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Page Foreword—H. Foster Bain........................ 9 Letter of Transmittal—F. Julius Fohs...................11

Jan 1, 1927

By PERCY E. BARBOUR

TWO YEARS after its organization, the Institute issued its first volume of TRANSACTIONS, covering activities that began in May, 1871, and continued through February, 1873. The preface of this first volume reads: The present volume contains the rules of the Institute, a list of members and associates, an abstract of the proceedings of the-first two years, and a number of papers selected from those proceedings. There is, therefore, nothing new in it. The papers have all been published, according to the custom of the Institute, in the Engineering and Mining Journal, and many of them have been copied into other periodicals. They are republished here, solely to enable members and associates to preserve them in convenient form. Various considerations have determined the selection of papers for this purpose. Some have been omitted at the request of the authors who, having modified the views expressed in them, naturally deprecated a republication of those views. Others have been omitted, in order not to devote too large a proportion of space to single topics, or single branches of mining or metal¬lurgy, in view of the fact that the membership of the Institute extends throughout the whole country, and represents numerous departments of these industries. Some, on the other hand, have been chosen, although not laying claim to special originality, because they contained information of importance, not easily accessible elsewhere, the presentation of which, in a form convenient for reference, was generally desired.

Jan 1, 1921

By John F. Elliott, John P. Hager

The standard free energies of formation of the lowest stable sulfides of chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten in equilibrium with the corresponding metal hazle been determined by reacting the sulfide and metal with H2(g)/H2S(g) mixtures. The reaction is A method for estimating the standard ~nolav entropies and standard entropies of formation at 298°K of the sul-fides of refractory metals is presented. The standard free energies of formation of the lowest sulfides of the metals in group VIa of the periodic table are probably best determined with the reaction* is known with greater accuracy than is that property for any other sulfur-bearing compound or solution which might serve as a reference phase to establish the chemical potential of sulfur for the essential re- However, there still remain significant problems to the use of Reaction [I] in studying these sulfides. First, the equilibrium gas ratios (Ph2S/PH2) are very small, and with the most stable sulfides in the series the ratios tend to be at the limit of the range for precise chemical analysis (10-4); and second, the reaction rate for the formation or reduction of these sulfides appears to be relatively slow. A primary reason for the latter problem is that the gas phase near the equilibrium concentration has very little capacity for transport of sulfur. It is to be noted that the thermo-dynamic properties obtained from the experimental results by Eq. [I] apply for 1 g-atom of sulfur in the metal-saturated compound even though the exact composition of the compound has not been determined. The work reported here is a study of the standard free energies of formation of the lowest sulfides of chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten, and of copper, by Reaction [I]. In planning the experimental program, it was decided that the technique that has been used previously3"' could be used with modification and that an improved analytical method was needed for determining H2S in the gas phase. THE EXPERIMENT The once-through flow of gas was selected in preference to recirculating the gas, a) because of the low sulfur capacity of the gas, b) because of the relatively slow rate of reaction and the danger of the

