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By Frederick G. Clapp

SINCE oil journals commenced to feature the progress of Iraq pipe-line developments and since newspapers undertook to follow the discussions between a certain large oil company and an Asiatic nation, I have repeatedly been asked questions that are only answerable by setting forth the essential geographic and historical facts of concessions in that part of the world. In so doing effort will be made to correct erroneous statements made in various quarters: and mistakes herein are being kept as low in number as possible. Perhaps the best-known concession in the Middle East is the one of the Iraq Petroleum Co., covering the greater part of the portion of the kingdom of that name- lying east of the Tigris River. West of the stream is the concession of the British Oil Development Co., which takes in all presumed petroliferous areas in western Iraq. No other important oil concessions exist in that country, except for the lands of the Khanikin Oil Co., which operates in "Transferred Territories" on the border of Persia. East of and continuous with the Iraq fields are those of Persia where the Anglo-Persian Oil Co. holds the well-known D'Arcy concession comprising three-quarters of the country, omitting the five northern provinces. This is the only valid existing concession in Persia, so far as known, except certain old firmans that permit development at Semnan in central Persia and possibly also certain regional grants to a French banking syndicate in eastern Mazanderan Province.

Jan 1, 1933

Jan 1, 1965

By Gregory M. Dexter

Recent litigation in Pennsylvania between three coal-mining companies and a private water company resulted in the payment by the coal companies of the equivalent of about $500,000 to buy a new water supply to replace that which had been damaged by acid drainage from strip mining. An investigation of the relevant facts indicates that the water could have been treated by spending about $40,000 on equipment and $15,000 yearly for chemicals, labor, and power until the contamination could be reduced about 80 pct. The water company's supply, furthermore, had deteriorated largely by reason of dry weather before stripping was begun by the coal companies. Payment to the water company should not have exceeded $300,000 and could have been as low as $100,000. Strip mining of coal is common in Pennsylvania. The most important objection to it in Pennsylvania is generally acid pollution of runoff water. An outline of the methods, therefore, that could be used to reduce such pollution, to compare acid-contaminated waters, and to treat such waters to make them satisfactory for public and industrial use is worth-while. The watershed of the West P~M Water Co. covers about 4.5 square miles, 20 miles west of Pittsburgh, and has two 90,000,000 gal reservoirs sup- plying about 1,300,000 gal daily for public and industrial use of which 450,000 gal daily are for two railroads. The pollution arises from weathered derivatives of typical "Coal Measures"

Jan 1, 1949

Jan 1, 1967

Official Program

Jan 8, 1950

By Donald J. Knight

HEAT Treatment at 1500' F of a mild steel containing 0.1 pct C, in an atmosphere which is oxidizing to both carbon and iron, results in the progressive oxidation of the metal surface with little or no change in the carbon content of the underlying metal. Further heat treatment of the scaled metal in either a neutral atmosphere or in a vacuum may or may not result in the decarburization of the metal depending upon the physical nature of the scale. It is apparent that if a continuous layer of oxide is present on the steel surface, the reaction OScale + Cmetal Cogas cannot progress since the SO formed gas would be unable to leave the oxide/metal interface. Thus, in order for the reaction to progress, the oxide must be cracked or porous. Vacuum heat treatment at 1500" F of samples with a thick continuous oxide scale showed no decarburization of the steel. However, when cracks were introduced mechanically into the scale prior to the vacuum heat treatment notable decarburization of the metal resulted and a structure as shown by Fig. 1 obtained, i.e., reduction of the crack walls to ferrite. With reference to the diagram of Fig. 2, it would appear that a mechanism of the following type takes place. Carbon atoms arriving at an oxide/metal/void interface, such as 'A', Fig. 2(a), can combine with oxygen atoms from the scale and leave the reaction site as Cogas thereby reducing the oxide to metal. On a greatly magnified scale, Fig. 2(b),this will appear as a ferrite projection along the crack wall. Carbon atoms entering this projection can react with oxygen atoms at point 'C', which is a new interface, and so on leading to a progressive growth of the ferrite along the crack wall and to the surface, Figs. 2 (c) and 1. It would appear that the only means by which thickening of the ferrite film can take place is by a diffusion of oxygen through the ferrite film to react with carbon at the newly formed ferrite/ void interface. Since the diffusion rate of carbon is reportedly much greater than that of oxygen, and since there is a low probability factor of oxygen and carbon atoms arriving simultaneously at the same site on the ferritehoid interface, there will be a tendency for more rapid lengthening than thickening of the ferrite layer, as is observed.

