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By G. D. Mcdowell, L. B. Cochrane, B. D. Thompson

"Abstract - Exploration for deep underground copper and nickel sulfide deposits in the Sudbury mining camp is carried out with surface drilling. More detailed drilling, with an advanced underground exploration program, may be necessary to establish an accurate interpretation of the deposit geology and upgrade the resource estimate to the measured category for reserve estimation and feasibility assessment. Resource evaluation is a lengthy and costly process that could result in a decision not to proceed with the project. For projects that proceed to production, significant reductions in the operating and capital costs could be achieved with a more accurate interpretative model of the deposit geology and mineralization. Quality control procedures to ensure the integrity of the drilling data and interpretation guidelines are essential steps in the development of a deposit model. The use of block modeling techniques and the application of geostatistics for resource estimation further improve the quality of the resource model.Significant improvements to the interpretive models can also be achieved by incorporating additional information from geophysical measurements to validate and constrain the geological interpretation. The geophysical models must be consistent with known geological environments and oreforming processes, which has required the concurrent development of comparative models from exploited deposits. These geophysical techniques can also provide key geotechnical information required for the optimum design of the mining method and mining sequence. The objective of this program is to improve the accuracy of the deposit model and the quality of the resource and reserve estimates in order to optimize capital investments and reduce the development and operating costs of underground mining projects. Several of these techniques are currently being tested at INCO Limited’s Sudbury operations. The results from those tests are presented and their applications are discussed within the framework of resource/reserve classification systems and project evaluation objectives."

Jan 1, 1998

By E. Lehtila, J. J. Talja, R. Jahila

Kopar Oy is acknowledged for engineering and manufacturing of robust systems for bulk material handling, especially at power plants and non-ferrous smelters. We have over thirty years of experience with systems specifically designed for hot and abrasive conditions, aiming at low cost of ownership, low operational expenses and high availability. Although Kopar has numerous applications in mechanical conveying, there is an increasing number of pneumatic conveying applications at copper smelters. They relate to conveying of concentrate, and primary and secondary flue dusts. Challenges of pneumatic conveying for concentrate are mechanical and do relate to broad particle size distribution and high abrasivity of the concentrate and the silica. Therefore, special attention shall be paid to system design and ceramically lined bends in the pipeline. Challenges of pneumatic conveying of primary flue dust relate predominantly to material stickiness and poor flowability which are mainly due to fine particle size and formation of sulphates and furthermore, crystalline water. Additional challenges of secondary dust, the white converter dust, are primarily due to the extremely fine 0.1–1.5 µm particle size and problems which come with this. Effect of material characteristics like size distribution, morphology and chemical composition in pneumatic conveying are discussed in detail. INTRODUCTION Fine materials like concentrate, feed mix, flue dusts (from waste heat boiler and electrostatic precipitator) and secondary dusts need to be conveyed at smelters. Both horizontal and vertical conveying and combination of those are used. For the purpose, both mechanical and pneumatic conveying are applied. Most widely used equipment are drag chain conveyors and various combination of pneumatic systems, e.g. air lift, dense-phase and dilute phase pneumatic conveyors. Kopar has 30 years’ experience with multiple material handling systems. Furthermore, acquired companies like Elmomet Oy and SITE Oy (both currently fully merged and integrated into Kopar Oy) have even longer history, especially in pneumatic conveying. It is commonly known that the finer the dust the more difficult it is to be conveyed pneumatically. Sulfates with crystal water makes it all even more difficult, if not ineligible. Challenges related to pneumatic conveying of various fine materials is discussed in detail in the paper.

Jan 1, 2019

By W. Kempson

"As has been noted on numerous occasions, the vertical shafts being sunk around the world are all tending to get deeper as we seek to take advantage of higher grades of minerals which can sometimes be found at greater depths. One of the challenges with these deeper shafts is the requirement to supply services to the mine’s operations at depth as well as the requirement to dewater the mine. Both the supply of water and the dewatering of mines is generally done using piping. With the greater shaft depths, this piping is now required to contain higher pressures as well as to accommodate changes in temperature resulting from normal mine operations. This paper will discuss the requirements for the design of high pressure piping in deep vertical shafts. The discussion will start with the general definition of the systems and the detailed design requirement. Once this is clearly outlined, we will discuss the options available for fulfilling these requirement as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each of the systems. We will finish with the installation recommendations and provide a basis for the maintenance of these systems. INTRODUCTION Piping in vertical shafts is used to provide a number of services in underground workings. These services vary depending on geographical location and the type of the ore body which is being mined. For example, in the Zambian Copper mines, one of the largest requirements for in shaft piping is for dewatering. Similarly in the Gold deposits in the West Wits basin as well as the deep level Copper deposits in Arizona, one of the largest uses for the piping is the supply of a cooling medium to underground workings to create a safe working environment (this can in the form of water or of glycol depending on the application). In South Africa, systems were installed which used the hydrostatic head which is generated from supplying chilled water to mines whose depths exceeded 2,000 m below surface. This chilled water was supplied as a closed system, allowing for high pressures to be generated which was then used to supply useful work (for example, Rock Drills, Face Cleaning and other ancillary services) whose power was traditionally supplied by compressed air or electricity. This system was initially researched by Chamber of Mine in South Africa. The design pressure range of these systems is 14 MPa to 18 MPa."