Jan 1, 1968

By Shiou-Chuan Sun

SHIOU-CHUAN SUN (author's reply).-Thanks are extended to Professor Hassialis for his recognition of the usefulness of a new tool, the cataphoretic cell, as an adjunct to the bubble machine and the abstraction test. His questions concerning adsorption, dielectric constant, floatability, activation, and depression are interesting and worthy of discussion. I According to Mueller,28 it is questionable that any of the present formulas gives absolute values of zeta potentials which are completely accurate. The problem is further complicated by the question" of whether the "dielectric constant" has any meaning at all for such a microscopically thin layer. With these in mind, the results in this paper should be considered in the relative sense as a first approximation and not as absolute quantities. Adsorption Referring to item a of Fig. 8, the dielectric constant and the viscosity of the xanthate solutions are the same for galena, sphalerite and quartz. If dielectric constant and viscosity (but not the adsorption) were the first-order variable of the cataphoretic system, as claimed by Professor Hassialis, then the magnitudes of zeta coefficient of galena, spha)erite and quartz would have been similar to each other. These are not. The big difference of zeta coefficient of these three minerals in the same xanthate solutions is not altogether unjustified to be attributed to their difference in adsorption of xanthate ions. This is supported by the results of chemical abstraction tests reported by Ince.14 Again, the big difference of zeta coefficient between wollastonite, calcite, and fluorite in the same laurylamine hydrochloride solutions (p. 118, Figs. 58, 59, and 60 of ref. r5) also indicates that the cataphoretic system is not governed chiefly by the dielectric constant. Beside the data shown in Fig. 8, other experimental evidences15 which support the idea of correlation between adsorption and zeta coefficient are: (I) there is a qualitative parallelism between the zeta coefficient curve and the chemical abstraction curve of sphalerite in solutions of various concentrations of sodium cyanide, (2) there is a qualitative parallelism between the zeta coefficient curve and the chemical abstraction curve of sphalerite in solutions of constant concentration of copper sulphate at different pH values, and (3) there is a qualitative parallelism between zeta coefficient curve and chemical abstraction curve of quartz in solutions with constant concentration of barium chloride at different pH values. The above mentioned experimental results are generally in agreement with Gouy's double layer theory,1-5 and support this idea that the concentration and the kind of ions adsorbed at the mineral surface and in the adjacent surrounding liquid chiefly govern the electrokinetic phenomena. Dielectric constant and viscosity of the liquid medium may be of somewhat lesser importance. It follows that the correlation between the coefficient and adsorption as claimed in this paper is justified. Dielectric Constant The term "dielectric constant " was first introduced into the electrokinetic equations by Perrin.30 In a footnote of his publication he states that Holmheltz has forgotten to include the dielectric constant. The conversion of the moment29 to the zeta potential involves an additional difficulty and confusion not involved for the moment, namely, assigning a value to the dielectric coefficient. This is conventionally assumed to be constant and equal to the dielectric constant of the bulk liquid. 21 The published literature 10, 12 indicates that the values of dielectric constant for dilute chemical solutions have been assumed as those of pure water.

Jan 1, 1947

By Hans Lundberg, Basil T. Wilson, H. Steuart Scott

FOR the benefit of those readers who may not be in close touch with present practices in the geophysical prospecting for ore, brief reference will fiat be made to the advantages and shortcomings of the methods to be discussed. Magnetic and electric methods are generally accepted as the most useful for ore prospecting. By magnetic methods, magnetic intensities that are not normal may be recorded and outlined. From these can he located concentrations of such highly magnetic minerals as magnetite or pyrrhotite, which sometimes occur in such large masses that they are of economic value in themselves. More often. however, these magnetic min¬erals are associated with others, such as copper, zinc, lead, gold, and silver, which, if existing in sufficient concentration and quantity, may constitute valuable ore bodies. It is therefore only when pyrrhotite and magnetite are present in these bodies that the magnetic method can be used to indicate their presence.

Jan 1, 1945

By Max W. Ball

Our ever-increasing use of minerals has been the outstanding fact in our American economic development. The rise in our standard of living in the past century is without equal in human history. Nowhere in time or place has the man who works lived so well, or the man who cannot work been so well cared for. We live in a new world, even the poorest of us, that our forebears of 1849 could not have dreamed. That new world has come mainly from our use of minerals. Our per capita use of nonmineral products has grown too, but by only a modest amount. Food consumption per person has grown about 15 per cent in the past fifty years; lumber use per person ,has fallen 56 per cent and that of wood for fuel 65 per cent. Of all the products of field and forest, our use, per capita, may have increased by one fifth during the present century. In contrast, our per capita use of minerals has multiplied several times. Each of us uses 2% times as much steel and 16% times as much petroleum as our fathers used in 1900. In less than half a century our per capita consumption of all minerals has probably risen by 200 to 250 'per cent. Man once built with wood; today he builds mainly with brick and stone and steel. Once he traveled by the power of hay and oats; today he travels by the power of coal and oil. Rubber made from minerals is already better for some uses than rubber tapped from trees; before long it will be better for most and perhaps all uses. Even our ladies' graceful legs are clad in mineral fiber, where once animal or vegetable fiber would have covered them. Our high standard of living is a product of the machine.. The machine is made of minerals. The machine is driven by minerals. The machine age is a mineral age.