Jan 1, 1962

By L. V. Wade

Abstract-US Bureau of Mines efforts under longwall research programs to develop the capability to predict support requirements for longwall/shortwall support systems are discussed. Ground control studies are being conducted in conjunction with several longwall/shortwall demonstration projects. Geologic, support performance, and strata behavior are being documented on these projects. A hypothesis is presented for the prediction of support requirements.

Jan 11, 1978

Jan 1, 1957

Organization Place Date 1917 Electric Power Club Hot Springs, Va. June 11-14 Society for the Promotion of Engineering Edu¬ cation Evansville,Ind. June 19-22 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Buffalo, N. Y, June 20-22 American Institute of Electrical Engineers Hot Springs, Va. June 25 American Society for Testing Materials Atlantic City, N. J. June 26-30 Mine Inspectors Institute of U. S. A. Indianapolis Ind. July 9-11 National Association of Stationary Engineers... Evansville, Ind. Sept. 10-15 National Exposition of Safety and, Sanitation .. New York City Sept. 10-15 American Iron, Steel & Electrical Engineers.... Philadelphia, Pa. Sept. 10-14

Jan 6, 1917

By William P. Shinn

It is almost exactly seven years since the last previous meeting of the Institute in this city. In a paper on " Pittsburgh, its Resources and Sorroundings," read at that meeting, I showed that Allegheny County had produced in 1878, " one-twelfth of all the pig-iron,.... two-ninths of all the rolled iron (except rails), over one-eighth of all the Bessemer and open-hearth steel, two-thirds of all the crucible blister and puddled steel, one-fourth of all the glass, one-eighth of all the coal, and one-sixth of all the pig-lead produced in the United States;" and the object of this paper is to show that, great as the record then was, it has been greatly surpassed since.* Population. In my former paper I expressed the opinion that the census of 1880 would show the population of Allegheny County to be in excess of 300,000. The census report made it 355,869. The following shows the growth of the county in population from 1790 to 1880: 1790,...........10,309 1800,........... 15,087 1810,...........25,317 1820,...........34,921 1830,...........50,552 1840.............81,235 1850............138,290 1860............178,881 1870,...........262,204 1880,...........355,869 This makes Allegheny County, in 1880, rank sixth in population of the counties of the United States, whereas in 1870 its rank was ninth. The population of Pittsburgh in 1880 was 156,359, being twelfth

Jan 1, 1886

By William P. Blake

When we consider the efforts made in Europe to promote the physical and moral well-being of the working classes, the question is suggested whether in this country, where, theoretically, every man is peculiarly the arbiter of his own destiny, we may not be too prone to expect every man to take care of himself, and neglect to make those provisions for the welfare of the employed, demanded alike by enlightened economy and humanity. In the older countries, where the disproportion between capital and labor is greater, and the working classes are more dependent, their welfare largely occupies the attention of employers. The subject is involved in the problem of the just relations of capital and labor, and we are rapidly approaching the time, if we have not already reached it, when a generous paternal interest in the welfare of the employed should be more generally manifested. It is a subject which is of special importance to mine-owners and engineers in this country, especially to those located in the coal regions. My own attention has been particularly directed to it by a visit made to the Hassard collieries, a few miles from Liège, Belgium, under the direction of M. Andrimont. This celebrated engineer has established a comfortable home for the miners near the mouth of the shaft of the mine. It has been highly successful and beneficent in its results, and may to a great degree be regarded as a model for such undertakings. It is known as ((Hotel Louise," this being the name of Madame d' Andrimont, who laid the corner-stone of the building April 4th, 1871. The structure is of brick, upon three sides of a square, and