Jan 1, 2019

By Doris Stüben, Geoffrey P. Glasby, Akira Usui, Jörg-Detlef Eckhardt, Bruce W. Mountain, Zsolt Berner

"Abstract - Twenty-seven marine Mn and Fe deposits chosen for their diverse origins have been analyzed for five platinum-group elements (PGE). The PGE display their highest concentrations in hydrogenous Mn crusts and nodules, lesser concentrations in diagenetic nodules and two to three orders of magnitude lower concentrations in hydrothermal Mn and Fe crusts. This difference of behavior reflects the well-known fractionation of Mn and Fe from the other transition elements, rare earth elements (REE) and PGE in hydrothermal Mn and Fe crusts. Pt, Ru, Rh, and Ir show a close geochemical coherence in these deposits and are differentiated from Pd which shows a negative anomaly with respect to the other PGE in hydrogenous and diagenetic Mn deposits. Pd is less depleted than the other PGE and the Pd anomaly much less pronounced in the hydrothermal Mn and Fe crusts relative to the hydrogenous and diagenetic Mn deposits.Stability field diagrams show no evidence for the oxidation of Pt to the tetravalent state in seawater as suggested by some authors. Rather, Pt appears to be present in seawater as Pt(OH)2 0. Adsorption of Pt(OH)2 0 onto the surface of Mn and Fe oxyhydroxide minerals may explain the enrichment of Pt in marine Mn deposits. However, Pt metal is the thermodynamically stable solid phase of Pt under seawater conditions and reduction of Pt(OH)2 0 to Pt metal, particularly in the vicinity of the oxygen minimum zone, is possible, although the high Ce/La ratios of the Co-rich Mn crusts do not support this hypothesis. Pt, Ru, Rh, and Ir display their maximum concentrations in the Corich Mn crusts. This may reflect, among other things, the low growth rates of these deposits. The stability field diagram of Pd shows that Pd is undersaturated in seawater and occurs in seawater dominantly as PdCl4 2- and anionic mixed-hydroxide-chloride complexes. This would explain the anomalous position of Pd among the PGE with respect to its uptake into marine Mn deposits. A study of inter-element associations indicates that the incorporation of the PGE from meteoritic dust plays only a minor role in the uptake of these elements into marine Mn deposits. The PGE remain the most poorly studied group of elements in marine Mn deposits. The data presented here emphasize the need for the establishment of a more comprehensive database of the PGE in marine Mn deposits in order to understand more fully their uptake into marine Mn deposits and their pathways through the oceans."