Jan 1, 1949

By E. W. Enqelmann

INCREASED metal consumption throughout the world in the past three years has brought greater activity in the concentrators and mills that treat the ores.' Comparatively low prices have made greater economies necessary, with a continuing search for more efficient flow sheets, equipment, processes, and reagents. Comminution GRINDING has long been too ex- pensive and even any small increment of saving has been eagerly sought. Although not recently new the use of rod mills to cover the gap between intermediate crushing and coarse grinding has made further headway. They eliminate dusting and the closed- circuit operation of fine crushers, either roll or Symons cone, and the rod-mill product is suitable for secondary mills which can be operated with smaller balls and iron liners instead of coarse balls and steel liners. The newer practice is radically different from the older application of rod mills where they at- tempted to use them instead of ball mills for fine grinders. For that purpose they were not well adapted, as they do not have sufficient grinding surface available per cubic foot of mill volume.

Jan 1, 1940

By Sherwin F. Kelly

LITERALLY from the four corners of the earth, from Jerusalem and China, from Mysore and Uganda, as well as from geophysicists in the United States, came contributions from workers in magnetic and electrical geo-physical methods, most of them unfortunately unable to be present themselves. The most lively discussion centered on the phenomena of natural potentials in the earth, dealt with in M. B. R. Rao's paper from Mysore, and in Parke Dickey's contribution, which he presented in person. In the oil fields, the weak potentials observed in sedimentary strata traversed by bore holes have traditionally been ascribed to phenomena of electro-filtration and electro-capillarity. Research tending to refute this theory was presented by Dickey, who reported the existence of natural potentials in core samples, and between strata exposed in underground workings. This precipitated a lively discussion as to the possible role of electro-filtration, selective adsorption of ions by mineral particles, and electrolytic potentials, in the production of this phenomenon.

Jan 1, 1943

By R. S. McClellan

Western Talc Company, Inc., with headquarters in Los Angeles, Calif., has just completed an extensive modernization and expansion program at its talc mine near Tecopa, Calif., and at its talc and clay mills at Dunn Siding, Calif., the nearest rail shipping point to the mine. The basic objective of the program was to provide facilities necessary to produce 300 tpd of a wide range of ground talc and clay grades for the ceramic, paint, paper, rubber and other industries. In the planning of the program every effort was made to provide a system which would permit a high degree of quality control and uniformity of the finished products, along with efficient operation. Several years ago, R. T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc. purchased Western Talc Co. after a comprehensive investigation of its properties, including an extensive diamond drilling campaign. Western Talc's properties embraced a number of claims in the Resting Springs mining district in the northern part of San Bernardino Co. and the southern part of Inyo Co., Calif., some seven miles southeast of the town of Tecopa. Operations by the original company were started on a small scale in 1913 and production from that date to the time of purchase of the company by Vanderbilt is estimated at 250,000 tons. The major part of this output was sold to the ceramic wall tile industry.

Jan 3, 1968

By Heinrich 0. Hofman

A T THE meeting of the Board of Directors on June 24, Prof. Heinrich O. Hofman was elected an honorary member of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. Professor Hofman is best known to the world at large for his publications, and in this respect he is to this generation what Schnabel was to the previous one. The first edition of Professor Hofman's "Metallurgy of Lead and Desilverization of Base Bullion"; was published in 1893; the fifth edition in 1898. In 1913, he published his work on "General Metallurgy;" this was followed by "Metallurgy of Copper" in 1914, and a revised and enlarged edition of the "Metallurgy of Lead" in 1918. "Metallurgy of Zinc and Cadmium" is now in press. He also published, through the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "An Outline of the Metallurgy of Iron and Steel" for students' use. Since the founding of "Mineral Industry" in 1892, he has been continuously the annual contributor on the metallurgy of lead, and all Institute members know that his contributions to the TRANSACTIONS have been liberal in the extreme. It is through this medium that the results of the extensive research work, which he has always carried on in connection with his work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have been published. Of the greatest importance are his papers dealing with the formation temperatures of slags, but many other metallurgical subjects have been covered.

