commodity price forecasts to aide understanding of the commodity price cycle and the periods of high-margin opportunity.CITATION:Trench, A and Sykes, J P, 2014. Perspectives on mineral commodity price cycles and their relevance to underground mining, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2014 , pp 19–32 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Mar 24, 2014

By T Amiconi

Ernest Henry Mining commenced operations on its copper-gold project in August 1997, some two months ahead of schedule and ten per cent ($35 million) under budget. The mine is located in the highly prospective Mount Isa/Cloncurry mineral district in north-west Queensland, approximately 38 km north-east of Cloncurry. The developer and operator of the project is Ernest Henry Mining Pty Ltd (EHM), an incorporated joint venture between MIM Holdings Limited (51 per cent) and Savage Resources Limited (49 per cent). The deposit is located approximately 40 km north of Cloncurry in North West Queensland and lies beneath a featureless black soil plain with no significant creeks or gullies cutting across the site. Vegetation is sparse and consists essentially of Mitchell grass with occasional low shrubs and trees. Up to nine million tonnes of ore and over 43 million tonnes of waste will be extracted each year from an open pit operation to produce approximately 350 000 tonnes of concentrate when in full production.

Jan 1, 1998

By J McQuie

The concentrator at WMCÆs Leinster Nickel Operation has operated with flash flotation in the grinding circuit since the early 1990s. There has always been a positive correlation between flash flotation Ni recovery and overall Ni recovery û however this relationship could be explained by differences in the ore, rather than by the action of the Flash flotation cell in reducing overgrinding of Ni. In July 2003, refurbishment within the plant made it necessary to operate the concentrator for a period with the flash flotation cells off. The resulting data set provided evidence that flash flotation in the grinding circuit changes the size distribution of Ni to reduce the amount of slow-floating fine (-7 ¦m) Ni produced. Ni recoveries in the finer size fractions were similar with flash flotation on or off û but because less fine Ni is produced when the flash flotation cells are operated, overall Ni recovery improved.

Jan 1, 2005

We outline a first version of an ambitious goal: The world's first horizontal (matrix-independent) generic sampling standard. The specific needs and requirements are overwhelming, as all the world's analytical standards follow strict matrix or material type classification pigeonholes, leading to a plethora of analytical standards. One could rightly expect a similar multiplication regarding sampling standards, yet the singular HORIZONTAL is aimed at being truly generic. Also the existing style of standards writing is cumbersome and partly contradictory. The current work is presently being pursued in CEN and European Union standardisation regimens, for which reason full disclosure and publication is not allowed. Respecting this constraint, we unofficially present selected key issues involved in developing HORIZONTAL: The objective and scope of a horizontal sampling standard is to delineate the minimum set of principles and procedures needed to guarantee documented representative sampling for all types of materials. The horizontal standard is designed for two types of use: 1. auditing/assessing/ improving the reliability of an existing sampling procedure, and 2. design and implementation of a new sampling procedure (new lot type). The principles in this standard are all derived from the Theory of Sampling (TOS), but the standard is far from a mere collection of TOS principles. Representativeness is a characteristic of the sampling process, not of samples themselves. For practical purposes, the horizontal standard follows the fundamental distinction between 'stationary lots' (0-D, 2-D, 3-D lots) and 'dynamic lots' (within TOS aka process sampling - including extended, non-moving 1-D lots). TOS' principles of 'correctness' must never be broken at any stage, lest representativeness is irretrievably lost. The horizontal standard is not written in the mandatory fashion for legally binding matrix-specific standards, eg ISO - for the present overarching purpose a different style had to be developed. The standard must be immediately understandable in full, which merits special demands, eg extensive use of didactic illustrations. HORIZONTAL introduces an all-inclusive sampling variability measure, Relative Sampling Variance (RSV) which is for sampling of stationary lots as variographics is for process sampling - RSV is to be used as a quality criterion for any stationary sampling procedure as applied to a specific heterogeneity (lot/material). The target for this standard is all individuals, companies, organisations and regulatory bodies who are responsible for sampling: technicians, process engineers, laboratory personal, academic and industrial scientists as well as project leaders, technical managers/directors and top managers. Based on current R&D we illustrate the principles promulgated by HORIZONTAL with cases from exploration and mining of minerals commodities, a Finnsh 'Autosampler' at work in the mining context (RSV) as well as sampling equipment for use in the cement and mineral commodities industries. This is an ABSTRACT ONLY. No paper was prepared for this presentation.

Mar 1, 2010