Jan 1, 1970

By William P. Prof. Blake

WHEN we consider the efforts made in Europe to promote the physical and moral well-being of the working classes, the question is suggested whether in this country, where, theoretically, every man is peculiarly the arbiter of his own destiny, we may not be too prone to expect every man to take care of himself, and neglect to make those provisions for the welfare of the employed, demanded alike by enlightened economy and humanity. In the older countries, where the disproportion between capital and labor is greater, and the working classes are more dependent, their welfare largely occupies the attention of employers. The subject is involved in the problem of the just relations of capital and labor, and we are rapidly approaching the time, if we have not already reached it, when a generous paternal interest in the welfare of the employed should be more generally manifested. It is a subject which is of special importance to mine-owners and engineers in this country, especially to those located in the coal regions. My own attention has been particularly directed to it by a visit made to the Hassard collieries, a few miles from Liege, Belgium, under the direction of M. Andrimont. This celebrated engineer has established a comfortable home for the miners near the mouth of the shaft of the mine. It has been highly successful and beneficent in its results, and may to a great degree be regarded as a, model for such undertakings. It is known as "Hotel Louise," this being the name of Madame d'Andrimont, who laid the corner-stone of the building April 4th, 1871. The structure is of brick, upon three sides of a square, and

Jan 1, 1875

Jan 1, 1961

By David W. Brunton

I. INTRODUCTION. THE list of our past-Presidents comprises the names of runny who, in their official addresses, have sketched the current progress of the arts and professions with which they were familiar. Such addresses are, in my judgment., highly useful, setting forth the results of our own work as a. society, and recalling to our minds the particular lines in which discussion would prove most fruitful. . Following this course with some hesitation, I venture to offer an outline of the recent improvements and the present situation in minim and metallurgy in the Western United States. The wonderful advances in mechanics, chemistry, and electricity have all combined to aid these arts to such an extent that. progress during the last decade has undeniably been more rapid than ever before in the history of the profession.. In all mining countries improved transportation-facilities, in many instances called into existence by the traffic created by the mines themselves, have done much- to enlarge the. field of operations by the reduction of freight-, operating- and living-expenses, thereby bringing lower-grade properties into the producing class. Under normal' conditions, as the age of a district in¬creases, all these differentt factors should combine to off-set. the augmented costs attendant on deep mining, and greatly tend to prolong the profitable life of the mines. The more recent and important improvements in our Western mining-practice which have contributed most toward the advancement of the art may be briefly summarized as follows; but, before beginning this portion of ray address, I wish to thank most heartily the many engineering friends who have so

Sep 1, 1909

By Willard P. Ward

SOME TIME in the year 1874 or 1875, I conceived the idea that spiegeleisen might be made -in a blast furnace from ores that were not carbonates, and which did not contain both manganese and iron in the same ore. Up to this time, such ores had formed the basis of all the spiegel that had been produced; and all the ferromanganese that was on the market before 1875 was made in crucibles, and cost about 00 per ton, for 80 per cent. Mn. I consulted the great steel metallurgist of the day, Alexander Holley, who listened attentively to what I had to say, and told me he did not think my plan was practical, so I abandoned it for the time being. But I was so stubborn that I could not get the notion out of my head. It seemed to me that a good metallurgist should be able to work the thing out in some way. I had already had some experience in smelting refractory lead ores in Utah, and was young and not lacking in self confidence, so after waiting a bit, I got Anton Eilers, the best all-around metallurgist I knew, and J. H. Bramwell, the best iron blast-furnace man I knew, both intimate friends of -mine, to come to my place in Bartow County, Georgia, and look over things. They remained for several days, and made all the examination they thought necessary; and they also advised me to give up the project, and either to keep the furnace running on car-wheel iron or to blow it out. After my talk with Holley, I improved my plant in several ways. I closed the top of the furnace, put in a hot-blast stove, a steam boiler and a Weimer blowing-engine which gave me blast enough, at a pressure high enough for all the requirements of, the furnace, and which I could bring up to a temperature of 600° to 700° F.

Jan 1, 1921

Jan 1, 1967

By Charles Will Wright

THOSE that attended the seventeenth International Geological Congress held in Russia last summer had an excellent opportunity to gather data and to form impressions on the progress made in the industrialization of the country, particularly with regard to the mineral industries. Several trips to places of interest were arranged, supplementary to the technical sessions held in Moscow, the one to the Ural region being that which I selected as being most likely to be of interest. The accomplishments of the last decade in opening up new mines and building new metallurgical plants in the Soviet Union have been outstanding. This could only be accomplished by a central government ready to employ the best technical talent, which was

Jan 1, 1937