Jan 1, 1921

By H. Evans, L. A. Hunt

In the pellet-producing industry it is sometimes claimed that "The pellets are made in the concentrator," or that "The key to good pellets is in the balling operation." However, one claim is generally agreed on: If you can put in, on, and through the indurating furnace a good green ball of Proper size and adequate strength to withstand the handling, load, dehydration, and thermal shock until it is properly heat-hardened, you will have the pellet product you desire-that is, a "competent" green ball. The strength requirements that enable a competent green ball to withstand the environment of the indurating furnace are usually less restrictive than those for transporting the green ball from its source of production to the furnace. Experience has shown that different types of material may have different balling characteristics which may impose limitations on the quality of the green ball that can easily be produced under normal conditions. Therefore, if a specific material will produce a green ball that meets the physical requirements for competency in the furnace, but not for handling or transportation, various practices must be instituted to overcome this deficiency. In other words, if a normal handling system is too rigorous for the green balls that can be produced under standard conditions, then "handling with care" should be tried.

Jan 5, 1967

By R. N. Hunt

GEOLOGICAL and exploration work of the United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company are handled by the mines geological and the exploration divisions of a geological department under the direction of the chief geologist. The mines division at present includes, in Utah. a geologist in charge, resident at Bingham, assisted by a geologist stationed at each operation, and a small group of geologists resident at the Bayard unit, in New Mexico. The duties of the mines division include the mapping and delineation of the geology of the mines, direction of sampling and diamond drilling, and the periodic calculation of ore reserves. At Bingham an amount of underground drilling within the limestone and porphyry formations which are hosts to the ore bodies supplements and completes development by mine workings. At Bayard, five to seven drills are kept busy underground, and eight to twelve drills operate on the surface. The mines division men live at the mine and work in close co-operation with mine superintendents and foremen. Development work is discussed, initi-

Jan 1, 1948

By T. Fraser, R. L. Sutherland

Under a cooperative agreement between United States Bureau of Mines and the Truax-Traer Coal Company, some operating-scale experiments have been made with the cyclone thickener in the preparation plant of the Shamrock No. 1 mine at Kayford, West Virginia. These tests were made with a 14-in. cyclone of the type developed by the Dutch State Mines in Limburg. It was applied experimentally to the thickening of solids in washery water to obtain performance data to show the range of sizes that may be recovered and other operating characteristics that would indicate the field of usefulness of this device in coal preparation practice. This is a progress report only. It covers results obtained in a series of 17 tests of the operation of what has been considered a unit of commercial size operating on suspensions of fine coal mixed with a relatively small amount of freeimpurities. The underflow material, after further dewatering in centrifuges, is a marketable grade of coal.

Jan 1, 1949

By Philip D. Wilson

FEAST and famine-or, chronologically, famine and feast-have characterized the aluminum supply program during 1943. Fortunately for the war effort the famine phase is over and aluminum production is now in the happy position of being abundantly able to supply all the requirements of the armed services plus a monthly surplus which is building up a substantial stock pile as a reserve against any contingencies. But the present condition of oversupply cannot be attributed to the super-efficiency of the aluminum production program which was designed to take care of the over-all requirements of the war with little or no margin of safety. The present more than comfortable situation is due primarily to the fact that the armed services generally have not consumed anything approaching the amount of aluminum which their requirement estimates indicated.

Jan 1, 1944

By John A. Mathews

D R. CHARLES W. ELIOT, the great educator and philosopher-he of the five-foot book shelf-recently gave expression to a thought I had long been cherishing as a private opinion, when he said: "It is obvious that standardization has become a dangerous adversary of progress in both education and industry." This idea must have been more widespread than either of us knew, for some five years ago a writer of verse for one of the comic papers dealt with it at great length. I will quote only a few of his stanzas to illustrate his understanding of "A Standardized Existence" : A visitor at large, I stand Beneath a standard sky- Where everything is standardized To please the standard eye. Each tree is of a standard height, Each building is the same; Each man is uniform in height, And has a standard name. Above there is a standard star Beside a standard cloud, And a standard weather here prevails To please a standard crowd. With standard joy, and standard gain, The standard people live; And if there is one bit of pain T?is such as standards give.