Jan 1, 1999

By M. S. Moats, C. M. Campbell

Samples of a high impurity (90.05 wt. % Cu, 4076 ppm Pb, 1939 ppm As and 635 ppm Bi) commercial copper anode were characterized and then electrorefined in a laboratory scale cell. Anode inclusions were examined using backscatter mode scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Hundreds of inclusions were measured for size, morphology and composition. Commonly found inclusions were copper oxide (Cu2O), complex oxides (Cu-Pb-Bi-As-O) and copper selenides/tellurides. The weight percent of lead and arsenic increased with increasing inclusion size up to 4- 5 microns. During electrorefining, starter sheet ductility was negatively impacted by thiourea addition. The importance of arsenic (V) concentration on the electrolyte concentration of bismuth was observed. INTRODUCTION Copper electrorefining is a commercial process used to produce the majority of the world’s refined copper. During this process, impure copper anodes are dissolved electrolytically, and high purity copper is deposited on cathodes. As the anodes dissolve, the impurities either accumulate in the electrolyte or report to solids that form on anodes surfaces or at the bottom of the refining cell. These solids are called slimes. Slimes contain precious metals and are collected for further processing. Slimes are also an important outlet for problem impurities such as lead, antimony and bismuth. The electrorefining process is operated in such a way to encourage the deportment of these elements to the slimes. Impurities in copper anodes have been studied extensively by Chen and Dutrizac (1990, 1993 and 2005). The most common impurities found in modern copper anodes include: Ag, As, Au, Bi, Fe, Ni, O, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn and Te. Impure copper anodes are produced by pyrometallurgical methods and have purities ranging from 97.7–99.7% Cu (Moats et al., 2019). The composition ranges of commercial copper anodes from the 2019 worldwide tankhouse survey are given in Table 1. The concentrations of anode impurities vary widely dependent on the source material and prior processing steps. Based on the work of Chen and Dutrizac, both gold and silver are predominantly found in solid solution within the copper grains while a minor amount of Ag can be found in Cu2(Se/Te) inclusions. Nickel is entirely soluble within the copper grains up to anode compositions of 2500–3000 ppm Ni; above which NiO and kupferglimmer phases are formed (Chen & Dutrizac, 1990). As, Bi, Pb and Sb are found in solid solution within copper and within oxide inclusions typically found along grain boundaries. Oxides are formed due to the presence of 0.13-0.18 wt. % O (Chen & Dutrizac, 1990). This is because during solidification of the cast anodes, impurities are enriched in the liquid phase as the copper grains nucleate and grow. The inclusions form from the last liquid to freeze, which is typically along grain boundaries (Wenzl & Filzwieser, 2007; Wenzl, Filzwieser, Mori & Pesl, 2008).

Jan 1, 2019

By L. G. Bergh

The experience developing a supervisory control and information systems in a SX pilot plant is presented. The plant is located at the Process Control Laboratory, Santa Maria University, in Chile. In this work, the problem of controlling this process is discussed and related literature is briefly reviewed. Then, an innovative control scheme organized in three levels, local, hydrodynamic, and metallurgical supervisory controls is presented in an architecture including field controllers, PLC, and PC networks. Operating decisions in the metallurgical supervisory control are taken with incomplete information from on-stream analyzers. The control proposed is based on metal and acid concentration predictions of intermediate and exiting streams through the use of dynamic and static models and flow rates and input concentration measurements. Preliminary results are presented. The main objectives are to develop and test intelligent techniques in a hybrid system, and to study measurement and supervisory control problems. It is expected to produce reliable results that will contribute to improve the efficiency of this emerging and important process.

Jan 1, 2007

By A. R. Sheik, A. A. Baba, M. K. Ghosh, K. Sanjay, R. B. Bale, A. G. F. Alabi, F. A. Adekola, L. Ibrahim

"This paper studies the characterization and dissolution of a Nigerian pyrolusite ore, reporting the results of ore physicochemical analyses and detailed ore characterization before and after leaching at optimal conditions. Ore dissolution rate increased proportional to acid concentration and temperature, but decreased with ore particle size. In a 4 M H2SO4 solution at 80°C with a particle size of –90+75 µm and moderate agitation, ore dissolution rate reached 78.7%. Unleached residue produced under optimal leaching conditions consisted of silica with admixtures of cristobalite and stishovite. The calculated activation energy supported the proposed diffusion control mechanism for the process.RÉSUMÉ Le présent article étudie la caractérisation et la dissolution d’un minerai de pyrolusite du Nigeria, il donne les résultats des analyses physicochimiques du minerai et de la caractérisation détaillée du minerai avant et après la lixiviation sous des conditions optimales. Le taux de dissolution du minerai augmentait proportionnellement à la concentration de l’acide mais décroissait avec la taille des particules. Dans une solution 4 M H2SO4 à 80 °C, avec une granulométrie de –90+75 µm et une agitation modérée, le taux de dissolution du minerai a atteint 78,7 %. Les résidus produits sous des conditions optimales de lixiviation étaient constitués de silice avec un mélange de cristobalite et de stishovite. L’énergie calculée d’activation supportait le mécanisme de contrôle de la diffusion proposé pour le procédé."