Jan 1, 1926

By H. J. LONGMORE

MORE improvements have probably been made in the diamond-drill field in the past decade than were accomplished in the entire prior period since diamond drilling was discovered in 1864 by a French engineer named Leschot. True, machines were improved, and new accessories were adopted from time to time up to 1929, but no radical changes were made. The basic principle instituted during the early years of the industry were still in use in 1929. At that time, practically the only diamonds used were "black diamonds" or "carbon." These came from Brazil through a rather round- about route, and by the time they got to the drilling trade their cost was excessive-$175 per carat and even higher at the peak. Perhaps because of this. or perhaps because of increased competition, the industry sought ways to reduce expenses even in the face of constantly increased labor costs due to higher wages and reduction in hours worked. The solution seemed to rest in two things-use of a cheaper cutting medium to replace the carbon diamond and the development of new machines to drill faster and thus produce more hole per shift of operation.

Jan 1, 1940

By William C. Harrigan, William D. Nix

Dynamic measurements of Young's modulus have been made for poly crystalline Ni-W alloys from room temperature to 800°C. The alloys studied range in composition from pure nickel to Ni-10 at. pct W. The results indicate that Young's modulus decreases linearly with temperature above the Curie temperature. The rate of change of Young's Modulus with temperature mas found to range from 104 psi per "C for pure nickel to 0.82 x 104 psi per °C for Mi-10 pct W. At all temperatures the elastic modulus decreases with increcrsing tungsten content up to 1 at. pct W, and increases as the tungsten content is increased above that level. Young's modulus decreases slightly as the carbon content is increased from 0.002 to 0.09 wt pct C THE knowledge of the elastic modulus of metals and alloys is important for a number of reasons. The first and most obvious reason comes from the need to predict elastic deflections under given loading conditions. A second and somewhat more subtle reason comes from the fact that the elastic properties of an alloy must be known before a proper account of the mechanisms of plastic deformation can be made. This is especially true for high-temperature creep of crystalline solids. Sherby and his coworkers have shown that the high-temperature steady-state creep rates of crystalline solids are inversely related to the elastic modulus1,2 and that the temperature dependence of the elastic modulus must be taken into account if reliable determinations of the activation energy for creep are to be made. In addition, measurements of the elastic constants of solid solutions are needed to allow one to assess the modulus interaction contribution to solid-solution Strengthening.3-5 Pelloux and Grant6 have demonstrated that substantial solid-solution strengthening at room temperature and elevated temperatures occurs when refractory metal solute atoms are added to nickel. While the high-temperature elastic properties of pure nickel have been measured by a number of authors,7-10 the elastic properties of nickel-based refractory metal alloys have not been determined. The purpose of this paper is to report on measurements of Young's modulus of polycrystalline Ni-W alloys at elevated temperatures. It is expected that these measurements will be valuable to studies of the mechanical properties of nickel-based refractory metal solid solutions. I) EXPERIMENTAL Young's moduli of polycrystalline samples were determined by a dynamic method in order to reduce high- temperature anelastic and plastic relaxations. The samples were forced in transverse free-free vibration; that is, both ends of the sample were unrestrained and the vibration was transverse to the long axis. The fundamental resonant frequency was determined by the Forster method.11 The analysis of this type of vibration which was formulated by Rayleigh,12 Timo-chenko,13 and pickett,14 and reviewed by Fine," leads where fn is the resonant frequency of the nth mode, r is the radius of the circular cross section. L is the specimen length, ßn is 1.5056 for free-free vibration in the fundamental mode of vibration, 6 is the mass density, and E is Young's modulus in the axial direction. This equation can be transformed into: E = 9.17605 x 10-6(L/D)E/Lf2 [2] where E is Young's modulus in psi, L is the length in inches, d is the diameter in inches, W is the weight in grams, and f is the resonance frequency in cps. Eq. [2] was further modified in order to take account of the thermal expansion of the samples. The resulting correct term is: where the thermal expansion coefficients for nickel and tungsten, respectively. Xw is the atom fraction of tungsten in the sample and T is the temperature in "C. The treatment of the thermal expansion coefficient as a linear function of composition seems sufficiently accurate since an error of 25 pct in the expansion coefficient will result in only a 0.3 pct error in the modulus at 1000°C. A) Apparatus. The equipment for this investigation has been described by Lytton et al.16 Several modifications of the equipment have been made. The most significant change involved replacing the detector crystal transducer with a magnetic transducer. A phonographic magnetic transducer was employed as a sensing device since the contact pressure necessary to produce a stable signal is much less than that for a crystal transducer. This magnetic transducer is also not affected by conditions of high temperature and vacuum which are present in these experiments. The vacuum was 10-5 torr at room temperature and about 5 x 10-4 torr at 900°C. This was sufficient to prevent surface contamination of the samples during the tests. The samples were heated in an elliptical furnace with a quartz lamp at one focal line and the sample at the other, as described by Lytton et a1.16 The temperature of the sample was measured by monitoring the

Jan 1, 1969

Members whose deaths were reported from Apr. 5, 1920, to Apr. 9, 1921. Elected Died 1916 ALLAN, FERGUS L 1920 1916 ATKINSON, CHESTER 1921 1920 BARBERENA, RAUL R 1920 1918 BARKER, F. L 1920 1914 BELL, D. A. S 1920 1920 BREWSTER, GEORGE AUGUSTUS 1920 1917 BRIGHAM, EDMUND D 1921 1915 CARROLL, D. J 1920 1897 CHAPMAN, ROBERT H 1920 1919 COOPER, W. G 1920 1918 CRITCHLOW, EDWARD B 1920 1917 CURTIS, WILLIAM L 1920 1893 DARSIE, JAMES 1920 1892 DELANO, WARREN 1920 1877 DEWEY, FREDERIC P 1921 1917 ENEBO, BENJAMIN A 1920 1896 FAWCETT, JAMES H 1920 1906 FRASER, A LEXANDER J . 1920 1889 GARLICHS, HERMAN 1921 1893 GILLET, LORENZO M 1920 1886 HALDEMAN, HORACE L 1920 1914 HALL, HARRY E 1919 1905 CHART, C. R 1920 1906 HART, PHILIP E 1920 1877 HARTRANFT, SAMUEL S 1921 1914 HICKMAN, E C 1920 1919 || INMAN, WILLIAM ELLIOTT 1921 1920 JETER, J. TINSLEY 1920 1918 JOHNSON, CHARLES W 1920 1916 JOHNSON, FRANK E 1920 1913 KING, FREDERICK G 1921 1887 KNAPP, GEORGE F 1920 1902 LAMB, RICHARD 1920 1880 LANE, J. S 1920 1920 LECKIE, WILLIAM 1920 1887 LEVAT, DAVID 1921 1882 LAWRENCE, BENJAMIN B 1918 1916 LEYNER, J GEORGE 1920 1871 LYMAN, BENJAMIN S 1920 1903 MCCHRYSTAL, JOHN H1920

Jan 1, 1923

By J. R. Dawson, A. B. Kinzel

THE purpose of testing is to determine whether the material in question is identical in all essential respects with similar material which has given satisfactory service. The most common method of securing such information is to select samples as representative of the entire material and subject them to destructive tests. As the welding industry grew, service data were accumulated and tests of welds took on new significance. New tests were devised and old tests modified so as to be more pertinent to welding. Moreover, in some cases the generally accepted procedure of testing by sampling is not accorded the same degree of confidence when applied to welds as in the usual applications. Thus, in instances where great hazard would be involved should the material fail, means of non-destructive testing have been sought with favorable results. Accordingly, tests used today may be divided into two groups, destructive and non-destructive tests.

Jan 1, 1930

By L. A. Wright, J. F. Emerson

The Pine Creek mine, owned by Union Carbide Nuclear Co., Div. of Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., is one of the world's largest producers of tungsten. The mine is located on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, about 25 miles north- west of Bishop, Calif. Prior to 1948, production from the property came either from surface pits or from underground workings above A level haulage tunnel. The tunnel is at an elevation of 10,900 ft, which left 500 to 600 ft of vertical backs to the surface outcrops. Heavy production demands during World War II hastened the planning for long range development of orebodies below A level. A 7000-ft haulage tunnel, 1500 ft below A level, was started in 1943 and completed in early 1947. This haulage tunnel is at an elevation of 9400 ft and is known as Zero tunnel.

Apr 1, 1956