Jan 1, 2016

By M. H. ElMaghraby

This paper describes the development and validation of a strategy for vibration-based online detection of faults in a particular class of machinery commonly found in industry. This machinery is defined by two basic characteristics that preclude it from the application of standard online condition monitoring approaches. The first characteristic is that the machine is in a constant state of transient operation, thus making it difficult to differentiate between changes in transducer measurements that are due to variable duty and those that are due to machine malfunction or fault. The second characteristic is the fact that the machinery involves multiple sub systems that are subject to identical and simultaneous loading, operating environments and duty cycles. An example of such machinery is a system of multiple hydraulic pumps driving a common load. The monitoring strategy presented here employs an anomaly detection scheme together with methods of signal processing and feature extraction that exploit the parallel duty arrangements of this equipment. Preliminary data is collected from a pair or motor-gearbox assemblies used in a material haulage system in the mining industry. Testing and validation was performed on a mechatronic test bench with both healthy and faulted components. Experiments were carried out to investigate how various configurations of the system were able to detect different types of faults. The results indicate that this approach is effective and merits further investigation.

May 1, 2013

By Claude Bazin

The Quebec province in Canada is a major producer of aluminium through electrolysis of alumina. The alumina that feeds the electrolysis cells is mainly imported from foreign countries, where it is extracted from bauxite. Other alumina sources, such as clays, have sometimes been considered as potential substitutes for bauxite. There is a large clay deposit in the area of Murdochville in Quebec, with sulfuric acid and electricity available nearby the orebody, as well as sea port facilities leading to the major aluminium plants in Quebec. These are favorable factors to assess the economics of an industrial plant to produce alumina from clays. This paper reviews some of the processes considered for the extraction of alumina from clays and presents results of the initial work carried out on the clay available from Murdochville.

May 1, 2001

By A. Warczokand

The cleaning of copper smelting slag requires magnetite and cuprous oxide reduction. The slag reduction with coke, injected coal powder or bunker oil is strongly endothermic and requires heat generation by fuel combustion or the use of electric energy. The reduction of fayalitic slag with calcium carbide is slightly exothermic and the formed calcium silicate modifies the slag. Thus, the additional energy is required only for covering furnace heat losses. Results of crucible scale tests showed the rate of slag reduction approximately five times higher in comparison of the slag reduction with coke under the same conditions. It seems that the effect of exothermic reaction and slag modification with CaO at the reaction interface results in very high rate of slag reduction. Industrial scale tests carried out in the Anglo-American Chagres Smelter demonstrated the possibilities of effective reduction and cleaning of the slags from a flash smelter and Peirce-Smith converters in a Teniente Slag Cleaning Furnace. The slag reduction was carried out without any reductant or stirring gas injection, simply by calcium carbide charging through a furnace mouth, and was very fast.

Jan 1, 2007

By Rodrigo Craig Cerello

The Brazilian economy has always presented a strong correlation with the mineral activity. Since colonization days, due to the territorial expansion caused by the explorers search for gold, mining in Brazil became a basic sector of national economy. Currently, the Brazilian mineral sector¹ estimates a 550% production increment (Figure 1A) in the last 10 years, reaching the US$ 50 billion value, reflecting the increased global demand for raw materials from mineral origin. According to the Brazilian Constitution², mineral resources belong to the Federal State and, consequently, their exploitation must be authorized, under penalty of engendering federal crime. Furthermore, activities of this nature are prone to cause environmental degradation such as, but not limited to, deforestation, pollution, soil deterioration and water contamination. The GPEMA represents the forensics group of the Brazilian Federal Police responsible for the technical analysis of traces related to crimes against the environment and consequently, illegal mining cases.

Aug 1, 2013

By Donald A. Cranstone

"This paper provides a bird's eye view of the pattern of gold discoveries since 1823, the year of Canada's first gold find, up to 1983. Within this 160-year period, more gold was discovered in Canada during the last ten-year period (1973-1982) than during any previous decade. The record suggests that the potential for further major gold discoveries is high, which bodes welt f or the future of Canadian gold mining.IntroductionCanada has an impressive history as a gold producer. Since 1921 we have occupied second or third place among the world 's gold producing nations, after South Africa and most of the time the U.S.S.R. Canadian gold production over the last hundred years has added up to some 6 per cent of all-time world production.The sharp rise in the price of gold in the 1970s led to a surge of gold exploration, which in turn resulted in the discovery of significant quantities of gold in Canada. How do these recent discoveries rate in comparison with those of the more distant past? For example, are the quantities of gold in notable discoveries of recent year s, such as Hemlo and Detour, in the same league with the amounts of gold discovered around 1910 in the Porcupine and Kirkland Lake district s of Ontario? Can the combined gold content of the recent discoveries be likened to that o f the almost 40 major Canadian gold deposits, along with numerous smaller ones, discovered in Canada during the 1920s and 1930s? What are the implications of the more recent gold discovery record for future rate s of gold discovery in Canada?This paper attempts to glean answers to such questions from an overview of the period that begins in 1823, the year of Canada's first gold discovery. Gold deposits come in two major types: placer deposits and lode deposits in solid rock . Placer gold is distributed in sand and gravel. Gold in solid rock occur s mostly in gold ore filling fissures."

Jan 1, 1985

By R. P. Townsend

It is a widely accepted "fact" that a Koepe friction hoist is generally the best solution for production hoisting when compared to a double drum hoists. This would appear to be true if one looks at the initial capital cost of just the hoist, and also if one compares the size of the motors selected for the duty. But is this the whole story? What are the longer term costs involved in the hoist's operation, and what are the relative efficiency's of the two designs? Perhaps the Koepe hoist design enjoys a better reputation than it deserves.

Jan 1, 2011

By Angus D. Campbell

Introduction Gowganda forms part of the general Cobalt area. Its rocks and ores are very similar to those of the other parts of the area. While its total production of silver is only 4 per cent of that of the famous Cobalt silver camp, its 1928 shipments contained 42 1/2 per cent as much silver as those of Cobalt for that year. During twenty years of production, 15,000,000 ounces of silver have been shipped from Gowganda. Of this, over 8,000,000 ounces have been shipped in the past five years. The area has thus made for several years a substantial contribution to the wealth of Ontario. Its future depends to a great extent on the priee of silver, which is now, unfortunately, at a record low price. This paper is a discussion of how the Gowganda ore-shoots occur, together with some notes on the milling of the ores at the Castle-Trethewey Mines. The first part is written in the hope of stimulating further study of the silver occurrences, which may lead to further discoveries. The second part, besides being a matter of record, may be of some use to operators of small mills. The drawings in the several Figures illustrating the text are by W. D. Stroud, mine superintendent of the Castle-Trethewey Mines, the benefit of whose opinions I have had in compiling these notes.

Jan 1, 1930

By M. Moats, J. A. Gonzalez

A review of operating practices in zinc electrowinning plants is presented in this paper. Surveys were sent to several zinc electrowinning plants and data provided by some of these plants was compiled in a database. Information about anodes and cathodes, electrolyte composition, stripping methods, cells, electrical systems, and additives was compiled and analyzed. From the data analysis, correlations between operating variables are presented. Recent trends in operational practices are also highlighted.

Jan 1, 2008

By W. W. Rudolph, L. N. Trevani, P. R. Tremaine

UV-visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and vibrating tube densimetry have been used in our laboratory to determine equilibrium constants of aqueous species at temperatures as high as 325 °C. The UV-visible and Raman spectra of solutions containing metal complexes and ionized acids or bases can be used to yield formation constants by applying curve fitting methods to resolve the contribution of each species. Colorimetric pH indicators identified by Johnston and coworkers at the University of Texas (Austin) provide an alternative means of determining ionization constants and the pH of complex mixtures. High precision density measurements over the same range yield standard partial molar volumes, which are key parameters for "equations of state" for aqueous species. Examples are given for the copper-ammonia system, simple carboxylic acids, and the iron-sulphate system.

Jan 1, 2004

By Z. Tang

A collaborative project was performed between NRC Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation and MagPower Systems Inc, to develop a cost effective fabrication process to manufacture the anode for magnesium-air fuel cell with improved performance. A novel fabrication process was developed, which resulted in a porous microstructure with increased surface area, instead of the traditional solid structure. This porous anode greatly increased power density in the magnesium-air power source. This fabrication process is very simple and cost effective. Especially, this process makes it convenient to incorporate different alloying additions, as well as hydrogen inhibitor and electrolyte management additive into the anode. The anode composition was designed so that micro galvanic cells were formed as current is drawn out of the fuel cell, and resulting increased dissolution rate of Mg. It is feasible to incorporate hydrogen inhibitor and electrolyte management additive into the porous anode, and the anode with some kinds of inhibitors exhibited improved electrochemical performance. This paper describes the microstructure and electrochemical performance of anodes with designated porous structure and alloying additions. Furthermore, quantitative kinetics analysis of the obtained I-V curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were carried out to clarify the mechanism.

Jan 1, 2005

By D. A. Bordin, C. J. Newman, R. J. St. Eloi

"The requirements for a metallurgical acid plant treating smelter gases are both unique and demanding in terms of sulphur dioxide treatment and emission control. Since start up in 1981, the copper smelter at the Kidd Creek Division of Falconbridge Limited has undergone several major expansions. The expansion and modification of the acid plant has been an integral part of this process. Both production demands and government regulations dictate that this metallurgical acid plant be unique in terms of operating flexibility. The variable capacity to treat a wide range of sulphur dioxide concentrations, and the operating flexibility to control emissions are the topics of this paper.INTRODUCTIONThe Kidd Creek Division of Falconbridge Limitied is a base metal mining and metallurgical complex located in Timmins, Ontario. The discovery of the original copper-zinc-silver orebody was announced in April, 1964. Mining operations began in 1966 with a 9000 tonne per day concentrator coming on stream in November of that year. In April 1972, a 108 000 tonne per year zinc plant was commissioned. Over the years the facilities have been expanded, such that the concentrator now has the capacity to process 13 000 tonnes of ore per day . To expand zinc production, the world's second installation of the Cominco/Sherritt pressure leaching facility was completed in 1983 to bring total zinc production capacity to 125 000 tonnes per year. In 1973, serious planning for a smelter operation began. In early 1975, after studying both continuous smelting and flash smelting processes, a decision was made to proceed with the technology offered by Mitsubishi Metal Corporation of Japan. The Mitsubishi Continuous Smelting Process was to be used for the smelter and the Onahama No.3 tankhouse technology for the copper refinery.The smelter, which uses the Mitsubishi Continuous Smelting Process for the continuous production of blister copper from concentrate, went on line in June 1981. It has been expanded from its original capacity of 60 000 tonnes to 100 000 tonnes per year of copper.From the very early design stages for the metallurgical complex, the company had adopted a policy of constructing and operating modern plants which would meet existing and anticipated environmental standards. With this in mind, the decision was made to utilize the proven technology of fixing sulphur dioxide emissions, in the form of sulphuric acid. A 636 tonne per day single absorption contact acid plant was built to serve the zinc plant in 1972. In 1981, an 883 tonne per day double absorption contact plant was built to serve the needs of the copper smelter. The copper smelter acid plant has since been expanded to a design capacity of 1692 tonnes per day and it is the main focus of this paper."

Jan 1, 1989

By A. J. McLaren

Introduction Gold holds an important place among the mineral products of Manitoba. In value, it ranks second only to copper, which in 1931 attained first place. The gold production increased from 23,189 fine ounces in 1930 to 102,969fine ounces in 1931. The production for 1930, worth $479,359, came almost entirely from the Central Manitoba mine. The production for 1931 was worth $2,128,558, of which $1,509,018 came from the Flin Flon mine, $528,951 from the Central Manitoba, and $83,497 from the Sherritt Gordon. The Gem Lake mine and some prospects produced $7,785. The total output of gold in Manitoba, from the first recorded production in 1917 to the end of 1931, is estimated at 178,669 fine ounces, valued at $3,693,332. The production for 1932 promises to reach a new high record, due chiefly to the stepping-up of tonnage at the Flin Flon plants and the coming into production of the San Antonio mill in May. History The Manitoba Act, constituting Manitoba a Province of the Dominion, was passed in 1870 and provided for the vesting in the Crown of all un-granted or waste lands of Manitoba, as well as for the administration of these lands by the Dominion of Canada for the purposes of the Dominion "subject to, and except and so far as the same may be affected by, the conditions and stipulations contained in the agreement for the surrender of Rupert's Land by the Hudson's Bay Company to the Crown". Included in these waste lands were large areas later prospected and staked out as mineral lands. Up to the year 1912, that vast territory extending from the 12th base line to the 60th parallel of latitude, and from the Saskatchewan boundary to Hudson bay, was part of the District of Keewatin. Although added to Manitoba in 1912, the administration of its mineral lands also remained vested in the Dominion, so that all mineral lands within the Province upon which deposits of gold ore have been found were disposed of and administered by the Mineral Lands Division, Department of the Interior, until the transfer of the natural resources to the Province of Manitoba, on July 15th, 1930.

Jan 1, 1932

By J. Locat, G. Parker, D. Turmel

ABSTRACT Since 1964, the Iron Ore Company of Canada has deposited iron ore tailings into Wabush Lake in western Labrador, Canada. From 1999 to 2008, the authors completed multibeam bathymetric and sampling surveys and an airborne LiDAR survey. These data were integrated to study the evolution of the tailings delta shoreline and lakebed elevation. Subaqueous channels evolved between surveys, influencing the tailings depositional pattern. With this analysis it is possible to evaluate the effect of disposal strategies on the delta topset and tailings accumulation. This project uniquely couples marine and terrestrial techniques to follow the fate of tailings in a dispersal system.

Jan 1, 2014